Given a guest lecture at James Cook University Singapore.

1. Quantum Information Technology Group – Quantumlah
Networking and Security
Darwin Gosal
National University of Singapore

2. Outline
Quantum Information Technology Group – Quantumlah
History of communication
History of telecommunication
Computer networking now and beyond
Information Security
Ancient cryptography
Overview of modern cryptography
Introduction to quantum cryptography.

3. Quantum Information Technology Group – Quantumlah
Body Language
History of Communication

4. History of Communication
Quantum Information Technology Group – Quantumlah
Speech
200,000 years ago (FOXP2 gene)
Unreliable storage: human memory
human hearing
human voice
20Hz 300Hz 4kHz 14kHz 20kHz
500Hz 3kHz
speech

5. History of Communication
Quantum Information Technology Group – Quantumlah
Symbol
Rock carving
Cave painting
Pictograms
Ideograms
Logographic
Alphabet

6. Symbol
Quantum Information Technology Group – Quantumlah
Cave Paintings
Rock Carving (Petroglyph)
Chauvet Cave (30,000 BC) Haljesta (10,000BC)

7. Symbol
Quantum Information Technology Group – Quantumlah
Pictograms (9000 BC)
Ideograms
Logographic (4000BC) 2600 BC Sumerian Cuneiform
Ideograms from Mi’kmag hieroglyps
Chinese Oracle
Bone Script
1600BC
Water, Rabbit, & Deer from
Aztec Stone of the Sun
Egyptian hieroglyph

8. Symbol
Quantum Information Technology Group – Quantumlah
Alphabet / Adjad
A mapping of single symbols to single phonemes
Nearly all alphabetical scripts used
around the world derived from Proto-
Sinaitic alphabet
“Ba’alat” means
Lady (title for Hathor,
feminime title for
semitic god Baal)

9. History of Communication
Quantum Information Technology Group – Quantumlah
Writing tools / medium
Papyrus (3000BC)
The first newspaper, Acta Diurna (59BC)
Paper (100AD)
Pens (1000AD)
Printing press, Gutenberg (1400AD)
Typewriter (1800s)
Computers (1960s)

10. History of Telecommunication
Quantum Information Technology Group – Quantumlah
Transportation
Foot soldier
Postal system
Sneaker-net
F-16 payload: 4600kg
76,470pcs of 2.5” 160GB HDD
Capacity: 12 Peta-Bytes
Speed: Mach 2
Range: 3200km
Bandwidth: 2.6 TB/s

11. History of Telecommunication
Quantum Information Technology Group – Quantumlah
Drums signal
Drum talking (i.e. Yoruba language)
Smoke signals

12. History of Telecommunication
Quantum Information Technology Group – Quantumlah
Heliograph (Greek, 405BC)
Modern Heliograph
using Morse code (1810)
Semaphore (1972)
Distance: 20 miles
Bandwidth: 15 cpm

13. History of Telecommunication
Quantum Information Technology Group – Quantumlah
Electric Telegraph
1st commercial version (1937)
by Wheatstone & Cooke
9 April 1839 – 21km
First transatlantic
telegraph cable (1866)
Telex (Teleprinter Exchange, 1932)
a switched telegraph service.

14. History of Telecommunication
Quantum Information Technology Group – Quantumlah
Telephone (1876)
Alexander Graham Bell
Elisha Grey
Antonio Meucci
Bell Telephone Company (1877)
American Telephone & Telegraph (1885)
AT&T break-up (1984)

15. History of Telecommunication
Quantum Information Technology Group – Quantumlah
Radio / Wireless Telegraph (1890s)
Nikola Tesla (1893)
Guglielmo Marconi (1901)
1st wireless comm. between UK & US
Won Nobel Prize in Physics (1909)
Mobile Phone (Marty Cooper 1973)

16. From Analog to Digital
Quantum Information Technology Group – Quantumlah
Claude Shannon
Father of Modern Information Theory
Publish: A Mathematical Theory of
Communication (1948)
Won 1936 Nobel on: “A Symbolic
Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuit”
Notion of BITS = Binary digITS.

17. Computer Networking
Quantum Information Technology Group – Quantumlah
1960/4 - Research on Packet Switching
1968 - DARPA contracts with BBN to
create ARPAnet
1970 - The first 5 nodes: BBN, Stanford,
UCLA, UC Santa Barbara, & U of Utah.
1972 - TCP created by Vint Cerf
1981 - ARPAnet have 213 nodes and
IPv4, TCP/UDP is used.

18. Computer Networking
Quantum Information Technology Group – Quantumlah
1983 – TCP/IP compliant network
Internet
ARPAnet + X.25 + UUCP + NSFnet
1989 – Tim Berners-Lee, CERN, invented
HTML thus World-Wide-Web.
1993 – Mosaic, the 1st graphical browser
100000
10000
Hosts
5000
1000
562
213
100
1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
Years

19. Computer Networking
Quantum Information Technology Group – Quantumlah
1992 – Internet Society (ISOC) given
formal oversight of the Internet Activities
Board (IAB) and the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF)
1995 – Fed Gov out from networking
infrastructure business eCommerce

20. Networking now and beyond
Quantum Information Technology Group – Quantumlah
Personal Area Network
Bluetooth, PDA-phone, Notebook
Local Area Network
Gigabit, WiFi (802.11a/b/g/n)
Wide Area Network
Frame-Relay, ATM, GSM (EDGE,
GPRS), CDMA (3G)
MAN
FDDI, FSO, WiMax

21. Networking now and beyond
Quantum Information Technology Group – Quantumlah
IPv6 (232 2128), Internet 2
Peer to Peer (Usenet 1979)
Wireless Mesh network (802.11s)
Convergence VoIP
Starhub cable: TV, Phone, Broadband
RFID (spychips?)
GPS
© NASA

22. Quantum Information Technology Group – Quantumlah
The Future
Networking now and beyond

23. Information Security
Quantum Information Technology Group – Quantumlah
Confidentiality (Authentication)
Ensuring the information is accessible only to
authorized personal (prevent unauthorized disclosure)
Integrity (Non-repudiation)
Safeguarding the accuracy and completeness of the
information (prevent unauthorized modification)
Availability (Reliability)
Ensuring authorized user to have access to the
information when required (prevent disruption of
service and productivity)

24. Information Security
Quantum Information Technology Group – Quantumlah
Confidentiality
PIN,Password, Passphrase, Biometrics,
Tokens, Encryption
Integrity
MD5, SHA1
Availability
Denial of Service

25. Information Security
Quantum Information Technology Group – Quantumlah
Network Security
Firewall, IDS, VPN
Application Security
SELinux, Secure coding
Host (End-point) Security
Anti-virus, Anti-spyware, ACL, Physical
security, Social engineering

26. Information Security
Quantum Information Technology Group – Quantumlah
Hacker activity Firewall
Worms & viruses Intrusion Detection
SPAM SPAM filtering
Spyware Anti-Spyware
Phishing Phishing filtering

27. Information Security
Quantum Information Technology Group – Quantumlah
Trusted Computing (TPM)
Palladium
Digital Right Management (DRM)
Play4Sure, DVD’s Content Scrambling
System (CSS)
Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA)

28. Security Model
Quantum Information Technology Group – Quantumlah
Threat avoidance (Military model)
Security is absolute (either you’re secure or not)

29. Quantum Information Technology Group – Quantumlah
Risk Management

30. Security Model
Quantum Information Technology Group – Quantumlah
Risk Management (Business model)
Security is relative (many risks and solutions)
Accept the risk
Mitigate the risk with technology
Mitigate the risk with procedures
Transfer the risk

31. Cryptography
Quantum Information Technology Group – Quantumlah
Claude Shannon
Father of modern cryptography
“Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems”
Cryptology (scrambling)
Cryptography
Cryptanalysis
Steganography (hiding)

32. Quantum Information Technology Group – Quantumlah
Alice
Eavesdropper
Bob
Cryptography

33. History of Cryptography
Quantum Information Technology Group – Quantumlah
Atbash cipher
Hebrew (600BC)
Permutation cipher (Greek)
Scytale (6BC)
Subtitution cipher
Caesar Shift
(1400s)

34. History of Cryptography
Quantum Information Technology Group – Quantumlah
Queen Mary’s Cipher (Babington Plot)
Plot to free Queen Mary,
incite a rebellion, and
murder Queen Elizabeth.
The conspirators
communicated with
Queen Mary, who was
being held prisoner by
Elizabeth, via enciphered
smuggled letters.

35. History of Cryptography
Quantum Information Technology Group – Quantumlah
Nomenclator – 23 symbols representing
letters, and 35 symbols representing words
Cracked by Thomas Phelippes
at the first Cipher school in England
established in 1586 by Francis Walsingham,
Elizabeth’s Secretary and head of security.

36. History of Cryptography
Quantum Information Technology Group – Quantumlah
Mary replied to a letter from Babington
using the compromised cipher.
Phelippes added a forged postscript from
Queen Mary asking Babington for the
identities of the conspirators.
He supplied them.

37. History of Cryptography
Quantum Information Technology Group – Quantumlah
Mary was beheaded
Babington and the six conspirators were
emasculated, disemboweled, and then
executed.

38. History of Cryptography
Quantum Information Technology Group – Quantumlah
Al-Kindi (800AD)
Frequency Analysis
Lipograms
English: ETAOINSHR
German: ENIRSATUD
French: EAISTNRUL
Spanish: EAOSNRILD
Italian: EAIONLRTS
Finnish: AITNESLOK
That's right, this is a lipogram - a book, paragraph or similar thing in writing that fails to contain
a symbol, particularly that symbol fifth in rank out of 26 (amidst 'd' and 'f') and which stands for
a vocalic sound such as that in 'kiwi'. I won't bring it up right now, to avoid spoiling it..."

39. Lipograms
Quantum Information Technology Group – Quantumlah
The most famous lipogram: Georges Perec, La Disparition (1969) 85000
words without the letter e:
Tout avait l'air normal, mais tout s'affirmait faux. Tout avait l'air
normal, d'abord, puis surgissait l'inhumain, l'affolant. Il aurait voulu savoir où
s'articulait l'association qui l'unissait au roman : sur son tapis, assaillant à tout
instant son imagination, …
English translator, Gilbert Adair, in A Void, succeeded in avoiding the letter e as well
Gottlob Burmann (1737-1805) R-LESS POETRY. An obsessive dislike for the
letter r; wrote 130 poems without using that letter, he also omitted the letter r
from his daily conversation for 17 years…

40. History of Cryptography
Quantum Information Technology Group – Quantumlah
Gilbert Vernam
(AT&T) 1918
Enigma (WW2)
Vernam Cipher
3DES
AES
Claude Shannon of Bell Labs (ca. 1945) proved the one time pad
guaranties perfect security as long as:
•The key is a truly random number
•The key is as long as the message
•The key is used only once

41. DES Cracker
Quantum Information Technology Group – Quantumlah
This board is part of
the EFF DES cracker,
which contained over
1800 custom chips
and could brute force
a DES key in a matter
of days.

42. Key Distribution
Quantum Information Technology Group – Quantumlah
Public Key Cryptosystem
RSA (Factoring)
Others:
McEliece
ElGamal
ECC

43. Modern Cryptography
Quantum Information Technology Group – Quantumlah
Public-Key Cryptosystem (RSA, ECC)
Public Key Infrastructure
Authentication method
Diffie-Hellman key exchange
Session key created for symmetric
cryptography
Use AES or 3DES

44. Quantum Information Technology Group – Quantumlah
Diffie-Hellman

45. Quantum Information Technology Group – Quantumlah
Diffie-Hellman

46. Quantum Information Technology Group – Quantumlah
Diffie-Hellman

47. Diffie-Hellman
Quantum Information Technology Group – Quantumlah
Copyright, 2000-2006 by NetIP, Inc. and Keith Palmgren, CISSP

48. Quantum Information Technology Group – Quantumlah
Execution Time
2 L
INPUT SIZE
L n
P
NP
EXP
Computational Complexity

49. Quantum Information Technology Group – Quantumlah
Moore’s law
Shor’s algorithm
Quantum Computer

50. Quantum Cryptography
Quantum Information Technology Group – Quantumlah
In April 2004, the EU decided to spend €11 million
developing secure communication based on quantum
cryptography — the SECOQC project — a system that
would theoretically be unbreakable by ECHELON or
any other espionage system. European governments
have been leery of ECHELON since a December 3,
1995 story in the Baltimore Sun claiming that
aerospace company Airbus lost a $6Billion contract
with Saudi Arabia in 1994 after the NSA reported that
Airbus officials had been bribing Saudi officials to
secure the contract.
Source: Wikipedia
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/820758.stm

51. Quantum Cryptography
Quantum Information Technology Group – Quantumlah
Quantum Key Distribution
Bit = 0’s or 1’s
Qubit = 0’s, 1’s, or “0 and 1”.

52. Quantum Information Technology Group – Quantumlah
BOTH
Which path is taken?
Qubit

53. Quantum Information Technology Group – Quantumlah
What do you see?
measurement
Qubit

54. Qubit
Quantum Information Technology Group – Quantumlah
or
0 1 Ψ =α 0 +β 1
Ψ = 000 + 001 + 010 + 011
+ 100 + 101 + 110 + 111
L qubits encode 2L numbers

55. Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
Quantum Information Technology Group – Quantumlah
measuring polarisation states of photons
H
V
+45
-45
PBS (H/V) PBS (45/-45)

56. BB84
Quantum Information Technology Group – Quantumlah
0→H
1→V
0 → 45
1 → -45
Key generation
1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 … 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 …
45 H -45 V V -45 H -45 …
Base selection Base discussion
Over public channel
+ + X + + + X X … Base selection
X + X + + X + X …
Encoding
V H -45 V V H -45 -45 …

57. BB84
Quantum Information Technology Group – Quantumlah
No Cloning Theorem : It is not possible to copy an unknown quantum
state with perfect fidelity.
Bound on copying fidelity is such that Eve will not succeed in tapping the
channel even if using the best possible quantum copying machine.
Wootters and Zurek; Dieks 1982

58. BB84
Quantum Information Technology Group – Quantumlah
www.research.ibm.com/journal/rd/481/smolin.htm

59. Entangled State
Quantum Information Technology Group – Quantumlah
(−) 1
Ψ = (H s
V i − eiα V s
H i)
2
Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 4337-4341 (1995)

60. Entanglement
Quantum Information Technology Group – Quantumlah
–“If, without in any way
disturbing a system,
we can predict with
certainty… the value of
a physical quantity,
then there exists an
element of physical
reality corresponding
to this physical
quantity”
LOCAL REALISM
PERFECT
EAVESDROPPING!

61. Local Realism
Quantum Information Technology Group – Quantumlah
Local realism is refuted by quantum theory
Entangled photons do not have predetermined
values of polarization…
…so eavesdropper has nothing to measure
Quantum mechanics allows eavesdropper free
communication
Any post-quantum theory that refutes local
realism allows eavesdropper free
communication.

62. Ekert 91
Quantum Information Technology Group – Quantumlah
Ψ
( −)
=
1
(H V − V H )
2 Perfect Security for error < 15%
Ψ
( −)
=
1
( + 45 − 45 − − 45 + 45 )
2

63. History of Q. Cryptography
Quantum Information Technology Group – Quantumlah
S. Wiesner 1970
C.H. Bennett & A. Ekert 1991
G. Brassard 1984
Prepare and
Entanglement
Measure
Based
Protocols
Protocols

64. Quantum Information Technology Group – Quantumlah
Vienna
Alps (23.4 km)
Experiments

65. Quantum Information Technology Group – Quantumlah
10 Jan 2004
Rise of the Quantum Island

66. Governments
Quantum Information Technology Group – Quantumlah
US (US$ 100M = SG$ 166M)
US Army, NSA, DARPA, NIST, etc
Japan (SG$ 41.5M)
ERATO, ICORP, PRESTO
Europe (€ 15M = SG$ 30M)
Australia (AU$ 10M = SG$ 13M)
Singapore (SG$ 8M)
A*Star, DSTA, DSO

67. Commercial
Quantum Information Technology Group – Quantumlah
MagiQ (US)
BBN (US)
id-Quantique (Swiss)
QinetiQ (UK)
D-wave (Canada)
Elsag (Italy)
Fujitsu & Toshiba (UK + Japan)
Lockheed Martin (US)
Q-tool (Germany)

68. Quantum Information Technology Group – Quantumlah
Satellite
QKD network
Hybrid System
The Future

69. Quantum Information Technology Group – Quantumlah
Think like a physicists!