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4.1  Cells Fig. 4.1  The size of cells and their contents 20 nm 20   m 20 mm 2 mm 0.2 mm 2   m 2 nm 0.2 nm 0.2   m
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],The Cell Theory
[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],The Cell Theory  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Cell Size
Fig. 4.2  Surface-to-volume ratio
Visualizing Cells  ,[object Object],Fig. 4.3  A scale of visibility
Visualizing Cells  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Light Microscopes  ,[object Object], m  m
Light Microscopes  ,[object Object], m  m
Electron Microscopes  ,[object Object], m  m
3 different light microscopes Brightfield Darkfield Phase contrast
 
 
4.2  The Plasma Membrane ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Fig. 4.4  Phospholipid structure
4.2  The Plasma Membrane ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Fig. 4.5
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Proteins Within the Membrane
Fig. 4.6  Proteins are embedded within the lipid bilayer
4.3  Prokaryotic Cells ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Fig. 4.9 Rod Spherical Spiral
[object Object],[object Object],Pilus Fig. 4.8 Found in all prokaryotes
4.4  Eukaryotic Cells ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Fig. 4.10  Structure of a plant cell
Fig. 4.11  Structure of an animal cell
4.5  The Nucleus:  The Cell’s Control Center ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Passage for RNA and proteins  Site of assembly of ribosome subunits Fig. 4.12  The nucleus
4.6  The Endomembrane System ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
[object Object],Fig. 4.13  The endoplasmic reticulum
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],The Golgi Complex
Export material Import material Fig. 4.14  Golgi complex
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Lysosomes
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Peroxisomes
Fig. 4.15  How the endomembrane system works
4.7  Organelles That Contain DNA ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],Mitochondria  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Fig. 4.16 b
Increase surface area Contains the mtDNA Fig. 4.16 a
Chloroplasts  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Stack of thylakoids Site of photosynthesis Fig. 4.17
The Endosymbiotic Theory  ,[object Object],[object Object],Fig. 4.18
Dr. Lynn Margulis and endosymbiont theory
Mitochondrial bacterial traits ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
4.8  The Cytoskeleton:  Interior Framework of the Cell ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Made up of tubulin Make up microfilaments Fig. 4.19
Centrioles  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Fig. 4.20
Cell Movement ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Cell Movement ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Fig. 4.21 b  Cilia Paramecium
Fig. 4.21 a  Eukaryotic flagellum
Moving Material Within the Cell ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Fig. 4.22
Vacuoles ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Fig. 4.23
4.9  Outside the Plasma Membrane ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Glues cells together Fig. 4.24
4.9  Outside the Plasma Membrane ,[object Object],[object Object],Links ECM to the cytoskeleton ,[object Object],Fig. 4.25
4.10  Diffusion and Osmosis ,[object Object],Equilibrium Fig. 4.26
Osmosis  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Osmosis  Fig. 4.27
Osmosis  ,[object Object],[object Object],Normal shape Shape in pure water Fig. 4.28  Osmotic pressure in a red blood cell
Osmosis experiment with eggs ,[object Object]
[object Object],Note that the eggs are already swollen—why is that?
[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],Tell me about the tonicity of the  syrup and lime  drink relative to the inside of the egg
[object Object],Tonicity?
Final results of my experiment EGG #1 (syrup then water) EGG #2 (lime drink then salt water) After vinegar 91.0 g 75.7 g After treatment #1 47.4 g 79.8 g After treatment #2 ?? (lysis) 79.6
4.11 Bulk Passage into and out of Cells ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Exocytosis  ,[object Object],Fig. 4.30
Endocytosis  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Fig. 4.29 a Fig. 4.29 b
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Fig. 4.31
4.12  Selective Permeability ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Facilitated Diffusion ,[object Object],Fig. 4.32
Facilitated Diffusion ,[object Object],[object Object],Fig. 4.32
Active Transport ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],Fig. 4.33
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Can enter against its concentration gradient Fig. 4.34  A coupled channel
Physiological and molecular genetic mechanisms of TTX resistance in the garter snake,  Thamnophis sirtalis Shana Geffeney Department of Biology Utah State University
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Whole-animal resistance is measured using a locomotor performance bioassay. Expressed as 50% baseline performance after injection with TTX. Whole-Animal TTX Resistance TTX Dose (MAMU) Resistance (% Crawl Speed) 1 0.1 10 100 1000 10000 100 0 20 40 60 80 > 100 MAMU 35-100 25-35 15-25 10-15 5-10 4-5 <4 San Mateo, CA Benton, OR Gilroy, CA Bear Lake, ID Inland Lake, BC
The Geographic Mosaic of TTX Resistance ,[object Object],[object Object],(Brodie et al., 2002)
[object Object],This process is termed  chemiosmosis ,[object Object],Fig. 4.35
How Cells Get Information  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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Anat Cells

  • 1. 4.1 Cells Fig. 4.1 The size of cells and their contents 20 nm 20  m 20 mm 2 mm 0.2 mm 2  m 2 nm 0.2 nm 0.2  m
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  • 6. Fig. 4.2 Surface-to-volume ratio
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  • 12. 3 different light microscopes Brightfield Darkfield Phase contrast
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  • 18. Fig. 4.6 Proteins are embedded within the lipid bilayer
  • 19.
  • 20.
  • 21.
  • 22. Fig. 4.10 Structure of a plant cell
  • 23. Fig. 4.11 Structure of an animal cell
  • 24.
  • 25. Passage for RNA and proteins Site of assembly of ribosome subunits Fig. 4.12 The nucleus
  • 26.
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  • 28.
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  • 30. Export material Import material Fig. 4.14 Golgi complex
  • 31.
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  • 33. Fig. 4.15 How the endomembrane system works
  • 34.
  • 35.
  • 36. Increase surface area Contains the mtDNA Fig. 4.16 a
  • 37.
  • 38. Stack of thylakoids Site of photosynthesis Fig. 4.17
  • 39.
  • 40. Dr. Lynn Margulis and endosymbiont theory
  • 41.
  • 42.
  • 43. Made up of tubulin Make up microfilaments Fig. 4.19
  • 44.
  • 45.
  • 46.
  • 47. Fig. 4.21 a Eukaryotic flagellum
  • 48.
  • 49.
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  • 53.
  • 54. Osmosis Fig. 4.27
  • 55.
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  • 58.
  • 59.
  • 60.
  • 61. Final results of my experiment EGG #1 (syrup then water) EGG #2 (lime drink then salt water) After vinegar 91.0 g 75.7 g After treatment #1 47.4 g 79.8 g After treatment #2 ?? (lysis) 79.6
  • 62.
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  • 71.
  • 72. Can enter against its concentration gradient Fig. 4.34 A coupled channel
  • 73. Physiological and molecular genetic mechanisms of TTX resistance in the garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis Shana Geffeney Department of Biology Utah State University
  • 74.
  • 75. Whole-animal resistance is measured using a locomotor performance bioassay. Expressed as 50% baseline performance after injection with TTX. Whole-Animal TTX Resistance TTX Dose (MAMU) Resistance (% Crawl Speed) 1 0.1 10 100 1000 10000 100 0 20 40 60 80 > 100 MAMU 35-100 25-35 15-25 10-15 5-10 4-5 <4 San Mateo, CA Benton, OR Gilroy, CA Bear Lake, ID Inland Lake, BC
  • 76.
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  • 78.