UCB i190 Spring 2014 ICTD in Practice_Lect23_final_23apr14

i190 Spring 2014: Information and Communications Technology
for Development (ICTD) in Practice
University of California Berkeley, School of Information
LECTURE 23: 23 Apr 2014
Instructor: San Ng (www.sanng.com)
Class Website: i190spring2014.sanng.com

Our Core Values
 Open, collaborative, inclusive, community
 Share class resources (especially) with developing world
 Ideas and innovation in learning
 AGILE method of teaching/learning
 Learning in all directions (not just instructor to students)
 failure ok
 Tech Curious
 Walk the talk- try technology and social networks, see
what sticks
 FUN and interesting
 WHAT ABOUT YOU?

Course Revisit: 190 Framework
Conceptual
Week1: Introduction to Course
W2: What is Development?
W3: What is ICTD
W4: Who Does What in Practice?
Mapping the ICTD
Landscape
i190
ICTD in
Practice:
Core Skills
Technical
(eApplications)
W5: Overarching Issues of
eApplications
W6: Infrastructure, Telecenters,
Agriculture,
W7: Revisiting Agriculture,,
W8 : e-Health, Education
W9: eGovernance
Microfinance
Management
W10: Break
W11: Intro to Project Management
Planning and Assessment
W12: Budgeting, Scheduling,
Fundraising
W13: Implementation
W14: Monitoring and Evaluation/
Next Cycle
W15: Final Projects &
Wrap Up

What Is International Development
 Especially watch the second (later in time) TED
Talk
•http://www.ted.com/talks/hans_rosling_shows_the_best_stats_you
_ve_ever_seen.html
•http://www.ted.com/talks/hans_rosling_reveals_new_insights_on_p
overty.html

Theories of International Development
Liberalism
Modernization
Neo-Liberalism
Dependency
Critics of Liberalism
Globalization
???!!!!!
Post-Modernization
Civil Society
Gender Based
Sustainable development
Rights Based Approaches
Development as Freedom
Institution

Theories of International Development
Liberalism
Modernization
Neo-Liberalism Dependency
Critics of Liberalism
Globalization
Post-Modernization
Civil Society
Gender Based
Sustainable development
Development as Freedom
Institutions
A Very Simple Framework
MARKET STATE/
PEOPLE

Measurement of International Development:
See list of broad indicators listed in Wikipedia and read The Guardian, How would yo
measure development progress?
•http://www.ted.com/talks/hans_rosling_reveals_new_insights_on_poverty.html
•Some typical index/indicators:
•Well Being ? Happiness?
Measurement of International Development
GDP, GINI, Mortality Rate, Population,
Education, Security, etc, etc, etc, etc…
Mortality vs Population?

In Practice, mainly:
• Human Development Index (HDI)
http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/hdi
• World Bank’s World Development Indicators (WDI)
http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/all

Does International Development Work?
Does International Development Work?
Review books listed here by visiting links:
http://blog.sanng.com/2010/08/does-international-
development-aid-work.html

Careers in International Development
Development Career and Jobs:
Sign up (for free) for www.devex.com, one of the major
development and job hubs. Then read ABC of development jobs
and Career transitions: How to figure out if an aid job is right for
you

Theories of ICT4D
(Some Distinctions First: Technology vs ICT)
Good Ol’ Development Theory from Development Studies,
including new concepts such as Globalization & Knowledge Societies?
(Unwin)

Theories of ICT4D
State of ICT4D Theories (Articles: Heeks? Unwin? Raita?
Wikipedia?)
•From what disciplines?
•Development Studies? Governance? Knowledge
Societies?
•Criticisms of current state of literature
•Relevance to us?

Theories of ICT4D
•From what disciplines?

History and Future ICT4D
-Origins?
-ICT4D 0.0-1.0-2.0
-ICT4D 2.0
- Priorities?
-Innovation Models?
-Implementation Changes?
-Theories/Worldviews?
-What would YOU recommend?

History and Future ICT4D- Teaching ICTD
From Heeks, 2009 From i190, 2014
Conceptual
Week1: Introduction to
Course
W3: What is ICTD
W4: Who Does What in
Practice?
Mapping the ICTD
Landscape
ICTD in
Practice:
Core
SkillsTechnical (Applications)
Technical Applications
W6: Infrastructure,
Telecenters, Agriculture,
W7: Health, Education,
Microfinance
W8: Governance and Law
Management
W9: Intro to Project
Management
W10: Break
W11: Planning and
Assessment
Fundraising
W13: Implementation
W14: Monitoring and
Evaluation/
Next Cycle

Does ICT4D Work?
Courtesy of Inveneo: http://www.flickr.com/photos/inveneo/6252235953/in/photostream/
Heeks, 2002 (http://ictlogy.net/bibliography/reports/projects.php?idp=199)

Does ICT4D Work?
http://failfaire.org

Mapping the Stakeholders in ICT4D
Multilaterals and
Governments:
Civil Society:
Private Sector:
Here is the final mapping
from the spreadsheets:
https://mapsengine.google
.com/map/edit?mid=zaN1
njwon8jM.kzggt23tlaow

i190 Framework
Conceptual
W3: What is ICTD
Mapping the ICTD
Landscape
i190
ICTD in
Practice:
Core Skills
Technical
(eApplications)
eApplications
Agriculture,
W9: eGovernance
Microfinance
Management
W10: Break
Fundraising
W13: Implementation
Next Cycle
Wrap Up

Trends/Buzzwords in ICTD and e-
Application
BOP
Digital Divide
ICTD Policies Innovation
Appropriate Technology
Open Everything (development, data, etc)
Web 3.0
Big Everything
Convergence
Mobile Mobile Mobile
Social enterprise

ICTD Policies
•Broad Categories of Policy APC, ICT Policy Handbook
•ICTD Policy in Practice Lessons Learnt in ICT4D Policy
Making
•How is it done ? In content and institutionally?
•What are the lessons learned?

BOP
•What is the BOP concept? The Fortune at the Bottom of the
Pyramid (BOP)
•
•How is it like in practice? ICT4D: The Bottom of the
Pyramid Model in Practice”.
•What is the project?
•What worked or didn’t work?
•What are recommendations?

Appropriate Technology and Innovation
•What are some of your suggestions/predictions for
innovation and appropriate technology?: Heeks, The
ICT4D 2.0 Manifesto: Where Next for ICTs and International
Development?

Openness
•What is it?!
•What is good about it?
•What is not so good about it?

ICT in Agriculture
•Skew of disciplinary research
(econ, ethnographic, ENR, energy, geog…etc)
•Jensen work: - neat econ study:
•People:=only 2
•Tech: = 1 function
•Welfare= income
•Burrell et al. – making a mess:
•Other players:/relationships auctioneer,
fish waste vendor, gender etc
•Tech: lots of other usage
•Context: n/s, types of terrain, boards
•Welfare= WAY more than income
•Can it be generalized then?
•What to do in practice?
•Be cognizant of debates
•Local context
•Don’t start with tech
•Same old foundational factors in design
and implementation
•Usually dynamic, changing, needs,
messy, ‘it’s complicated’
Heeks, ICTD 2.0

ICT in Infrastructure
Inveneo.org
Eric Brewer, The Challenges of Technology Research for Developing
Regions

Telecenters, Shared Access and Libraries
http://gurstein.wordpress.com/2013/11/16/beyond-access-
libraries-as-the-new-telecentres/

ICTD and Education: Theories continued
Traditional Dev Theories
(loosely: market, growth, top down)
Alternative Dev Theories
(loosely: state, rights, bottom up

Trends in i-, e-, m-, blended-. etc-Education
“leap frog e-learning through m-learning”.
•Differences within the field: ICT for education,
distance learning, elearning, m-learning, blended
learning
•A new fad? But a new fad that can make a
difference?

E-Health
•What is it?
•eHealth solutions & strategic
coordination
•What are some trends, in
developed, transitioning and
developing countries?
• Forever-pilot pattern and
lessons learned?
Introductions, trends and lessons learned: Implementing
e-Health in Developing Countries Pg7-14, 22-23, 27-28,
31-39
Get an overview of how an actual e-health project design
looks like: e-health portal in Dwesa, pg 7-15

eGovernance- what works and not?
•What is eGovernance?
•What is the Framework being used to
measure?
•What are the results of this case study?
Success and Failure Factors for e-Government projects
implementation in developing countries

Microfinance & Mobile Banking
•What is Mobile Banking?
•Different trends/pace in different countries-
regulations, technologies, leadership,
•Issues: Trust, Fraud/attacks, Motivation of
savings/accumulation, Behavior change, cultural
values about money,
•What works, and not? Reasonable Project Time,
Building trust, managing expectations,
values/behavior changing, needs assessment
important

Introduction to Project Management
•Review of Course (Conceptual, Technical- see
slide pack from last class)
What are some themes within the lessons
learned?
•How is ICTD project management similar and
different to traditional development project
management? (theories)
•Life Cycle and Management Approaches
•How can we apply management tools to address
the lessons learned?

•How is ICTD project management similar and different to traditional
development project management? (theories)
•Life Cycle and Management Approaches

Planning
Initiation
Implementation
Monitoring & Evaluation
Next Phase? Transformation?
•What are some themes within the lessons learned from last parts of
course?
•How can we apply management tools to address the lessons learned?

Introduction to Project Management: Planning

Introduction to Project Management: Planning (cont’d)
Initiation

Introduction to Project Management: Initiating
Implementation

Introduction to Project Management: Initiating (cont’d)

Introduction to Project Management: Implementation

Introduction to Project Management: Monitoring & Evaluation

Introduction to Project Management: Transformation

Planning
Initiation
Implementation
Monitoring & Evaluation
Next Phase? Transformation?

Planning- Needs Assessment
•What are the general steps in Planning?
•Planning & Methodology Design
•Data Collection
• Analysis
•Possible Solutions
•Recommendations
•(then to Initiating Phase: Project Design etc.)

Planning- Needs Assessment
Case study: Agri-Supply Chain Project Proposal -
help Ruchita plan her upcoming needs assessment (Goal a.). For background
information about the issues, Read Pg 6-8 of Indian School of Business,
Inefficiencies in agriculture supply chain in Punjab and opportunities for IT
interventions and see especially Fig 3.1.
Levels Questions Sources
of Data
Collection
Methods
Analysis
Tools
Challenges
/Solutions
Strategic
Tactical
Operationa
l

Initiating- Proposal Development: Overview

Initiating- Proposal Development: Project
Design

Design Case Study
Case: A needs assessment to identify the reality of two
rural school cases in South Africa: Potential for ICT4D
or not? Also visit website generally: (http://siyakhulall.org/) Based on
this Needs Assessment, we will be developing a mini-proposal for the
next phase of this project, specifically for the Educational Resource
component.
Proposed Logframe and Workplan

Design Case Study
Proposed Logframe and Workplan

Design Case Study
In Class Exercise to develop a Log Frame

Initiating- Proposal
Development:
Budgeting and
Human Resource
Case Study

Implementation- Best Practices
Case: ITC e-Choupal: What are the needs/problems
that this ICTD project is trying to address?

Implementation- Best Practices
Case: ITC e-Choupal
What made
implementation
successful?
•Trust: choice
•Meets Needs: Clear
Value
•Appropriate Tech:
Simplicity of
technology, new and
old tech
•Local structures and
systems
•Incremental Roll out
•Mission-based

Implementation-IT requirements/User Design
Case: ITC e-Choupal

Implementation- Complex Environments
Case: Competing for Development (A)
Facts:

Case:
Competing
for
Development
(B1-6)
Role play
exercise:
Make the
case within
your role for
the $65,000
investment

•If you were Ghazialam, would you go ahead with the
$65,000 investment? What are the key tradeoffs? What
would an ‘ideal’ outcome look like?
•(See next slide)

•If you were Ghazialam, would you go ahead with the
$65,000 investment? What are the key tradeoffs? What
would an ‘ideal’ outcome look like?

Different Types of Evaluation and Performance Measurement
Program Level Organization Level Community and
Societal level
Wikipedia
Case

Evaluation Purpose
Measuring program effectiveness
Determining if a program meets its objectives
TYPES
*baselines
Formative
*ongoing
* feedback
* changing
the program
Summative
* look at final outcomes
*impacts
* cut or keep

OTHER PURPOSES
* compliance
* legitimacy
* certification
* lessons learned
* check for unintended consequences
* benchmarking
* more money
* white wash and eye wash p
* kill a project
* political attack
* new opportunities
* protection and self interest
* melt down indicators

EVALUATION CHECK LIST
WHEN IS EVALUATION WORTH DOING?
* Who Wants This and What Decision Do They Want to Make?
(lessons learned)
* Are the Impediments Manageable?
(resources, objectives, agreement, special issues)
* Is there Political Support?
(general support)
THE REGULAR COMPONENTS OF THE EVALUATION PROCESS
* Purpose and Objectives
* Indicators
* Design
* Data and Utilization
* Problems

EVALUATION ACTOR MAPPING
BOARD
OR
LEGISLATORS
OTHER
STAFF
OR DEPTS.
TOP MGMT
PROGRAM
PARTICIPANTS
PROGRAM STAFF
PRESS OR
COMMUNITY
DONORS
MIDDLE
MGMT.
OUTSIDERS
FOR
TEACHING
PURPOSES

RANGE OF INDICATORS
FEELINGS DO YOU TRUST THESE
INPUTS PEOPLE/
PROCESS involvement/coordination
OUTCOMES
(INTERMEDIATE) INCREASED INCOME
(FINAL) X LEVEL OF CONTANIMATION
EFFICIENCY AND PRODUCTIVITY lbs. Of fish/$ $/lbs. Of fish
SPAN AND SCOPE OF COVERAGE % target population served
SATISFACTION customer satisfaction/ commercia
IMPACTS (sustainable) measurable change/ broader/
(PROGRAM CAUSED OUTCOME) longer term

* HOW WOULD YOU ASSURE THAT YOUR
RESULTS WERE VALID AND RELIABLE?
RELIABLITY-- DO YOU GET THE SAME RESULT
TIME AFTER TIME.
VALIDITY-- UNBIASED COMPARED TO A STANDARD

Using Evaluation Results-- Style Differences
Academic Style
* Slow
* Scientific
Method
* Clear Objectives
* Careful Study
* Written Communication
* Precision
* Academic Reference Group
Managerial Style
* Pressure to Decide
* Many Simultaneous
+Fragmented Tasks
* Competing Objectives
* Action
* Verbal Communication
* Incomplete Date
* Managerial Reference Group
P
R
O
B
L
E
M
S
* TIME * VERY RIGOROUS * IRRELEVANT
* FORMAT * NOT RIGOROUS * COMMUNICATION

Some of the More Common Methods
* Balanced Score Cards and Other Overall General Assessments
* Goals vs. Performance and also Cost and Efficiency
* Outcome Assessment
* Benchmarking
* Best Practice
* Rapid Assessment Tools
(quicker and dirtier rather than deeper)
* More based on sampling than 100% study

DATA COLLECTION METHODS
* General Statistical Analysis
* Cost Benefit/ Rates of Return
* Simulations
* Content Analysis
* Record Reviews
* Unobtrusive Measures
* Group Observation
* Surveys and Testing
* Personal Interviews
* Participation Observation
* Case Studies
LESS
INTRUSIVE
MORE
INTRUSIVE
THE ETERNAL
TRIANGLE
Precision
Cost Complexity

Measureable
Indicators
Types of Data
needed
Data Collection
Methods/Frequency for
M&E
Overriding Goal
Objectives (at
least 4)
Instructions: Everyone was pleasantly shocked by these successful results.
However, the founder Jimbo Wales intuitively knows that the number of
articles per se does not measure Wikipedia's success completely, especially
since Wikipedia began with a completely different set of goals/activities and
became 'successful' only organically. He wants to hire you to determine a
sound methodology to evaluate Wikipedia's success. He wants you to design
a Logical Framework for Wikipedia (based on what we already learned in
class), with indicators he can measure to determine Wikipedia progress and
success. He has given us a sample template that we will discuss and
brainstorm in class:

Course Wrap Up: 190 Framework
Conceptual
W3: What is ICTD
Mapping the ICTD
Landscape
i190
ICTD in
Practice:
Core Skills
Technical
(eApplications)
eApplications
Agriculture,
W9: eGovernance
Microfinance
Management
W10: Break
Fundraising
W13: Implementation
Next Cycle
Wrap Up

UCB i190 Spring 2014 ICTD in Practice_Lect23_final_23apr14

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UCB i190 Spring 2014 ICTD in Practice_Lect23_final_23apr14