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1. IP Addressing and Introduction to IP routing Avgust Jauk <jauk@arnes.si> ARNES Bratislava, August 98

4. Internet topology

6. Internet protocol stack

7. Internet protocol dependencies Hardware Users

8. Internet protocol dependencies Hardware Users

9. Layering in the Internet Application Transport Internet Network interface Application Transport Internet Network interface Internet Network interface Identical message Identical packet Identical datagram Identical datagram Identical frame Identical frame Physical Net 1 Physical Net 2 Gateway G Host A Host B

10. Internet datagram format

11. ICMP datagram format

12. ICMP Message types Type Field ICMP Message Type 0 Echo Reply 3 Destination Unreachable 4 Source Quench 5 Redirect (change a route) 8 Echo Request 11 Time Exceeded for Datagram 12 Parametere Problem on a Datagram 13 Timestamp Request 14 Timestamp Reply 15 Information Request (obsolete) 16 Information Reply (obsolete) 17 Address Mask Request 18 Address Mask Reply

21. Static Routes Manually configured by network administrator A B

22. Static Routes Router cannot automatically reroute if path fails A B

24. Routing protocols 64 kbps 64 kbps 2 Mbps 2 Mbps

27. Summary of special address conventions This host Limited broadcast (local net) Host on this net Directed broadcast for net Loopback all 0s all 0s host all 1s net 127 anything (often 1) all 1s

28. Classess and address formats 0 1 2 3 4 8 16 24 31 netid netid hostid hostid multicast address reserved for future use Class A Class C Class D Class E 0 0 0 0 netid hostid Class B 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

32. Subnetting Class B 0 1 Class B 0 1 Class B Address: Before Subnetting Class B Address: After Subnetting Network Network Host Host Subnet

37. Subnet mask bits 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 128 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 192 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 = 224 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 = 240 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 = 248 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 = 252 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 = 254 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 255

38. Binary Numbers = 128 + 64 + 32 + 2 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 Represent 226 decimal in binary: = 6 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 6 2 226 = 2 7 2 5 2 4 2 3 2 2 1 2 0 2 2 2 7 2 5 2 4 2 3 2 2 1 2 0 2 2

39. Subnetting a Class C split subnet mask # subnets # hosts/subnet total # hosts utilis. 1:7 128 2 252 126 99% 2:6 192 4 248 62 98% 3:5 224 8 240 30 94% 4:4 240 16 14 224 88% 5:3 248 32 6 192 76% 6:2 252 64 2 128 50% 7:1 254 / / / /

46. Classless address notation Hosts . . . 8 16 32 64 128 256 . . . 4096 8192 16384 32768 65535 . . . Prefix . . . /29 /28 /27 /26 /25 /24 . . . /20 /19 /18 /17 /16 . . . Classful . . . 1 C . . . 16 C’s 32 C’s 64 C’s 128 C’s 1 B . . . Subnet Mask . . . 255.255.255.248 255.255.255.240 255.255.255.224 255.255.255.192 255.255.255.128 255.255.255.0 . . . 255.255.240.0 255.255.224.0 255.255.192.0 255.255.128.0 255.255.0.0 . . .

47. Classless network aggregation - Supernetting Class C 24-bit prefix 11000000 192 168 64 0 10101000 01000000 Prefix Host part 00000000 Common prefix: 23 bits 11111111 11111111 1111111 0 00000000 00000000 Classless 23-bit prefix 11000000 192 168 64 /23 10101000 0100000 0 00000000 Class C next 24-bit prefix 11000000 192 168 65 0 10101000 01000001 00000000