1. Language History and Change CHAPTER 1 GABRIEL FERNANDO JARA MUÑOZ SECTION 1

2. Origins: Before we start 30 Family Languages 5000 languages in the World PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN called Produced by such as Germanic Italic Celtic Indo-Iranian Hellenic Balto-Slavic seems to have a COMMON ANCESTOR

5. Common Features: COGNATES COGNATES words with a common etymological origin E.g. PROTO- INDO-EUROPEAN. Germanic Family . English-German FORM MEANING are presenting similar Influences in future English and German English – German angel r Engel muscle r Muskel mother e Mutter fish n. r Fisch friend m. r Freund *Etymology Studies the history of words (history, formation, meaning through the time)

7. Language Change: OLD English 7th Century to the end of the 11th Century Influences Germanic language Spoken tribes invaded British Isles 5th Century Anglo Saxons Jutes Consequences: English got many of the basic words used today Eg. Mann (Man), etan (eat) Drincan (drink), cild (child) INVADED 6th Century 8th Century Conversion of the anglo saxons to Christianity Religion Vocabulary Consequences: Because of their new beliefs, anglo saxons integrated religious vocabulary into English Eg. Church, priest, candle, angel 10th Century Vikings came across and invaded coastal regions of Britain Consequences: Because of this Cultural clash, new words were Added to English from Old Norse, Vikings language. Eg. Give, law, skin, leg, sky, they

8. Language Change: MIDDLE English 1100 to 1500 Norman French Invasion In England 1066 William the Conqueror. French became the ruling class Influences Consequences: French became the language of the Nobility, government, law and civilized behaviour. Eg. Army, court, defence,Faith, prison, tax Literature English still remained as it can be seen in Chaucer’s writings, in which a sort of English version of French was used for the reason that was considered a language of prestigue.

11. Language Change: The process of change Social Changes Wars, invasions course of time gradual change Language point A in time Language point B in time AS WELL AS Uses of language according to generations The process of Change Diachronically Synchronically Historical Perspective One language in different places at the same time can be analyzed which means which means