1. 400-million years of 'fishes': a survey of
sampling biases based on the UK record
Graeme T. Lloyd
Matt Friedman

2. Extant Vertebrate Diversity
‘fishes’
(ca. 28,000)
species counts from Nelson (2006)

3. Historical ‘Fish’ Diversity
Agassiz 1833-1843

4. Historical ‘Fish’ Diversity
Benton 1998 (data from Fossil Record 2)

5. The Database

1678 occurrences

100 localities

683 species

437 genera

70 geologic formations

6. Collector Curve

7. Genus richness

8. Fish-bearing geologic formations

9. Fish-bearing localities

10. Grid occupancy
1 2 3 4
0.5-degree net localities grids sampled grids occupied

11. Grid occupancy

12. Correlations
Correlation Raw (rho) G.D. (rho)
Genus richness vs. Formations 0.66 0.48
Genus richness vs. Localities 0.67 0.59
Genus richness vs. Grids 0.75 0.66
p > 0.05 p < 0.05

13. Sampling correction - rarefaction

14. Sampling correction - formations

15. Sampling correction - localities

16. Sampling correction - grids

17. Clade comparison
Chondrichthyes Osteichthyes

18. Genus richness
Chondrichthyes Osteichthyes

19. Modeling - formations
Chondrichthyes Osteichthyes
Raw (rho) G.D. (rho) Raw (rho) G.D. (rho)
0.87 0.65 0.70 0.53
p > 0.05 p < 0.05

20. Modeling - localities
Chondrichthyes Osteichthyes
Raw (rho) G.D. (rho) Raw (rho) G.D. (rho)
0.94 0.87 0.69 0.37
p > 0.05 p < 0.05

21. Modeling – grid occupancy
Chondrichthyes Osteichthyes
Raw (rho) G.D. (rho) Raw (rho) G.D. (rho)
0.93 0.83 0.72 0.57
p > 0.05 p < 0.05

22. Global curves
Agassiz 1833/43 – Benton 1993 –
European Global
Species families
Carroll 1988 – Sepkoski 2002 –
Global Marine
genera genera

23. Dataset correlations
UK Agassiz1 Benton Carroll Sepkoski2
UK 0.39 0.76 0.67 0.68
Spearman
Agassiz1 0.43 -0.11 -0.26 0.18
Benton 0.61 -0.15 0.52 0.72
Carroll 0.51 -0.20 0.78 0.38
Sepkoski2 0.65 0.26 0.90 0.71
Pearson
p > 0.05 p < 0.05 1
European taxa only
2
marine taxa only
(Correlations based on generalized differences of log10 data)

24. Dataset correlations
UK Agassiz1 Benton Carroll Sepkoski2
UK 0.39 0.76 0.67 0.68
Spearman
Agassiz1 0.43 -0.11 -0.26 0.18
Benton 0.61 -0.15 0.52 0.72
Carroll 0.51 -0.20 0.78 0.38
Sepkoski2 0.65 0.26 0.90 0.71
Pearson
p > 0.05 p < 0.05 1
European taxa only
2
marine taxa only
(Correlations based on generalized differences of log10 data)

25. Dataset correlations
UK Agassiz1 Benton Carroll Sepkoski2
UK 0.39 0.76 0.67 0.68
Spearman
Agassiz1 0.43 -0.11 -0.26 0.18
Benton 0.61 -0.15 0.52 0.72
Carroll 0.51 -0.20 0.78 0.38
Sepkoski2 0.65 0.26 0.90 0.71
Pearson
p > 0.05 p < 0.05 1
European taxa only
2
marine taxa only
(Correlations based on generalized differences of log10 data)

26. Dataset correlations
UK Agassiz1 Benton Carroll Sepkoski2
UK 0.39 0.76 0.67 0.68
Spearman
Agassiz1 0.43 -0.11 -0.26 0.18
Benton 0.61 -0.15 0.52 0.72
Carroll 0.51 -0.20 0.78 0.38
Sepkoski2 0.65 0.26 0.90 0.71
Pearson
p > 0.05 p < 0.05 1
European taxa only
2
marine taxa only
(Correlations based on generalized differences of log10 data)

27. Le conclusions
• First sampling corrected curves of fish
richness:

28. Le conclusions
• First sampling corrected curves of fish
richness:
• Devonian diversity is far lower than expected…

29. Le conclusions
• First sampling corrected curves of fish
richness:
• Devonian diversity is far lower than expected…
• …yet Paleogene rise survives…

30. Le conclusions
• First sampling corrected curves of fish
richness:
• Devonian diversity is far lower than expected…
• …yet Paleogene rise survives…
• …Cenozoic true “age of fishes”?

31. Le conclusions
• First sampling corrected curves of fish
richness:
• Devonian diversity is far lower than expected…
• …yet Paleogene rise survives…
• …Cenozoic true “age of fishes”?
• Chondricthyans are more correlated with
sampling than osteichthyans

32. Le conclusions
• First sampling corrected curves of fish
richness:
• Devonian diversity is far lower than expected…
• …yet Paleogene rise survives…
• …Cenozoic true “age of fishes”?
• Chondricthyans are more correlated with
sampling than osteichthyans
• UK record accounts for one half to two-thirds of
global signal

33. Le conclusions
• First sampling corrected curves of fish
richness:
• Devonian diversity is far lower than expected…
• …yet Paleogene rise survives…
• …Cenozoic true “age of fishes”?
• Chondricthyans are more correlated with
sampling than osteichthyans
• UK record accounts for one half to two-thirds of
global signal
• Estimates of global fish richness have changed
substantially in last 170 years