The United Nations Security Council is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations, charged with maintaining international peace and security. It has 15 members, including 5 permanent members with veto power (China, France, Russia, UK, US) and 10 non-permanent members elected for two-year terms. The Security Council holds meetings continuously at UN headquarters in New York to respond quickly to crises. It has powers to establish peacekeeping operations, sanctions, and authorize use of military force through Security Council resolutions.

1. The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA/GA) is one of the six principal organs
of the United Nations and the only one in which all member nations have equal
representation. Its powers are to oversee the budget of the United Nations, appoint the
non-permanent members to the Security Council, receive reports from other parts of the
United Nations and make recommendations in the form of General Assembly
Resolutions.[2] It has also established a wide number of subsidiary organs.[3]
The General Assembly meets under its president or Secretary-General in regular yearly
sessions the main part of which lasts from September to December and resumed part
from January until all issues are addressed (which often is just before the next session's
start). It can also reconvene for special and emergency special sessions. Its
composition, functions, powers, voting, and procedures are set out in Chapter IV of the
United Nations Charter.
The first session was convened on 10 January 1946 in the Westminster Central Hall in
London and included representatives of 51 nations.
Voting in the General Assembly on important questions – recommendations on peace
and security; election of members to organs; admission, suspension, and expulsion of
members; budgetary matters – is by a two-thirds majority of those present and voting.
Other questions are decided by majority vote. Each member country has one vote.
Apart from approval of budgetary matters, including adoption of a scale of assessment,
Assembly resolutions are not binding on the members. The Assembly may make
recommendations on any matters within the scope of the UN, except matters of peace
and security under Security Council consideration. The one state, one vote power
structure theoretically allows states comprising just eighteen percent of the world
population to pass a resolution by a two-thirds vote.
During the 1980s, the Assembly became a forum for the North-South dialogue – the
discussion of issues between industrialized nations and developing countries. These
issues came to the fore because of the phenomenal growth and changing makeup of
the UN membership. In 1945, the UN had 51 members. It now has 193, of which more
than two-thirds are developing countries. Because of their numbers, developing
countries are often able to determine the agenda of the Assembly (using coordinating
groups like theG77), the character of its debates, and the nature of its decisions. For
many developing countries, the UN is the source of much of their diplomatic influence
and the principal outlet for their foreign relations initiatives.
Although the resolutions passed by the General Assembly do not have the binding
forces over the member nations(apart from budgetary measures), pursuant to its Uniting
for Peace resolution of November 1950 (resolution 377 (V)), the Assembly may also
take action if the Security Council fails to act, owing to the negative vote of a permanent
member, in a case where there appears to be a threat to the peace, breach of the
peace or act of aggression. The Assembly can consider the matter immediately with a
view to making recommendations to Members for collective measures to maintain or
restore international peace and security.[4]

2. The Secretary-General of the United Nations, abbreviated UNSG, is the head of
theUnited Nations Secretariat, one of the principal organs of the United Nations.
TheSecretary-General also acts as the de facto spokesperson and leader of the United
Nations.
The current Secretary-General is Ban Ki-moon of South Korea, who took office on 1
January 2007. His first term expired on 31 December 2011. He was re-elected,
unopposed, to a second term on 21 June 2011.[1]
Role
The Secretary-General was envisioned by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt as a
"world moderator", but the vague definition provided by the UN Charter left much room
for interpretation by those who would later inhabit the position. According to the UN
website, his roles are further defined as "diplomat and advocate, civil servant,
and CEO".[2]Nevertheless, this more abstract description has not prevented the office
holders from speaking out and playing important roles on global issues to various
degrees. Article 97 under Chapter XV of the UN Charter states that the Secretary-
General shall be the "chief administrative officer" of the Organization, but does not
dictate his specific obligations.
Responsibilities of the Secretary-General are further outlined in Articles 98 through 100,
which states that he shall act as the officer in "in all meetings of the General Assembly,
of the Security Council, of the Economic and Social Council and the Trusteeship
Council, and shall perform other functions as are entrusted to him by these organs". He
is responsible, according to Article 99, for making an annual report to the General
Assembly as well as notifying the Security Council on matters which "in his opinion may
threaten the maintenance of international peace and security". Other than these few
guidelines, little else is dictated by the Charter. Interpretation of the Charter has varied
between Secretaries-General, with some being much more active than others.
The Secretary-General is highly dependent upon the support of the member states of
the UN. "The Secretary-General would fail if he did not take careful account of the
concerns of Member States, but he must also uphold the values and moral authority of
the United Nations, and speak and act for peace, even at the risk, from time to time, of
challenging or disagreeing with those same Member States."[2]
"The personal skills of the Secretary-General and his staff are crucial to their function.
The central position of the UN headquarters in the international diplomatic network is
also an important asset. The Secretary-General has the right to place any dispute on
the provisional agenda of the Security Council. However, he works mostly behind the
scenes if the members of the council are unwilling to discuss a dispute. Most of his time

3. is spent on good offices missions and mediation, sometimes at the request of
deliberative organs of the UN, but also frequently on his own initiative. His function may
be frustrated, replaced or supplemented by mediation efforts by the major powers. UN
peacekeeping missions are often closely linked to mediation (peacemaking). The recent
improvement in relations between the permanent members of the Security Council has
strengthened the role of the Secretary-General as the world's most reputable
intermediary."
Residence
The official residence of the Secretary-General is a five-story townhouse in Sutton
Place, Manhattan, in New York City, United States. The townhouse was built for Anne
Morgan in 1921, and donated to the United Nations in 1972.[3]
United Nations
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For a list of United Nations member states, see Member states of the United Nations.
For other uses, see United Nations (disambiguation).
"UN" redirects here. For other uses, see UN (disambiguation).
The United Nations (abbreviated UN in English, and ONU in French and Spanish), is
an international organization whose stated aims are facilitating cooperation
ininternational law, international security, economic development, social progress,
human rights, and achievement of world peace. The UN was founded in 1945 after
World War II to replace the League of Nations, to stop wars between countries, and to
provide a platform for dialogue. It contains multiple subsidiary organizations to carry out
its missions.
The UN currently has a total of 193 member states. From its offices around the world,
the UN and its specialized agencies decide on substantive and administrative issues in
regular meetings held throughout the year. The organization has six principal organs:
the General Assembly (the main deliberative assembly); theSecurity Council (for
deciding certain resolutions for peace and security); theEconomic and Social
Council (for assisting in promoting international economic and social cooperation and
development); the Secretariat (for providing studies, information, and facilities needed
by the UN); the International Court of Justice (the primary judicial organ); and the United
Nations Trusteeship Council (which is currently inactive). Other prominent UN
System agencies include the World Health Organization (WHO), the World Food
Programme (WFP) and United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). The UN's most

4. prominent position is Secretary-Generalwhich has been held by Ban Ki-moon of South
Korea since 2007.
The United Nations Headquarters resides in international territory in New York City, with
further main offices at Geneva, Nairobi, and Vienna. The organization is financed from
assessed and voluntary contributions from its member states, and has six official
languages: Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish.[3]
History
Main article: History of the United Nations
The Chilean delegation signing the UN Charter in San Francisco, 1945
The League of Nations failed to prevent World War II (1939–1945). Because of the
widespread recognition that humankind could not afford a third world war, the United
Nations was established to replace the flawed League of Nations in 1945 in order to
maintain international peace and promote cooperation in solving international economic,
social and humanitarian problems. The earliest concrete plan for a new world
organization was begun under the aegis of the U.S. State Department in 1939. Franklin
D. Roosevelt first coined the term 'United Nations' as a term to describe the Allied
countries.[4] The term was first officially used on 1 January 1942, when 26 governments
signed the Atlantic Charter, pledging to continue the war effort.[5] On 25 April 1945,
the UN Conference on International Organizationbegan in San Francisco, attended by
50 governments and a number of non-governmental organizations involved in drafting
the United Nations Charter. The UN officially came into existence on 24 October 1945
upon ratification of the Charter by the five then-permanent members of the Security
Council—France, the Republic of China, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the
United States—and by a majority of the other 46 signatories. The first meetings of

5. the General Assembly, with 51 nations represented, and the Security Council, took
place in Methodist Central Hall Westminster in London beginning 6 January 1946.[6]
The organization was based at the Sperry Gyroscope Corporation's facility in Lake
Success, New York, from 1946–1952, before moving to the United Nations
Headquarters building in Manhattan upon its completion.
Since its creation, there has been controversy and criticism of the United Nations. In the
United States, an early opponent of the UN was the John Birch Society, which began a
"get US out of the UN" campaign in 1959, charging that the UN's aim was to establish a
"One World Government". After the Second World War, the French Committee of
National Liberation was late to be recognized by the US as the government of France,
and so the country was initially excluded from the conferences that aimed at creating
the new organization. Charles de Gaulle criticized the UN, famously calling it
a machin ("contraption"), and was not convinced that a global security alliance would
help maintain world peace, preferring direct defence treaties between countries.[7]
Legal basis of establishment
Shortly after its establishment the UN sought recognition as an international legal
person due to the case of Reparations for Injuries Suffered in the Service of the United
Nations[8] with the advisory opinion delivered by the International Court of Justice (ICJ).
The question arose whether the United Nations, as an organisation, had "the capacity to
bring an international claim against a government regarding injuries that the
organisation alleged had been caused by that state".[9]
The Court stated: the Organization was intended to exercise and enjoy, and is in fact
exercising and enjoying functions and rights, which can only be explained on the basis
of the possession of a large measure of international personality and the capacity to
operate upon an international plane ... Accordingly, the Court has come to the
conclusion that the Organization is an international person. That is not the same thing
as saying that it is a State, which it certainly is not, or that its legal personality and rights
and duties are the same as those of a State ... What it does mean is that it is a subject
of international law and capable of possessing international rights and duties, and that it
has capacity to maintain its rights by bringing international claims.[10]

6. Organization
Main article: United Nations System
The United Nations' system is based on five principal organs (formerly six –
the Trusteeship Council suspended operations in 1994, upon the independence
of Palau, the last remaining UN trustee territory);[11] the General Assembly, the Security
Council, the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), the Secretariat, and
the International Court of Justice.
Four of the five principal organs are located at the main United Nations
Headquarters located on international territory in New York City.[12] The International
Court of Justice is located in The Hague, while other major agencies are based in the
UN offices atGeneva,[13] Vienna,[14] and Nairobi.[15] Other UN institutions are located
throughout the world.
The six official languages of the United Nations, used in intergovernmental meetings
and documents, are Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish.[3] The
Secretariat uses two working languages, English and French. Four of the official
languages are the national languages of the permanent members of the Security
Council (the United Kingdom and the United States share English as a de facto official
language); Spanish and Arabic are the languages of the two largest blocs of official
languages outside of the permanent members (Spanish being official in 20 countries,
Arabic in 26). Five of the official languages were chosen when the UN was founded;
Arabic was added later in 1973. The United Nations Editorial Manual states that the
standard for English language documents is British usage and Oxford spelling,
the Chinese writing standard is Simplified Chinese. This replaced Traditional Chinese in
1971 when the UN representation of China was changed from the Republic of China to
the People's Republic of China (see China and the United Nations for details).
United Nations
The United Nations is an international organisation of countries. It
was created for many reasons:
 There should be peace and security in the world after the Second
World War
 Countries should be friendly to each other
 Countries should help each other solve problems

7.  Human rights should be respected everywhere in the world.
After the Second World War theallied
countries got together to discuss in which ways
such an organization could be created. In 1945 50
countries got together in San
Francisco and signed an agreement that created
the United Nations. The United States invited the
new UN to set up its headquarters in New York.
The building was finished in 1952 and has been
the permanent seat of the UN until today.
Membership
Membership is open to all peace - loving nations. Today there are about
200 countries in the UN - only very few have not become members.
Switzerland joined the UN in 2002 because the Swiss always wanted to
be neutral.
The main parts of the UN
There are 5 main parts in this organisation
 The General Assembly
 The Security Council
 The Economic and Social Council
 The International Court of Justice
 The Secretariat
"Security Council" and "UNSC" redirect here. For other uses, see Security Council
(disambiguation) and UNSC (disambiguation).

8. The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is one of the six principal organs of
theUnited Nations and is charged with the maintenance of international peace and
security. Its powers, outlined in the United Nations Charter, include the establishment
ofpeacekeeping operations, the establishment of international sanctions, and the
authorization of military action. Its powers are exercised through United Nations
Security Council resolutions.
There are 15 members of the Security Council. This includes five veto-wielding
permanent members—China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United
States—based on the great powers that were the victors of World War II.[1] There are
also 10 non-permanent members, with five elected each year to serve two-year terms.
This basic structure is set out in Chapter V of the UN Charter. The current non-
permanent members
are Argentina,Australia, Azerbaijan, Guatemala, Luxembourg, Morocco, Pakistan, Rwan
da, South Korea, and Togo.
The Security Council held its first session on 17 January 1946 at Church House,
Westminster, London. Since its first meeting, the Council, which exists in continuous
session, has travelled widely, holding meetings in many cities, such as Paris and Addis
Ababa, as well as at its current permanent home at the United Nations
Headquarters inNew York City. Security Council members must always be present at
UN headquarters in New York so that the Security Council can meet at any time. This
requirement addresses a weakness of the League of Nations: that organization was
often unable to respond quickly to a crisis.
 ember State
 Date of Admission
o Afghanistan19-11-1946
o Albania 14-12-1955
o Algeria 08-10-1962
o Andorra 28-07-1993
o Angola 01-12-1976
o Antigua and Barbuda 11-11-1981
o Argentina 24-10-1945
o Armenia 02-03-1992
o Australia 01-11-1945
o Austria 14-12-1955
o Azerbaijan 02-03-1992
o Bahamas 18-09-1973
o Bahrain 21-09-1971
o Bangladesh 17-09-1974
o Barbados 09-12-1966
o Belarus* 24-10-1945
o Belgium 27-12-1945
o Belize 25-09-1981

9. o Benin 20-09-1960
o Bhutan 21-09-1971
o Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 14-11-1945
o Bosnia and Herzegovina* 22-05-1992
o Botswana 17-10-1966
o Brazil 24-10-1945
o Brunei Darussalam 21-09-1984
o Bulgaria 14-12-1955
o Burkina Faso 20-09-1960
o Burundi 18-09-1962
o Cambodia 14-12-1955
o Cameroon 20-09-1960
o Canada 09-11-1945
o Cape Verde 16-09-1975
o Central African Republic 20-09-1960
o Chad 20-09-1960
o Chile 24-10-1945
o China 24-10-1945
o Colombia 05-11-1945
o Comoros 12-11-1975
o Congo 20-09-1960
o Costa Rica 02-11-1945
o Côte D'Ivoire 20-09-1960
o Croatia*22-05-1992
o Cuba24-10-1945
o Cyprus20-09-1960
o Czech Republic*19-01-1993
o Democratic People's Republic of Korea17-09-1991
o Democratic Republic of the Congo *20-09-1960
o Denmark24-10-1945
o Djibouti20-09-1977
o Dominica18-12-1978
o Dominican Republic24-10-1945
o Ecuador21-12-1945
o Egypt*24-10-1945
o El Salvador24-10-194
o Equatorial Guinea12-11-1968
o Eritrea 28-05-1993
o Estonia17-09-1991
o Ethiopia13-11-1945
o Fiji13-10-1970
o Finland 14-12-1955
o France24-10-1945
o India 30-10-1945