1. Independent States in South
and Southeast Asia
CH.16 SECTION 2

2. British India Divided: India and Pakistan
 Split up over religious differences
 India was primarily Hindu, Pakistan primarily Muslim
 On independence day millions fled across new
borders
 Violence broke out because of fear, rumors, and
thugs willing to take advantage of chaos
 Millions were killed, including Ghandi

3. The New India
 Jawaharlal Nehru took over as the new Prime
minister and fashioned the new government after
Britain's labor party
 State took ownership of major industries, utilities, and
transportation, but private enterprise was allowed at the local
level and land was privately owned. Industrial production
tripled.
 After his death they faced serious poverty issues
because of population growth

4. India cont…
 His daughter took control and in 1984 used military
force to stop Sikh rebels who wanted to make Punjab
independent.
 They later assassinated her out of revenge
 Her son replaced her and began new economic
policies
 Encouraged private enterprise and transferred state-run
industries into private hands
 Increased middle class
 Technology part of industry is thriving and many US
companies began outsourcing jobs to India

5. Pakistan
 Was a completely new nation in 1947
 Early years marked by intense internal conflict
 Especially between East and West Pakistan
 East Pakistan declared its independence in 1971 and
after a brief civil war became Bangladesh
 Both have struggled to maintain stable governments
and battle poverty

6. Southeast Asia: Independence
 Philippines became independence from the U.S. in
1946
 Britain gave up colonies of Burma 1948, and Malaya
1957
 Netherlands and France were less willing to give up
colonies, but the threat of a communist uprising set
Indonesia free in 1949
 In Vietnam, Communist leader Ho Chi Minh seized
power from the French with the Vietminh
 France refused to accept his leadership and siezed Southern
half of Vietnam

7. The Vietnam War
 The French could not defeat the Vietminh so they
agreed to a peace settlement in 1954
 Vietnam was divided and they would hold elections in 2 years
 The U.S. began aiding South Vietnamese
government
 Lyndon B. Johnson sent troops to Vietnam in 1965
 War reached a stalemate and Nixon made an agreement
pulling troops out in 1975
 Vietnam was reunited under a communist regime
 Led to Cambodia, Laos, and Indochina to become Communist

8. Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos Today
 Vietnam is working hard to become an industrial
nation and relations with the U.S. have greatly
improved
 Cambodia became democratic in 1993
 Laos remains one of the few remaining Communist
countries along with Vietnam and North Korea
 Cambodia and Laos are among the world’s poorest
countries