URL to HTML

1. URL to HTML a minute in the life of a webpage François Marier @fmarier mozilla

2. mozilla newmarket

3. 8 engineers

4. 8 engineers 1 designer

5. 8 engineers 1 designer 1 manager

6. video & media marketplace cloud services crash investigation

10. > 1,000 employees world-wide

11. </ >

13. 1. Learn HTML 2. ? 3. Profit !

16. abstractions

17. asbtraction construct used to understand a complicated topic at a high level

18. asbtraction extra layer added to avoid writing the same code over and over

19. drawSquare()

20. drawLine()

21. drawLine()

22. drawLine()

23. drawLine()

25. drawSquare()

27. if you don't understand the layers below, you won't know what to do when the abstraction breaks

28. mastery requires a high-level understanding of the rest of the stack

29. web performance

30. web performance how bytes make it to the user

31. web performance how bytes make it to the user how the browser renders the page

32. URL DNS IP TCP HTTP / TLS HTML

33. URL DNS IP TCP HTTP / TLS HTML

34. URL uniform ressource locator

35. http://www.example.com

37. http://www.example.com /articles/

38. http://www.example.com /articles/tutorial.cgi

39. http://www.example.com /articles/tutorial.cgi ?showsolutions=0&topic=web

40. http://www.example.com /articles/tutorial.cgi ?showsolutions=0&topic=web #part5

41. http://www.example.com:80 /articles/tutorial.cgi ?showsolutions=0&topic=web #part5

42. http://username:password@ www.example.com:80 /articles/tutorial.cgi ?showsolutions=0&topic=web #part5

43. DNS domain name system

44. $ cat /etc/resolv.conf nameserver 208.67.222.222 nameserver 208.67.220.220

46. www.cs.auckland.ac.nz

47. www.cs.auckland.ac.nz 130.216.158.22

49. $ dig nz NS @199.7.83.42

50. $ dig nz NS @199.7.83.42 ; <<>> DiG 9.8.1-P1 <<>> nz NS @199.7.83.42 ;; global options: +cmd ;; Got answer: ;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 412 ;; flags: qr rd; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 0, AUTHORITY: 7, ADD ;; WARNING: recursion requested but not available ;; QUESTION SECTION: ;nz. IN NS ;; AUTHORITY SECTION: nz. 172800 IN NS ns1.dns.net.nz. nz. 172800 IN NS ns2.dns.net.nz. nz. 172800 IN NS ns3.dns.net.nz. nz. 172800 IN NS ns4.dns.net.nz. nz. 172800 IN NS ns5.dns.net.nz. nz. 172800 IN NS ns6.dns.net.nz. nz. 172800 IN NS ns7.dns.net.nz.

51. $ dig ac.nz NS @ns1.dns.net.nz

52. $ dig ac.nz NS @ns1.dns.net.nz ; <<>> DiG 9.8.1-P1 <<>> ac.nz NS @ns1.dns.net.nz ;; global options: +cmd ;; Got answer: ;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 391 ;; flags: qr aa rd; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 7, AUTHORITY: 0, ;; WARNING: recursion requested but not available ;; QUESTION SECTION: ;ac.nz. IN NS ;; ANSWER SECTION: ac.nz. 86400IN NS ns7.dns.net.nz. ac.nz. 86400IN NS ns4.dns.net.nz. ac.nz. 86400IN NS ns2.dns.net.nz. ac.nz. 86400IN NS ns1.dns.net.nz. ac.nz. 86400IN NS ns6.dns.net.nz. ac.nz. 86400IN NS ns3.dns.net.nz. ac.nz. 86400IN NS ns5.dns.net.nz.

53. $ dig auckland.ac.nz NS @ns1.dns.net.nz

54. $ dig auckland.ac.nz NS @ns1.dns.net.nz ; <<>> DiG 9.8.1-P1 <<>> auckland.ac.nz NS @ns1.dns.net ;; global options: +cmd ;; Got answer: ;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 598 ;; flags: qr rd; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 0, AUTHORITY: 3, ADD ;; WARNING: recursion requested but not available ;; QUESTION SECTION: ;auckland.ac.nz. IN NS ;; AUTHORITY SECTION: auckland.ac.nz. 86400IN NS pubsec.domainz.net.nz. auckland.ac.nz. 86400IN NS dns1.auckland.ac.nz. auckland.ac.nz. 86400IN NS dns2.auckland.ac.nz. ;; ADDITIONAL SECTION: dns1.auckland.ac.nz.86400IN A 130.216.1.2 dns2.auckland.ac.nz.86400IN A 130.216.1.1

55. $ dig cs.auckland.ac.nz NS @dns1.auckland.ac.nz

56. $ dig cs.auckland.ac.nz NS @dns1.auckland.ac.nz ; <<>> DiG 9.8.1-P1 <<>> cs.auckland.ac.nz NS @dns1.auc ;; global options: +cmd ;; Got answer: ;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 485 ;; flags: qr aa rd; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 4, AUTHORITY: 0, ;; WARNING: recursion requested but not available ;; QUESTION SECTION: ;cs.auckland.ac.nz. IN NS ;; ANSWER SECTION: cs.auckland.ac.nz. 10800 IN NS dns2.auckland.ac.nz. cs.auckland.ac.nz. 10800 IN NS kronos2.cs.auckland.ac.n cs.auckland.ac.nz. 10800 IN NS dns1.auckland.ac.nz. cs.auckland.ac.nz. 10800 IN NS kronos1.cs.auckland.ac.n ;; ADDITIONAL SECTION: dns1.auckland.ac.nz.1800 IN A 130.216.1.2

57. $ dig www.cs.auckland.ac.nz @kronos1.cs.auckland.ac.nz

58. $ dig www.cs.auckland.ac.nz @kronos1.cs.auckland.ac.nz ; <<>> DiG 9.8.1-P1 <<>> www.cs.auckland.ac.nz A @krono ;; global options: +cmd ;; Got answer: ;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 175 ;; flags: qr aa rd; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 4, ;; WARNING: recursion requested but not available ;; QUESTION SECTION: ;www.cs.auckland.ac.nz. IN A ;; ANSWER SECTION: www.cs.auckland.ac.nz. 10800 IN A 130.216.158.22 ;; AUTHORITY SECTION: cs.auckland.ac.nz. 10800IN NS kronos2.cs.auckland.ac.nz cs.auckland.ac.nz. 10800IN NS dns2.auckland.ac.nz. cs.auckland.ac.nz. 10800IN NS dns1.auckland.ac.nz. cs.auckland.ac.nz. 10800IN NS kronos1.cs.auckland.ac.nz

59. l.root-servers.net ns1.dns.net.nz ns1.dns.net.nz dns1.auckland.ac.nz kronos1.cs.auckland.ac.nz

64. IP internet protocol

65. www.bbc.co.uk 212.58.246.94

67. $ mtr 212.58.246.94 1. 192.168.1.1 2. llu.bng1.tvc.orcon.net.nz 3. xe-3-3-0.cre1.sky.orcon.net.nz 4. 121.98.9.137 5. ae1-0.cre2.nct.odyssey.net.nz 6. ORCON-INTER.bar1.SanFrancisco1.Level3.net 7. xe-5-0-0.bar1.SanFrancisco1.Level3.net 8. ae-0-11.bar2.SanFrancisco1.Level3.net 9. ae-6-6.ebr2.SanJose1.Level3.net 10. ae-62-62.csw1.SanJose1.Level3.net 11. ae-61-61.ebr1.SanJose1.Level3.net 12. ae-2-2.ebr2.NewYork1.Level3.net 13. ae-62-62.csw1.NewYork1.Level3.net 14. ae-61-61.ebr1.NewYork1.Level3.net 15. ae-43-43.ebr2.London1.Level3.net 16. ae-57-222.csw2.London1.Level3.net 17. ae-229-3605.edge4.London1.Level3.net 18. BBC-TECHNOL.edge4.London1.Level3.net 19. ??? 20. ??? 21. ae0.er01.cwwtf.bbc.co.uk 22. 132.185.255.165 23. bbc-vip015.cwwtf.bbc.co.uk

74. 130.216.158.22 212.58.246.94

75. 130.216.158.22 212.58.246.94 router drops packets packets arrive in wrong order

76. 130.216.158.22 212.58.246.94 router drops packets cable is cut packets arrive in wrong order

77. 130.216.158.22 212.58.246.94 router drops packets cable is cut packets arrive in wrong order

78. ideal network actual network

79. TCP transmission control protocol

80. guarantees in-order delivery of packets

81. abstraction of a reliable point-to-point connection with built-in re-try logic

82. applications have a lot less errors to deal with

83. UDP user datagram protocol

85. TCP UDP

86. reminder: abstractions are leaky

87. 3-way handshake establishing a new connection

88. hi

89. how are you?

90. good, you?

91. client server

92. client SYN x=42 server

93. client SYN x=42 SYN+ACK y=10,x=43 server

94. client SYN x=42 SYN+ACK y=10,x=43 ACK y=11 server

95. HTTP hypertext transfer protocol

98. clear text protocol

99. client request server

100. client request response server

101. Host: www.example.com User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (rv:29.0) Firefox/29.0 DNT: 1

102. Host: www.example.com User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (rv:29.0) Firefox/29.0 DNT: 1 <request body goes in here>

103. Content-Type: text/html Date: Thu, 22 May 2014 05:34:47 GMT Last-Modified: Fri, 09 Aug 2013 23:54:35 GMT Content-Length: 1270 <!doctype html> <html> <head> <title>Example Domain</title> </head> <body> <div> <h1>Example Domain</h1> <p>This domain is established to be used for domain in examples without prior coordination </div> </body> </html>

104. 200 OK

105. 404 Not Found

107. $ curl http://www.example.com <!doctype html> <html> <head> <title>Example Domain</title> </head> <body> <div> <h1>Example Domain</h1> <p>This domain is established to be used for domain in examples without prior coordinatio </div> </body> </html>

108. $ curl --head http://www.example.com HTTP/1.1 200 OK Accept-Ranges: bytes Cache-Control: max-age=604800 Content-Type: text/html Date: Thu, 22 May 2014 05:42:26 GMT Etag: "359670651" Expires: Thu, 29 May 2014 05:42:26 GMT Last-Modified: Fri, 09 Aug 2013 23:54:35 GMT Server: ECS (cpm/F858) X-Cache: HIT x-ec-custom-error: 1 Content-Length: 1270

109. verbs (fancy word for commands)

110. GET

111. POST

112. GET /article/43228

113. GET /article/43228 GET /article/43228

114. GET /article/43228 POST /article/delete/last

115. GET /article/43228 POST /article/delete/last POST /article/delete/last

116. GET /article/43228 POST /item/20/buy POST /item/20/buy $$$ $$$

118. TLS transport layer security

119. SSL secure sockets layer

120. HTTPS hypertext transfer protocol secure

121. secure (sometimes)

122. client server (pk, sk)

123. client hello! server (pk, sk)

124. client hello! hello! pubkey server (pk, sk)

125. client hello! hello! pubkey server (pk, sk) session key

126. client hello! hello! pubkey i'm done!encryptpk (session key) server (pk, sk) session key

127. client hello! hello! pubkey i'm done!encryptpk (session key) server (pk, sk) session key session key

128. man-in-the-middle

129. client server (pk, sk)

130. client server (pk, sk) NSA (pk, sk)

131. client hello! server (pk, sk) NSA (pk, sk)

132. client hello! server (pk, sk) NSA (pk, sk) hello!

133. client hello! hello! pubkey server (pk, sk) NSA (pk, sk) hello!

134. client hello! hello! pubkey server (pk, sk) NSA (pk, sk) hello! hello! pubkey

135. client hello! hello! pubkey server (pk, sk) key NSA (pk, sk) hello! hello! pubkey

136. client hello! hello! pubkey i'm done!encrypt(key) server (pk, sk) key NSA (pk, sk) hello! hello! pubkey

137. client hello! hello! pubkey i'm done!encrypt(key) server (pk, sk) key NSA (pk, sk) hello! hello! pubkey key

138. client hello! hello! pubkey i'm done!encrypt(key) server (pk, sk) key NSA (pk, sk) hello! hello! pubkey i'm done!encrypt(key)key

139. client hello! hello! pubkey i'm done!encrypt(key) server (pk, sk) key NSA (pk, sk) hello! hello! pubkey i'm done!encrypt(key)key key

140. client hello! hello! pubkey i'm done!encrypt(key) server (pk, sk) key NSA (pk, sk) hello! hello! pubkey i'm done!encrypt(key)key key

141. authentication (of the server)

142. client hello! hello! pubkey server (pk, sk) session key

143. client hello! hello! signed pubkey server (pk, sk) session key verify signature

144. client hello! hello! signed pubkey server (pk, sk) session key verify signature i'm done!encryptpk (session key) session key

145. client hello! hello! signed pubkey server (pk, sk) NSA (pk, sk) hello! hello! signed pubkeykey

146. client hello! hello! signed pubkey server (pk, sk) NSA (pk, sk) hello! hello! signed pubkeykey abort!

147. how can you tell you're talking to the right person? (and not to the NSA)

148. trusted third-party certificate authority

149. trusted third-party certificate authority

151. EFF has found more than 650 certificate authorities in the wild

153. *.google.com

154. *.google.com

155. *.google.com

156. *.google.com 7 different domains

157. *.google.com 7 different domains

158. $100

159. $1,000 $100

160. $1,000$1,000 $100

161. HTML hypertext markup language

162. parsing

163. .png .jpg .js .css

166. resolve all hostnames establish TCP connections negotiate TLS session URL DNS IP TCP HTTP / TLS HTML

167. @fmarier francois@mozilla.com questions?

168. Copyright © 2014 Francois Marier <francois@mozilla.com> This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. leaky pipe: https://www.flickr.com/photos/ifl/3920636654 leaky pipe with elephant: https://www.flickr.com/photos/rcrhee/10785374875 sky tower: https://www.flickr.com/photos/elisfanclub/6120863439 golden gate: https://www.flickr.com/photos/jeffgunn/6663212147 san jose: https://www.flickr.com/photos/the_tahoe_guy/3183673224 statue of liberty: https://www.flickr.com/photos/suewaters/7574642942 big ben: https://www.flickr.com/photos/timmorris/3103896345 bbc house: https://www.flickr.com/photos/redvers/532073098 fingers crossed: https://www.flickr.com/photos/bearpark/6861722073 prince charles : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prince_Charles_2012.jpg southern cross cable: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Southern_Cross_Cable_route.svg image credits

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