Paper presented at 10thSPLG, August 11-14, 2008, Angra dos Reis, Brazil

1. SEPARATION OF HEAVY OXYGEN ISOTOPES
- A Selected Bibliography Gheorghe VASARU
National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic
and Molecular Technologies, Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA
Aleea Tarniţa Nr. 7, Apt. 11, 400659 Cluj-Napoca , ROMANIA
e-mail: gvasaru@hotmail.com
Abstract:
This selected bibliography contains a comprehensive compilation of references
from the scientific and technical literature on the separation of the heavy oxygen isotopes
(17O and 18O). The references are arranged chronologically according to the leading
author.
--- &&& --1. Welles, S.B.: Partial Separation of the Oxygen Isotopes by Thermal Diffusion, Phys.
Rev. 59, 679, 1941; 59, 920(A), 1941.
2. Clusius, K; Dickel, G; Becker, E: Reindarstellung des schweren Sauerstoffisotopes
18
O2 und des Stickstoffe 14N15N, Naturwiss., 31, 210, 1943.
3. Clusius, K; Dickel, G: Separation Tube, V: Preparation of
274-286, 1944.
18
O, Z. phys. Chem. 3 pp.
4. Welles, S.B: Partial Separation of the Oxygen Isotopes by Thermal Diffusion and
Deuteron Bombardment of 17O, Phys. Rev. 69, 11-12, pp. 586-589, 1946.
5. Lauder, I: The Separation of the Oxygen Isotopes by Thermal Diffusion, Trans.
Faraday Soc., 43, pp. 620- 630, 1947.
6. Davies, R.H.: The Separation of the Oxygen Isotopes by Thermal Diffusion, Trans.
Faraday Soc., 45, pp. 145-148, 1949.
7. Whalley, E; Winter, E.R.S; Briscoe, H.V.A: Diffusion Phenomena in Gases. Part I.
The Thermal Diffusion of Oxygen. Experimental, Trans. Faraday Soc., 45, pp. 10851090, 1949.
8. Whalley, E; Winter, E.R.S: Diffusion Phenomena in Gases. Part II. The Thermal
Diffusion of Oxygen. Theoretical, Trans. Faraday Soc., 45, pp. 1091-1097, 1949.
9. Winter, E.R.S: Diffusion Properties of Gases. Part III. Diffusion and Thermal
Diffusion Coefficients for Isotopic Gases and Gas Mixtures, Trans. Faraday Soc., 46,
pp.81-92, 1950.
10. Denton, W.H: Measurements of the Gaseous Thermal Diffusion Constants for
Oxygen (18O16O – 16O16O) and Methane (13CH4 – 12CH4) Report AERE G/R.469, Harwell,
U.K.,May, 1950, pp. 19, 1950..

2. 11. Becker, H.W: Effect of Pressure on Thermal Diffusion in Gases, J. Chem. Phys.
19, pp. 131-132, 1951.
12. Dostrovski, I.; Llevellin, D.; Vromen, B.: H2O Rectification,…, J. Chem. Phys.,9,
3509, 1952.
13. Panchenkov, G.M.; Moiseev, V.D.: Concentration of the Carbon-13 and Oxygen18 Isotopes in Carbon Monoxide by the Method of Thermal Diffusion, Zhur. Fis. Khim.,
30, pp. 1662 -1667, 1956.
14 Uvarov, O.B.; Sokolski, B.A.; Javoronkov, N.M.: H2O Rectification …, Khim.
Prom. 7, 20, 1956.
15. Kuhn, W.: H2O Rectification …, Chem.Eng. Techn., 29, 6, 1957.
16. Dostrovski, I; Raviv, A: Separation of Heavy Isotopes of Oxygen by Distillation,
Proc. Symp. Isotope Separations, Amsterdam, Holland, pp. 336-349, 1957.
17. Dostrovski, I: The Production and Distribution of Heavy Isotopes of Oxygen,
A /CONF.15/P/1612, ISRAEL, Second UN Int. Conf. On the Peaceful Uses of
AtomicEnergy, Geneva, Switzerland, 24 June 1958, pp. 9, 1958.
18.* * * Isotope Separation – A Literature Survey, Report Ls/23, Israel AEC, Nov.
1958.
19. Silvestri, M; Villani, S; Adorni, N; Angelino G.C: Diffusional Distillation in a
Gas Stream, A /CONF.15/P/1400, ITALY, Second UN Int. Conf. On the Peaceful Uses
of Atomic Energy, Geneva, 24 June 1958, pp. 20, 1958.
20. Horibe, Y: Separation of Oxygen Isotopes with Thermal Diffusion Column of
Concentric Cylinder Type, Isotopes and Radiation, 2, (1), pp. 25-33, 1959.
21. Vojta, G: Naherungsformeln zur quantenstatistischen Berechnung chemischer
Isotopen-austauschgleichgewichte und Anvendung auf Molekule mit 18O,
Kernenergie, 3, (9/60), pp .927-930, 1960.
22. Krell, E: Gewinnung des stabilen Isotops 18O durch Gegenstrom-Destillation von
Waser, Chem-Ing-Technik, 32, pp. 233-240, 1960.
23. Huber, M: Sulzer Rectifying Columns, Sulzer Techn. Rev., 2, 1960, pp. 10, 1960.
24. Wartenweiler, M: The New Process Engineering Laboratory, Sulzer Techn. Rev., 2,
1960, pp. 3, 1960.
25. Turkhauf, M.; Narten, A.; Kuhn, W. : H2O Rectification ..., Helv. Chim. Acta, 43,
989, 1960.
26. Hanny, J; Hartmann, F; Hiltbrunner, R: Nomogrammes pour le calcul des
echangeurs de matiere a contre-courant, Sulzer Techn. Rev., 4, 1961, pp. 6, 1961.

3. 27. Saxena, S.C; Bhatnagar, D.N: On the Possibility of Enriching 18O by the Chemical
Exchange of Water & Carbon Dioxide, J. Sci. & Ind. Research, 20A, (6), pp. 316-318,
1961.
28. Adorni, N; Angelino, G.C; Brigoli, B: A Distillation Plant for H218O Enrichment,
Chemical Age of India, 12, (4), pp. 333-337, 1961.
29. Bank, C.A; Verdurmen, E.A.Th; Vries, A.E. de: Oxygen Exchange between CO
and O2, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 17, pp.295-301, 1961.
30. Saxena, S.C; Bhatnagar, D.N; Ramaswamy, S: Partition Function Ratios and
Equilibrium Constants for 18O Exchange Reactions, J. Chem. & Eng. Data, 7, (2),
pp.240-242, 1962.
31. Saxena, S.C.; Raman, S.: Theory and Performance of Thermal Diffusion Column,
Rev. Mod. Phys., 34, 3, pp. 252 – 266, 1962.
32. Amiel, S; Peisach, M: Oxygen-18 Analysis by Counting Delayed Neutrons of
Nitrogen-17, Report IA-691, Israel Atomic Energy Commission, June 1962, pp. 21,
1962.
33. Gazith, M: Isotope Separation Methods, Annotated Bibliography, Report Ls/101,
Israel Atomic Energy Commission, June 1962.
34. Borowitz, J.L: Relative Volatilities of the System H217O/H216O, Preprint IA-728,
Israel Atomic Energy Commission, March, 1962, pp. 14, 1962.
35. Dirian, J: Constantes physiques des varietes isotopiques de l’eau (17O - 18O - D – T)
Report CEA (Commissariat a l’Energie Atomique, France), No. 15, 1962, pp. 106 p,
1962.
36. Olariu, A: Das Optimale Regime der Totalen Trennung der Leichten Isotopen ( 13c,
15
N, 18O) und die Stufung der Trennanlagen, Report 25-IS, Institutul de Fizica
Atomica, Bucharest, Romania, 1962, pp. 8, 1962.
37. Olariu, A: Optimale Ruckflussbedingung fur Isotopentrennkolonnen, Report 26-IS,
Institutul de Fizica Atomica, Bucharest, Romania, 1962, pp. 9, 1962.
38. Saxena, S.C.; Taylor, T.I: Enrichment of 18O by the Chemical Exchange of Nitric
Oxide with Nitric Acid Solutions, J. Phys. Chem., 66, pp. 1480-1487, 1962.
39. Clusius, K; Schleich, K: Das Trennrohr XXIV. Darstellung von 18O und das
Problem der Anreicherung von 17O, Helv. Chim. Acta, XLV, V, (197), pp. 1702-1721,
1962.
40. Clusius, K; Varde, E: Das Trennrohr XXV. Konzentrationsverteilung polynarer
Isotopengemische in einer Thermodiffusion-Trennanlage, Helv. Chim. Acta, XLV, VI,
(263), pp .2273-2281, 1962

4. 41. Semiokhin, I.A; Ageev, E.P; Pancenkov, G.M; Smirnov, B.I: Separation of
Oxygen Isotopes by Thermal Diffusion of Oxygen, Russian J. of Phys. Chem. 36, 1,
pp.62-65, 1962; Zhur. Fiz. Khim. 36, (1), pp. 124-129, 1962.
42. Bank, C.A; Verdurmen, E.A.Th: Oxygen Exchange between CO and CO2, J.
Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 25, pp. 667-675, 1963.
43. Verdurmen, E.A.Th; Bank, C.A: Oxygen Exchange between CO and CO2, J.
Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 25, pp. 1521-1530, 1963.
44. Ageev, E.P; Panchenkov, G.M: Oxygen Isotope Separation by Thermal Diffusion,
Atomnaia Energhia, 14, (5), pp. 494-496, 1963.
45. Drury, J.S: Isotopes of Hydrogen, Lithium, Boron, Nitrogen, Oxygen, in Report
ORNL-TM-1047, Isotopes Development Center, Research Materials Coordination
and Planning Meeting, Nov. 14-15, Oxygen, pp. 25-29, Oak Ridge, Tenn.,1963.
46. von Halle, E; Drury, J.S: Enrichment of Oxygen-17. I. Cascade Calculations,
Report ORNL, 14 Jan. 1963, Oak Ridge, Tenn., pp. 26, 1963.
47. Groth, W; Murrenhoff, A; Rufov, H.H:: Prototype-Trennelemente fur eine
Mehrzweck-Thermodiffusions-Isotopentrennanlage fur gase, Report Jul-46-PC,
Julich, Germany, Febr. 1963, pp. 38, 1963.
48. Bigeleisen, J.: Chemistry of Isotopes, Brookhaven Lecture Series, BNL 870 (T-349),
Nr 30, Oct. 1963.
49. Etterich, J: A Continuously Working Installation for the Separations of Isotopes in
the Gas Phase (in German), Kerntechnik, Isotopentechnik und – Chemie, 6, 12S, pp.
577-581, 1964.
50. Silvestri, M; Angelino, G.C; Brigoli, B: A New Distillation Techniques for Isotope
Concentration, A /CONF.28/P/557, ITALY, Third UN Int. Conf. On the Peaceful Uses
of Atomic Energy, Geneva, Switzerland, May 1964, pp. 18,.
51. Hering, H ; Le Bail, H ; Sutton, S ; Vanderchmitt, A ; Botter, R ; Ducheylard,
G; Majzoub, M: Sur la conversion d’oxygene en CO2, en vue du dosage isotopique
de O, Pure and Appl. Chem., 8, pp. 281-286, 1964.
52. Robertson, J.S. : The Impact of Isotopic Tracers on Physiological Concepts,
Brookhaven Lecture Series, BNL 857 (T-341), Nr 33, Febr. 1963.
53. Casas, J ; Saviron, J.M ; Quintanilla, M : Difusion Termica de 16O/18O en
Columna de Clusius-Dickel. Comparacion de Resultados con las Predicciones
Teoricas, Anales de la Real Sociedad Espagnola de Fisica y Quimica, Serie AFISICA, LX(A), (7-8), pp. 167-174, 1964.
54. Staschewski, D: Experimentale Bestimmung der 18O/16O – Trennfaktoren in den
Systemen CO2/H2O und CO2/D2O, Ber. Bunsengesellschaft fur Physikalische Chemie,
68, (5), pp. 454-495, 1964.

5. 55. Eichelberger, J.F; Grove, G.R; Jones, L.V: Oxygen, Mound Lab. Progress Report
for Febr. 1965, MLM-1245, Miamisburg, Ohio, pp. 14, 1965.
56. Narten, A.H; Landau, L: Separation of 17O from Natural Oxygen in Thermal
Diffusion Column, J. Chem. Phys. 43, (2), pp. 751-755, 1965.
57. Borowitz, J.I; Samuel, D; Steckel, F: Research with the Isotopes of Oxygen (15O,
17
O and 18O) during 1961-1963, J. Appl. Rad. and Isotopes, 16, pp. 97-142, 1965.
58. Amiel, S; Nir, A: Analysis of 18O based on the Reaction 18O(α,n)21Ne,
Radiochemical Methods of Analysis, Vol. 1, pp. 287-294, IAEA Vienna, Austria, 1965.
59. Fritz, G.J; Han, J; Ellis, W.H: Analysis of 18O in Carbon Dioxide by Thermal
Neutron Activation, J. Appl. Rad. And Isotopes, 16, pp. 431-437, 1965.
60. Staschewski, D: Statistische Berechnung der 18O – und 17O –
Gleichgewichtsverteilung in den Systemen CO2/H2O und CO2/D2O aus
Molekulspektroskopischen Daten, Ber. Bunsengesellschaft fur Physikalische Chemie,
69, 5, pp. 426-440, 1965.
61. Műller, M : Spezielle Methoden der Analyse stabiler Isotope, Kernenergie, 8, (5),
pp. 265-283, 1965.
62. Roth, E. ; Ravoire, J.: Chap. VII, Généralités sur les propriétés physico-chimiques
des isotopes, Genié Atomique, Tome 5, Bibliothéque des sciences et techniques
nucléaires, Edition 1965, pp. 255 – 292, 1965.
63. Roth, E. ; Ravoire, J.: Chap. VIII, Généralités sur les séparations d’isotopes, Genié
Atomique, Tome 5, Bibliothéque des sciences et techniques nucléaires, Edition 1965,
pp. 293 - 316, 1965.
64. InGun, Han: Mass Spectrometric Measurement of
Samples, Anal. Chem., 37, pp. 1442-1443, 1965
18
O in Small Carbon Dioxide
65. Rutherford, W.M: Thermal Diffusion Column Transport Coefficients for Mass 28
and Mass 29 Carbon Monoxide, J. Chem. Phys., 42, (3), pp. 869-872, 1965.
66. Drury, J.S: Isotopes of Hydrogen, Lithium, Boron, Nitrogen, Oxygen, in P.S.
Baker: Oxygen, Research Materials Coordination and Planning Meeting, Nov. 1415, 1963, Oxygen, pp. 25-29, Report ORNL-TM-1047, April, Oak Ridge, Tenn.,1965.
67. Muller, G: Experimental Determination of Clusius-Dickel Column Constants for
Binary and Polynary Isotope Mixtures, Kernenergie 8, pp. 226-236, 1965.
68. Majzoub, M : Une methode d’analyse isotopique de l’oxygene sur microquantites
d’eau. Determination des coefficients de partage a l’equilibre de l’oxygene-18 entre
H2O et CO2 ; D2O et CO2, J. Chim. Phys., 4, pp. 563-568, 1966.
69. Chupakhin, M.S: The Measurement of Difference in Isotopic Ratios in Small
Volumes of Gases and Possibilities for the Mass-Spectrographic Determination of

6. Micro amounts of Oxygen and Nitrogen in Solid Substances, J. Anal. Him., XXI, 7,
pp. 817-825, Moscow, Russia, 1966.
70. Singleton, J.H: Interaction of Oxygen with Hot Tungsten, J. Chem. Phys, 45, (8),
pp. 2819-2826, 1966.
71. Guizouarn, L: Proprietes physiques moleculaires des isotopes de l’hydrogene et de
leurs combinaisons isotopiques, Etude bibliographique, Report CEA (Commissariat a
l’Energie Atomique), France No. 87, 1967, pp. 49, 1967.
72. Waldstein, P; Rabideau, S.W: 17O NMR of Single Crystals of D2O Ice, J. Chem.
Phys. 47, (12), pp. 5338-5342, 1967.
73. Vasaru, G: Tabulated Values of Thermal Diffusion Factors for Various Isotopic
Gaseous Mixtures, Preprint IFA IS-35, Bucharest, 1966; Isotopenpraxis, 3, (9), pp.
368-374, 1967.
74. Vasaru, G: Thermal Diffusion in Isotopic Gaseous Mixtures, Fortschritte der
Physik, 15, (1), pp. 1-111, 1967.
75. Lamb, J.F; Lee, D.M; Markowitz, S.S: Simultaneous Determination of 18O and 16O
Isotopes by 3He Activation Analysis, Report UCRL-17812, Univ. of California, E.O.
Lawrence Radiation Lab, Berkeley, California, Oct. 1967, pp. 11, 1967..
76. Verdurmen, E.A.Th: Mechanism of Oxygen Isotopic Exchange in Mixtures of
Carbon Monoxide and Oxygen in a Quartz Vessel, J. Phys. Chem., 71, (3), pp. 678694, 1967.
77. Huber, M :: Colonnes de rectification sous vide Sulzer, Rev. Techn. Sulzer, 1, 1967,
pp. 8, 1967.
78. Vasaru, G; Rap, I: Thermal Diffusion Bibliography (for the period 1856–1966),
Bibliographical Series No. 28, IAEA Vienna, Austria, 1968, pp. 345, 1968.
79. Samuel, D; Steckel, F: Research with the Isotopes of Oxygen (15O, 17O and 18O)
during 1964-1966, J. Appl. Rad. And Isotopes, 19, pp. 175-217, 1968.
80. Raman, S; Saxena, S.C; Watson, W.W: Separation of Isotopic Mixtures of
Polyatomic Gases by Thermal Diffusion Column: Interpretation of Data on Oxygen,
J. Chem. Phys., 48, (7), pp. 2920-2923, 1968.
81. Yamamoto, M; Takahashi, M; Imaoka, M; Nashioka, T; Hirota, K: Enrichment
of 18O of High Concentration by Thermal Diffusion Method, Nippon Kagaku Zasoki,
89, 9, pp. 839-843, 1968, Report MLM (Mound Laboratory, Miamisburg, Ohio)-1634
(tr), pp. 28.
82. Rutherford, W.M; Roos, M.J; Kaminski, K.J: Experimental Verification of the
Thermal Diffusion Column Theory as Applied to the Separation of Isotopically
Substituted Nitrogen and Isotopically Substituted Oxygen, J. Chem. Phys., 50, (12),
pp. 5359- 5365, 1969.

7. 83. Vasaru, G; Muller, G; Reinhold, G; Fodor, T: The Thermal Diffusion Column,
Theory and Practice with Particular Emphasis on Isotope Separation, VEB Deutscher
Verlag der Wissenschaften, Berlin, 1969, pp. 210, 1969.
84. Hidalgo, M.A; Saviron, J.M; Yarza, J.C: Concentric and Hot Wire Type Thermal
Diffusion Column: Static Performances and Comparison with Theoretical Models: Ne,
Kr, Xe, O2, N2, ASTI-69, Leipzig, Germany, 1969.
85. Mathur, B.P; Watson, W.W: Thermal Diffusion in Isotopic 16O2 – 18O2, J. Chem.
Phys., 51, (5), pp. 2210-2214, 1969.
86. Mathur, B.P; Watson, W.W: Isotopic Thermal Diffusion in Polyatomic Gases ( 16O,
18
O), Bull. Am. Phys. Soc., Jan. 66, 1969.
87. Staschewski, D: Densimetrische Isotopenanalyse des leichten und schweren Wassers
unter Ausnutzung des Sauerstoffaustausches zwischen Kohlendioxid und Wasser,
Ber. Bunsengesellschaft fur phys. Chem., 73, 1, pp. 59-65, 1969.
88. Staschewski, D: Kinetik des mit Bicarbonat katalysierten Sauerstoff-Austausches
zwischen Kohlewndioxid und Wasser, Z. Chem-Ing-Techn., 41, (20), pp. 1111-1118,
1969.
89. Vasaru, G: Les isotopes stables, Report CEA-BIB-136, CEN Saclay, France, 1970,
pp. 369, 1970.
90. Kaminski, K.J; Rutherford, W.M; Willis, M.S: Thermal Diffusion Coefficients
for the Separation of 14,14N – 14,15N and 16,16O – 16,18O, Report MLM (Mound
Laboratory, Miamisburg, Ohio) -1439, 1970, pp. 127, 1970.
91. Dixit, V.K; Sharma, M.N: Exp. Potential Parameters for Neon, Oxygen and
Nitrogen, J. Phys. Soc. Japan, 30, 4, pp. 1166-1168, 1971.
92. Staschewski, D: Hochanreicherung der stabilen Sauerstoff-Isotope durch
Gegenstromdestillation von Schwewasser, Chem. Ing. Tech. 43, 14, pp. 810-816,
1971.
93. Blanchard, M; Louguet, G: Etude de l’echange isotopique d’oxygene par les
catalyseurs de la serie V2O5-MoO3, Bull. Soc. Chim. de France, 3, pp. 814-819, 1971.
94. Jordan, S; Bonner, F.T: : Fractionation of Oxygen Isotopes between NO and H 2O,
J. Chem. Phys., 54, (11), pp. 4963-4964, 1971.
95. Johnston, E.R., Chase, C., Ladov, E.N., Holtzschelter, Jr. W.: Method of
Increasing the Concentration of Oxygen-18 in an Oxygen-containing Compound, US
Patent: 3,622,480 Assignee: USAEC, Nov. 23, 1971.
96. Johnston, E.R., Chase, C., Ladov, E.N.: Method of Producing Compounds
Enriched in Oxygen-18, US Patent: 3,622,481 Assignee: USAEC, Nov. 23, 1971.
97. * * * Rehovot, Winter 1971-72, p. 17: Prof. Israel Dostrovsky – A Profile.

8. 98. Yinon, J; Ashkenazi, Y; Gilath, Ch; Meri, M; Grinberg, MR; Wolf, D:
Computerized Mass Spectrometer Control of a Thermal Diffusion Plant for Isotope
Separation, Chem. Instrumentation, 4(4) pp. 255-268, 1972.
99. Wolf, D; Cohen, H: Process-Design Considerations and Steady-State Operational
Data for the Separation of Isotopes of Oxygen, Can. J. Chem. Eng., 50, (5), pp. 621627, 1972.
100. Klein, P.D., Peterson, S.V., Editors,: Proceedings of the First International
Conference on Stable Isotopes in Chemistry, Biology and Medicine, May 9 – 11,
1973, Argonne National Laboratory, pp. 478, CONF -730525 USAEC, 1973.
101. Staschewski, D: Extreme Enrichment of 18O by Countercurrent Distillation of
Heavy Water, International Meeting on Isotope Effects in Physical and Chemical
Processes, June 25 – 28, Cluj-Napoca, 1973.
102. Villani, Stelio: Separazione degli isotopi, pp.500, CNEN, Roma, 1974.
103. Vasaru, G: Separation of Isotopes by Thermal Diffusion, USAEC ERDA-tr-32, Oak
Ridge Tenn., pp. 376, July 1975.
104. Vasaru, G; Ursu, D; Mihaila, A; Szentgyorgyi, P: Deuterium and Heavy Water –
A Selected Bibliography, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co, Amsterdam-Oxford-New
York, pp. 805, 1975.
105. Marling, J.K.: Isotope Separation by Selective Photodissociation of Glyoxal, US
Patent Reference :3947335, March, 1976.
106. Marling, J.K.: Isotope Enrichment by Frequency-tripled Temperature Tuned
Neodymium Laser Photolysis of Formaldehyde, US Patent Reference: 4029558, June,
1977
107. IAEA-TC-90, IAEA – CMEA, Technical Committee Meeting on Modern Trends
in the Biological Applications of Stable Isotopes, Abstracts, Leipzig, Germany, 14-18
Febr. 1977.
108. x x x Stable Isotopes in the Life Sciences, Proceedings of a Technical Committee
Meeting Leipzig, 14-18 February, 1977 Jointly Organized. by the IAEA and CMEA,
pp. 460, IAEA, Vienna, 1977.
109. Bakhtadze, A.B.: Separation of Stable Isotopes, Stable Isotopes in the Life
Sciences, Proceedings of a Technical Committee Meeting Leipzig, 14-18 February,
1977 Jointly Organized. by the IAEA and CMEA, pp. 3 - 20, IAEA, Vienna, 1977.
110. Asatiani, P.Ya.; Giorgadze, L.P.; Partsakhashvili, G.L.; Tevzadze, G.A.;
Chikaidze, I.V.: Industrial Pilot Plant for the Production of 18O, Separation of Stable
Isotopes, Stable Isotopes in the Life Sciences, Proceedings of a Technical Committee
Meeting Leipzig, 14-18 February, 1977 Jointly Organized. by the IAEA and CMEA,
pp. 75 - 83, IAEA, Vienna, 1977.

9. 111. Staschewski, D: Production of 18O and 17O bz Countercurrent Distillation of
Reactor-Grade Heavy Water, Separation of Stable Isotopes, Stable Isotopes in the Life
Sciences, Proceedings of a Technical Committee Meeting Leipzig, 14-18 February,
1977 Jointly Organized. by the IAEA and CMEA, pp. 85 - 95, IAEA, Vienna, 1977.
112. Oziashvili, E.D., Kobaladze, M.G., Kakuliya, D.A., Beridze, Eh.A., Production
of Water Labelled with Oxygen Isotopes by the Reduction of Nitric Oxide, Separation
of Stable Isotopes, Stable Isotopes in the Life Sciences, Proceedings of a Technical
Committee Meeting Leipzig, 14-18 February, 1977 Jointly Organized. by the IAEA
and CMEA, pp. 123 -129, IAEA,Vienna, 1977.
113. Halliday, D., et al.: The Use of Stable Isotopes in Medicinal Chemistry, 1978.
114. Abrudean, M.; Axente, D.; Baldea, A.; Jalobeanu, M.: Calculul debitelor si al
concentratiei fluidelor care circula intr-o cascada pentru separarea 18O prin schimb
isotopic NO, NO2 – H2O, HNO, Rev. Chimie, 29, 10, pp. 953 – 955, 1978.
115. DeWitt, R.: Enriched Isotope Applications: Biomedical Field, ICON, 1979.
116. Moore et al.: Separation of Isotopes by Photo-induced Predissociation, US Patent
Reference: 4212717, July, 1980.
117. Vasaru, G: Concentration Profiles in Thermal Diffusion Columns. I. Isotope
Ternary Systems. Applications to Nitrogen, Oxygen, Neon and Argon Isotopes (in
Romanian), St. Cerc. Fiz, (Bucharest, Romania), 33, (2), pp.113-139, 1981.
118. Dostrovski, I., et al., Stable Isotopes, pp. 693-702: The Production of Stable
Isotopes of Oxygen, 1982.
119. Matwiyoff, N.A; McInteer, B.B; Mills, T.R: Stable Isotope Production –
a Distillation Process, Los Alamos Science, 8, pp. 65, 1983.
120. Vikis, A. Ch.: Photochemical separation of isotopes, CA Patent 1122567.
121. Rockwood et al. : Device and Method for Separating Oxygen Isotopes, US Patent
Reference: 4437958, March, 1984.
122. Majima, T. and al.: Dissociation Reaction of Multiple Infrared Photon in
Perfluorodimethyl Ether, Nihon Kagakukai Journal No. 10, Oct., 1984, (Tokyo), pp.
1490-1497, 1984.
123. Mills, T.R; Garcia, M.G; Vandervoort, R.C; McInteer, B.B: A Chemical
Exchange System for Isotopic Feed to a Nitrogen and Oxygen Isotope Separation
Plant, Separation Science and Technol., 24(5&6), pp. 415-428, 1989.
124. Rich et al.: Method for Enriching a Middle Isotope Using Vibration-vibration Pumping, US
Patent Reference: 4801365, January, 1989.
125. Laptev V. B., et al .: Laser Separation of Oxygen Isotopes by IR Multiphoton Dissociation
of Dimethyl Ether. Chemical Abstracts, vol. 111, No. 16, pp. 559, Oct. 9, 1989, No. 142702q,
1989..

10. 126. Spicer, H.G.: Methods for Separating Stable Isotopes, ISOTEC, 1990.
127. Avona, V.L. et al. : Improvement of Human Condition by the Use of Stable
Isotopes, 1990.
128. Fujii,
Y.; Ishida, T.; Takeuchi, K., Editors: Proceedings of the International
Symposium on Isotope Separation and Chemical Exchange Uranium Enrichment, Oct. 29 – Nov.
1, 1990, Tokyo, Japan, Organized by Tokyo Institute of Technology, Atomic Energy Society of
Japan and Japan Atomic Industrial Forum, Inc., Bulletin of the Research Laboratory for Nuclear
Reactors, Special Issue 1, pp. 506, 1992.
129. Van Hook, W. A.; Chmielewski, A. G.; Zakrzewska-Trznadel, G.; Miljevic, N.:
Method of Enrichment of Oxygen-18 in Natural Water, U.S. Patent No 5, 057, 225 (Oct. 15,
1991).
130. x x x Method of concentrating 18O with laser, Japanese Patent 1991.
131. Ray, M.S: Distillation (1980-1990): Bibliography, Separation Science and
Technol., 27(1), pp. 105-128, 1992.
132. Van Hook, W. A.; Chmielewski, A. G.; Zakrzewska-Trznadel, G.; Miljevic, N.:
Enrichment of Water in Components of Heavy Water, U.S.Patent 5,084,181, (Jan. 28,
1992).
133. Wood, H.: Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Separation Phenomena in
Liquids and Gases, University of Virginia, Charlottensville, Virginia, USA, August 16
-20, 1992, pp. 240, 1992.
134. Ray, M.S.: Equilibrium-Staged Separations: A Bibliography (1991), Separation
Science and Technol. 28(6), pp. 1361-1378, 1993.
135. Chmielewski, A. G.; Zakrzewska-Trznadel, G.; Miljevic, N.; Van Hook, W.A.:
Sposób wzbogacania wody w skladniki wody cieskiej, PL161104 (31.05.1993).
136. Goldstein, S. ; Louvet, P. ; Soulié, E., Editors: Les isotopes stables, Applications
– Production, Comptes rendus des journées organiseés les 24 et 25 Novembre 1993 à
l’Institut National des Sciences et Techniques Nucléaires, Centre d’Études de Saclay,
pp. 376, CEA Sept. 1994.
137. Ying, C., Ed., Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Separation Phenomena in
Liquids and Gases, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, August 19 – 23, 1994, pp. 268,
1994.
138. Tetsuro, M., Kyoko, S., Shigeyoshi, A.: Method for Enrichment of Oxygen 18
with a Laser, United States Patent 5314592, Assignee: Rikagaku, Kenkyusho (JP),
Publication Date: 05/24/1994.
139. Chmielewski, A. G.; Zakrzewska-Trznadel G.; Miljevic N.; Van Hook . W.A.:
Sposób wzbogacania wody naturalnej w tlen-18, PL 16 1105 (17.05.1994).
140. Chmielewski, A.G., Zakrzewska-Trznadel, G., Miljevic, N., Van Hook, W.A.:
Sposób wzbogacania wody naturalnej w tlen-18, PL 168 152 (09.08.1995).

11. Links:
http://www.energystorm.us/Multistage_Process_Of_Deuterium_And_Heavy_Oxygen_E
nrichment_By_Membrane_Distillation-r148565.html
http://www.freepatentsonline.com/5084181.html
http://www.freepatentsonline.com/5057225.html
141. x x x Production of stable isotopes by membrane
Separation of Water Isotopomers by Porous Hydrophobic Membrane
method
142. Vasaru, G: Thermal Diffusion Bibliography for the period 1965–1995, Institute of
Stable Isotopes, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Nagoya University, Dept. of Nuclear
Engineering, Japan, pp. 276, April 10, 1996.
143. Schwab, C., Rodrigues, N.A.S., Wood, H.G.: Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop
on Separation Phenomena in Liquids and Gases, Centro Técnico Aeroespacial, Instituto
de Estudos Avançados, São José dos Campos, Brasil, Foz do Iguaçu, September 22 – 26,
1996, pp. 364, 1996.
144. Yamamoto, I., Editor: Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Separation
Phenomena in Liquids and Gases, Nagoya University, Japan, Nagoya Congress Center,
October 18 – 21, 1998, pp. 450, 1998.
145. INCDTIM Cluj- Napoca, Romania,: Proceedings of the First Conference on
Isotopic and Molecular Processes, 1999 (PIM’99), Studia.Universitatis Babeş-Bolyai,
Physica, Special Issue, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, September 23 -25, 1999, pp. 340, 1999.
146. Soulié, E., Roth, E.: International Conference on Stable Isotopes and Isotope
Effects, June 20 – 25, 1999, Carry le Rouet, France, Book of Abstracts, pp. 122, 1999.
147. INCDTIM Cluj- Napoca, Romania,: Proceedings of the 2nd Conference on Isotopic
and Molecular Processes, 2001 (PIM 2001), Studia.Universitatis Babeş-Bolyai, Physica,
Special Issue I and Special Issue II, pp. 498, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, September 27 – 29,
2001.
148. Soulié, E. ; Roth, E.: 1es Journées françaises des isotopes stables, Nancy, Palais des
Congrès, 13 15 Décembre 2000, Organisées par la Société Françaises des isotopes
stables, Président d’honneur : Etienne Roth, Résumés, pp.103, 2000.
149. Borisevich, V.D., Editor : Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Separation
Phenomena in Liquids and Gases, Moscow State Engineering Physics Institute
(Technical University), Russia, July 24 -28, 2000, pp.308, 2000.
150. Mori, S., Akatsuka, H., Suzuki, M.: Carbon and Oxygen Isotope Separation bz
Plasma Chemical Reactions in Carbon Monozide Glow Discharge, J. Nucl. Sci. and
Technol., 38, 10, pp. 850 -858, 2001.
151. Research Projects - A.E. Ruggles
Research performed at the University of Tennessee
Title: Fluorine 18 Target Optimization 2001-2003, CTI, Inc.

12. 152. Hayashida, S.; Egoshi, N.; Kihara, H.; Kawakami, H.: Method for Enrichment of
Heavy Component of Oxygen Isotopes, United States Patent 6461583, US Patent Issued
on October 8, 2002 Assignee: Nippon Sanso Corporation, Tokyo, 2002..
153. Wood, H., Editor: Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Separation Phenomena
in Liquids and Gases, October 12 -16, 2003, Oak Ridge, Tenn., ORNL, USEC, ISIS, CDROM, 2003.
154. Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Inc.: Cambridge Isotope Laboratories
Completes 18O Plant Expansion to 250 kg per year, CIL News, March 31, 2004.
155. Zeng, S., Editor: Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Separation Phenomena in
Liquids and Gases, September 18 – 21, 2006, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China,
pp.374, 2006.
156. Kambe, T.; Kihara, H.; Nara, N.; Kawakami, H.: 0(WO/2008/038561) Method
and Equipment for the Enrichment of Heavy Oxygen Isotopes, Taiyo Nippon Sanso
Corporation, Tokyo, Publication Date: 23. 04, 2008.