3. What countries controlled what parts of
Southeast Asia?
Who owned it What they owned When and how they
got it
Spain (until 1898)
United States (after 1898)
France
Great Britain
5. Great Britain
ď‚— Singapore: founded by Sir Thomas Stamford
Raffles and was a stopping point on the way to China
ď‚— Burma: wanted to use Burma to protect its
possessions in India and gain a land route to China
6. France
ď‚— Vietnam: French forced them to accept French
protection in order to keep British from
monopolizing trade
 Eventually controlled Saigon and Mekong River Delta and then
slowly gained control over the rest of the country
ď‚— Indochina: Later gained control over
Cambodia, Annam, Tonkin, and Loas which they
combined into a new Union of French Indochina
7. The United States
ď‚— Inherited the Philippines from Spain after winning
the Spanish-American War in 1898
ď‚— President McKinely made it a colony because he
wanted to “civilize” other countries.
ď‚— The Philippines also gave them a jumping off point
for trade with china
8. Indirect Rule
ď‚— Local rulers maintained their authority by
cooperating with their foreign rulers.
 It made government cheaper because less officials had to be
trained
 Allowed local culture to continue; did not interfere with the
customs of the people
9. Direct Rule
ď‚— When local elites are replaced with officials from the
colonial power
 Used only when colonial rule was strongly opposed
10. Colonial Economies
ď‚— Led to a plantation agriculture because colonial
powers wanted to export more goods
 Native people worked for low wages in bad conditions so that
foreign investors could make more money
ď‚— Colonial rule did lead to the beginning of a modern
economic system
ď‚— Colonial governments built railroads, highways and
other structures
11. Thailand
ď‚— The only remaining free state from Southeast Asia
ď‚— Rulers promoted western learning and maintained
friendly relations with major European powers
12. Resistance to colonial rule
ď‚— Eventually the generation raised with western style
education in the new urban-middle class created by
colonization began to revolt
 Europeans created their own worst nightmare
