1. America’s First Governments 1781-1797

7. NH MA RI CT NY PA NJ MD DE SC GA NC VA Citizens of Each State Elects State Gov’t Congress Each State = 1 Vote No Executive No Judicial System

11. Today’s lesson makes the important point(s) that… In the slide presentation today, … parenthetical statement …, makes the point(s) that… When it comes to the topic of ... state the topic … , historians agree that… The slide presentation, … parenthetical statement …, claims that … Make Meaning

17. Causes Effects

18. Shay’s Rebellion brought to light the ____________ . of the ___________ …. . Since the Congress was prohibited from raising taxes, … then statement Because only a unanimous vote of Congress could _______ the consequences were … that statement. The evidence suggests … that statement ; therefore, … provide a conclusion statement Making Meaning

19. Colliding temperatures and humidity meet to form thunderclouds. High, dry cold air piles on top of low-moving, warm moist air. Warm winds try to rise, but the cold air blocks them. This clash causes the warm, trapped air to rotate horizontally between the two air masses. The sun heats the earth below, warming more air that continues to try and rise. The rising warm wind become strong enough to force itself up through the colder air layer. From my point of view the most important causes for tornadoes are ….

20. Articles of Confederation In discussing the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation,the … is like in a tornado when … because

25. The Debate Three-Fifths Compromise Great Compromise Thomas Jefferson James Madison Patrick Henry Alexander Hamilton Anti-federalists Federalists

26. Federalist #10

27. There are... two considerations particularly applicable to the federal system of America, ... First. In a single republic all the power surrendered by the people is submitted to the administration of a single government, and the usurpations are guarded against by a division of the government into distinct and separate departments… Second. It is of great importance in a republic not only to guard the society against the oppression of its rulers, but to guard one part of society against the injustice of the other part. …If a majority be united by common interest, the rights of the minority will be insecure. There are but two methods of providing against this evil…first, by comprehending in the society so many separate descriptions of citizens as will render an unjust combination of a majority of the whole very improbable, if not impracticable... The second method will be exemplified in the federal republic of the United States… (when) the society itself will be broken into so many parts, interests and classes of citizens, that the rights of individuals, or of the minority, will be in little danger from interested combinations of the majority. Federalist #51

28. Nothing can be more evident, than that an exclusive power of regulating elections for the national government, in the hands of the State legislatures, would leave the existence of the Union entirely at their mercy. They could at any moment annihilate it, by neglecting to provide for the choice of persons to administer its affairs… it may be remarked that the constitution of the national Senate would involve, in its full extent, the danger which it is suggested might flow from an exclusive power in the State legislatures to regulate the federal elections. It may be alleged, that by declining the appointment of Senators, they might at any time give a fatal blow to the Union; and from this it may be inferred, that as its existence would be thus rendered dependent upon them in so essential a point, there can be no objection to intrusting them with it in the particular case under consideration…. It is certainly true that the State legislatures, by forbearing the appointment of senators, may destroy the national government. But it will not follow that, because they have a power to do this in one instance, they ought to have it in every other Federalist #59

30. Virginia Plan Bi-cameral based on population Executive and judicial branches Power to tax New Jersey Plan Unicameral based on one state, one vote Executive and judicial branches Power to tax Great Compromise (Connecticut plan) Executive Branch Legislative Branch (Senate/Representatives) Judicial Branch

31. Ratification Federalist View Government over people Anti-federalist View People over government

32. Constitution 1789 elastic clause checks and balances separation of powers federalism popular sovereignty Thomas Jefferson James Madison Patrick Henry Alexander Hamilton Anti-federalists Federalists

34. Today’s lesson makes the important point(s) that… In the slide presentation today, … parenthetical statement …, makes the point(s) that… When it comes to the topic of ... state the topic … , historians agree that… The slide presentation, … parenthetical statement …, claims that … Make Meaning