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Geologic Relative Age
Determination
•Relative time -- Subdivisions of Earth's geologic
history are related to actual rock units arranged in a
specific order based on relative age relationships
(most commonly the stratigraphic position). These
subdivisions of the geologic time scale are given
names (based on places where particular rocks were
first described). These subdivisions are recognized
globally, usually on the basis of fossil content.
•Absolute time -- Numerical ages in "millions of
years ago". These dates are most commonly obtained
from radiometric dating methods using carefully
chosen rock samples.
Geological Views of Time
http://www.geo.ucalgary.ca/~macrae/timescale/timescale.html
2011 Geologic Timescale
Geologic Relative Age Mr. COnnors
Uniformitarianism
• States that the
processes occurring
today have been
occurring since
Earth formed. Only
the rate, intensity,
and scale have
changed.
Principle of Original Horizontality
Sedimentary rock layers (and
lava flows) are formed in a
horizontal orientation. Any
folding or tilting must have
happened sometime after the
layers were originally formed.
The Law of Superposition is one of
the most basic principles of geology .
This law states that younger rock
layers will be deposited on top of
older layers, during normal
conditions of deposition. This law is
the basic principle of stratigraphy,
the study of sedimentary rock layers.
Stratigraphy is still the single best
method that geologists have for
determining the relative ages of rock
sequences.
Law of Superposition
The Principle of
Cross-Cutting
Relationships states
that an igneous
intrusion (or a fault)
is always younger
than the rock it cuts
across.
In the diagram at the left, the
igneous intrusion (E) must be
younger than rock layers A,
B, C, and D because it
contains inclusions from
those layers.
The Principle of Inclusions states that the rock unit
that contains inclusions is younger than the rock
that the inclusions came from.
Gneiss in Granite
Unconformity
• An erosional
surface might
become buried by
the deposition of
younger rocks.
• This buried
erosional surface
results in a gap in
the rock record.
2 Types of Unconformities
• Disconformity: an
unconformity
(erosion) between two
parallel/horizontal
rock layers
• Angular Unconformity: An
unconformity between 1
horizontal rock layer and 1
diagonal (angled) rock layer.
Correlation
• Matching
outcrops of one
geographic
region to
another.
• Occurs near and
far
• Examples?
Relative Geologic Dating
Unconformity Types
Geologic Relative Age Mr. COnnors
C
F
A
D
B
E
1. Deposition of sediment to form Sandstone (E).
2. Deposition of sediment to form Shale (B).
3. Deposition of sediment to form Limestone (D).
4. Tilting and Erosion
5. Deposition of sediment to form Conglomerate (A).
6. Faulting (F)
7. Intrusion of magma, cooling to form Basalt (C).
Geologic Relative Age Mr. COnnors
F
G
B
L
A
C
1. Deposition of Sediment to form Shale (C)
2. Deposition of Sediment to form Sandstone (A)
3. Deposition of Sediment to form Limestone (L)
4. Deposition of Sediment to form Sandstone (B)
5. Intrusion of Magma, Cooling to form Granite (G)
6. Faulting (F)

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Geologic Relative Age Mr. COnnors

  • 2. •Relative time -- Subdivisions of Earth's geologic history are related to actual rock units arranged in a specific order based on relative age relationships (most commonly the stratigraphic position). These subdivisions of the geologic time scale are given names (based on places where particular rocks were first described). These subdivisions are recognized globally, usually on the basis of fossil content. •Absolute time -- Numerical ages in "millions of years ago". These dates are most commonly obtained from radiometric dating methods using carefully chosen rock samples. Geological Views of Time http://www.geo.ucalgary.ca/~macrae/timescale/timescale.html
  • 5. Uniformitarianism • States that the processes occurring today have been occurring since Earth formed. Only the rate, intensity, and scale have changed.
  • 6. Principle of Original Horizontality Sedimentary rock layers (and lava flows) are formed in a horizontal orientation. Any folding or tilting must have happened sometime after the layers were originally formed.
  • 7. The Law of Superposition is one of the most basic principles of geology . This law states that younger rock layers will be deposited on top of older layers, during normal conditions of deposition. This law is the basic principle of stratigraphy, the study of sedimentary rock layers. Stratigraphy is still the single best method that geologists have for determining the relative ages of rock sequences. Law of Superposition
  • 8. The Principle of Cross-Cutting Relationships states that an igneous intrusion (or a fault) is always younger than the rock it cuts across.
  • 9. In the diagram at the left, the igneous intrusion (E) must be younger than rock layers A, B, C, and D because it contains inclusions from those layers. The Principle of Inclusions states that the rock unit that contains inclusions is younger than the rock that the inclusions came from. Gneiss in Granite
  • 10. Unconformity • An erosional surface might become buried by the deposition of younger rocks. • This buried erosional surface results in a gap in the rock record.
  • 11. 2 Types of Unconformities • Disconformity: an unconformity (erosion) between two parallel/horizontal rock layers • Angular Unconformity: An unconformity between 1 horizontal rock layer and 1 diagonal (angled) rock layer.
  • 12. Correlation • Matching outcrops of one geographic region to another. • Occurs near and far • Examples?
  • 16. C F A D B E 1. Deposition of sediment to form Sandstone (E). 2. Deposition of sediment to form Shale (B). 3. Deposition of sediment to form Limestone (D). 4. Tilting and Erosion 5. Deposition of sediment to form Conglomerate (A). 6. Faulting (F) 7. Intrusion of magma, cooling to form Basalt (C).
  • 18. F G B L A C 1. Deposition of Sediment to form Shale (C) 2. Deposition of Sediment to form Sandstone (A) 3. Deposition of Sediment to form Limestone (L) 4. Deposition of Sediment to form Sandstone (B) 5. Intrusion of Magma, Cooling to form Granite (G) 6. Faulting (F)