neuro and brainphysiology

1. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY Dr. Steven Resnick, D.O. Neurology Resident Jackson Memorial Hospital

9. General Organisation of the Nervous System The Nervous System Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Brain Spinal Cord Somatic Autonomic Sensory Motor Parasympathetic Sympathetic

14. Major Divisions of the Nervous System { sensory motor autonomic nervous system { somatic nervous system { somatic nervous system { brain spinal cord { afferent nerves efferent nerves { parasympathetic nervous system sympathetic nervous system peripheral nervous system (PNS) nervous system central nervous system (CNS)

15. Peripheral Nervous System: Afferent and Efferent Neurons

27. Representative neuron in out Soma “ cell body”

28. Neuron that Delivers signal To the synapse Region where an Axon termimal Meets its target Cell The cell that Receives the signal

31. Astrocytes: Nutrient Take up K+ And Neuro- Transmitters From ECF GLIAL CELLS OF THE CNS

32. GLIAL CELLS OF THE CNS Ependymal Cells: Epithelial Cells Create Selectively Permeable Barrier Between Compartments Of the Brain

33. GLIAL CELLS OF THE CNS Oligodendrocytes: Support and Insulate axons By creating myelin In CNS, one Oligodentrocyte Forms myelin Around portions of Several Axons

49. Ionic Concentration Gradients Cell Membrane in resting state K+ Na+ Cl- K+ A- Outside of Cell Inside of Cell Na + Cl- 0 mV

51. The Resting Potential: Ionic Gradients & a Semi-Permeable Membrane Cell Membrane at rest Na+ Cl- K+ Na+ Cl- K+ A- Outside of Cell Inside of Cell Potassium (K+) can pass through open channels to equilibrate its concentration Sodium and Chlorine cannot pass through Result - inside is negative relative to outside - 70 mV

52. Resting Potential

56. Action potential initiation S.I.Z.

57. Action potential termination Think “votes”

59. Positive feedback loop Na+ enters (depolarization) V-gate Na+ channels open graded Na+ potential Reach “ threshold”? If YES, then...

62. Action Potential

65. Refractory periods

67. Saltatory Conduction

77. Synaptic Physiology

80. Postsynaptic Inhibition IPSP EPSP

95. Basic Directions dorsal caudal or posterior rostral or anterior ventral dorsal neuraxis dorsal ventral lateral medial medial lateral dorsal lateral medial medial lateral ventral caudal or posterior caudal or posterior dorsal ventral rostral or anterior neuraxis

96. Basic Directions

97. Basic Directions FIGURES 4.3 & 4.4 on pgs. 90-91 X dorsal ventral

98. CNS - The REAL Forebrain

105. The Lobes of the Cortex

107. Cerebrum

110. (Parietal)

126. Limbic System

131. Cerebellum

152. 2 lateral ventricles, one in each cerebral Hemisphere; no direct connection between The 2, but both open into the third ventricle of The diencephalon Midbrain has a slender canal known as the cerebral Aqueduct which connects the third ventricle with the Fourth ventricle of the pons and superior portion Of the medulla oblongata

153. Within the medulla oblongata the fourth ventricle Narrows and joins the central canal of the spinal cord

156. CNS - Flow of CSF in CNS 1) Choroid Plexus makes CSF in Lateral Ventricle 2) CSF moves around fornix 3) Joins fluids from choroid plexus in 3rd Ventricle 4) Down cerebral aqueduct 5) Joins 4th Ventricle fluids from choroid plexus 6) Leaves aperatures or goes down central canal in spine 7) Circulates in arachnoid 8) Reabsorbed into blood of dural sinus by arachnoid villi