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CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
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Introduction
Division of Circulatory Sys
Cardiovascular Sys
Components
Functions
Types of Circulation
Anastomosis
Applied Anatomy
Seq
Cont….
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Lymphatic System
Definitions
Components
Function
Circulation of Lymph
Applied Anatomy
Other Circulations
Seq
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INTRODUCTION
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Write intro here
Introduction
Cont….
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
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 The circulatory system carries blood and dissolved
substances to and from different parts in the body.
 The Heart has the job of pumping these things around
the body.
 The Heart pumps blood and substances around the
body in tubes called blood vessels.
 The Heart and blood vessels together make up the
Circulatory System.
What is the cardiovascular system?
Cardiovascular System
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lungs
head & arms
liver
digestive system
kidneys
legs
pulmonary artery
aorta
pulmonary vein
main vein
LeftRight
How does this system work?
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Cardiovascular System
Components
Heart
Blood
Vessels
Arteries
Veins
Capillaries
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Heart
A muscular pump
Moves blood through the body
Is suspended in the pericardial sac
Composed of
four chambers
Divided into right and
left halves
Made up of
cardiac
muscle cells
Aorta
Left pulmonary artery
Left atrium
Left pulmonary
veins
Left ventricle
Superior vena
cava
Right pulmonary
veins
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Inferior vena cava
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Pericardium
Protective sac
connective
tissue
Surrounds heart
Filled with
fluid
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Myocardium
The muscle of the heart
Strong and thick
Composed of spontaneously
contracting cardiac
muscle fibers
Can conduct electricity
like nerves
It’s blood supply comes
from the coronary
arteries
Myocardium
(heart muscle)
shown in red
Epicardium
(Outer surface
of myocardium)
Endocardium
(Inner surface of myocardium)
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Structures of the Heart
Chambers
Atria- (2) upper chambers
Thin walled
Receive blood from veins
Send blood to ventricles
Ventricles- (2) lower
chambers
Thick walled
Receive blood from atria
Pump blood out through arteries
Septum
Wall that divides heart into right and left halves
Septum
Pulmonary valve
Right atrium
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle
Left atrium
Aortic valve
Mitral valve
Left ventricle
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Structures of the Heart
Valves
Prevent backflow of blood
Keep blood moving in one
direction
Between the chambers
At junctions of artery
and chamber
Tricuspid valve
Pulmonary veins
Mitral valve
Left atrium
Pulmonary valve
Aortic valve
Right atrium
Valves seen from above
Chordea tendinea
Pulmonary
valve
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Structures of the Heart
Chordae tendinease
“Heart strings”
Cord-like tendons
Connect papillary
muscles to
tricuspid
and mitral valves
Prevent inversion
of valve
Papillary muscles
Small muscles that
anchor the cords
Papillary
muscle
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aortic valve
left common carotid artery
left subclavian artery
brachiocephalic artery
right pulmonary artery
septum
left pulmonary artery
aorta
pulmonary trunk
left pulmonary veins
left atrium (auricle)
mitral valve
pulmonary valve
papillary muscle
left ventricle
right pulmonary veins
superior vena cava
right atrium
tricuspid valve
right ventricle
inferior vena cava
© 2006 Merriam-Webster, Inc.
Structures of the Heart
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Structures of the Heart
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Blood Vessels
Form a closed circuit
of tubes that carry
blood throughout the
body
Laid end to end, the
blood vessels in an
average human body
will stretch
approximately
62,000 miles……2.5
times around the
earth
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Blood Vessels
Have characteristic
features
Are distinguished by
size, tissue layers
and direction of
blood flow
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There are 3 types of blood vessels
a. Artery
b. Vein
c. Capillary
Blood Vessels
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Classes of blood vessels
Arteries and arterioles carry blood away from
the heart.
Veins and venules carry blood to the heart.
Capillaries allow exchange of nutrients,
wastes and gases.
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Blood Vessels
Arteries
Receive blood from
ventricles
Take blood away
from the heart
Usually carry
oxygenated blood
Thickest vessel walls
Withstand greater blood pressure
Are very elastic
Connect to capillaries
Aorta is the largest artery
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Arterioles
Arterioles branch
off of arteries.
Arterioles can
constrict to
direct and control
blood flow. They
may, for example,
increase or
decrease blood
supply to the skin.
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Blood Vessels
Capillaries
Smallest of blood vessels
Only one cell thick (epithelial cell(
Connect arteries to veins
Bring oxygen
and nutrients
to cells
Removes
CO2, urea,
and other wastes from cells
Where blood is under low pressure and moving slowly
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artery vein
capillaries
body cell
Capillary
A collection of capillaries is known as a capillary bedcapillary bed.
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Blood Vessels
Veins
Transport blood away from capillaries
Carry blood
toward heart
Take blood to atria
Have valves
Thinner vessel
walls with less
smooth muscles
than arteries
Can stretch a great deal
Have larger diameters
Usually carry de-oxygenated blood
Vena cava is the largest vein
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Veins
Veins have thinner walls
than arteries.
Veins have fewer smooth
muscle cells, but do
have valves. How do
valves and the skeletal
muscles help veins
function?
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Blood Vessels
The contraction of muscles compressing veins helps push
blood up through the leg veins back to the heart. The
valves allow the blood to flow towards the heart only.
Calf muscle
relaxed
Calf muscle
contracts
Muscle
squeezes veins
Veins constrict;
blood moves;
valves open
Veins dialated;
blood still;
valves closed
Valves
OPEN
Valves
CLOSED
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Blood Vessels
A network of capillaries runs
close to the cells in every
part of the body. The
capillaries have very thin
walls which allows nutrients
to diffuse through into the
tissues and waste products
to filter back into the
capillaries.
Arteriole Venule
Tissue cells VeinArtery capillaries
Capillaries
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w3.uokhsc.edu
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Blood
A circulating
connective
tissue
consisting of
several types
of cells
suspended in
a fluid
medium known
as plasma.
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Blood
•What percent of your body is blood?
•How much blood do we contain?
–On average 4-6 liters
–We contain about a pint of
blood for every 15 pounds
of body weight
•Composition of Blood:
–What percent of your blood is
cellular?
–What percent of your blood is
plasma?
8%
45%
55%
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what’s in
red blood cells white blood cells
platelets
plasma
carbon dioxide
digested food
waste (urea)
hormones
oxygen
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Blood
Functions of blood:
Supply oxygen to tissues
Supply nutrients such as glucose, amino acids and
fatty acids to tissues
Removal of wastes such as CO2 ,
urea and lactic acid from
tissues
Immunological functions, including
circulation of white cells, and
detection of foreign material
by antibodies
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Blood
•What is plasma?
–A clear, straw
colored fluid
–What percent
of plasma is
water?
–What’s in plasma?
•Dissolved gasses
•Vitamins
•Minerals
•Salts
•Nutrients
•Enzymes
•Hormones
•Waste products
•Plasma proteins
90%
Buffy coat leukocytes
and platelets
(<1% of whole blood)
Erythrocytes
(45% of whole blood)
Plasma
(55% of whole blood)
Formed
elements
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Plasma
A straw-
coloured
liquid that
carries the
cells and the
platelets
which help
blood clot.
• carbon dioxide
• glucose
• amino acids
• proteins
• minerals
• vitamins
• hormones
• waste materials
like urea.
It also contains useful
things like;
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Blood
•The cellular components are:
–red blood cells
(erythrocytes)
–white blood cells
(leukocytes)
–platelets
(thrombocytes)
•Blood cells are
formed in bone
marrow
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Blood
Red Blood Cell Characteristics
(RBC)- Erythrocyte
Biconcave disks
No nucleus
Contain the iron based pigment hemoglobin
which binds with oxygen to transport it
Life span about 120 days
5billion/1mL of blood = most numerous
Are very small
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Blood
How RBC’s transport
oxygen....Hemoglobin .…
the iron containing
pigment
Hemoglobin makes
red blood cells red
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Blood
White Blood Cell Characteristics
(WBC)- Leukocyte
No definite shape
Have nucleus
Protect body against infection
Life span varies (3 days-a few months)
7,000/1mL of blood
Numbers increase if
infection is present
Larger than RBC’s
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Blood
Types of white blood cells:
Monocytes are the
largest
Neutrophils are the
most numerous
Lymphocytes are
produced by the lymph
tissue
Basophils release
histamines
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Blood
Types of white blood cells:
When a cell undergoes
apoptosis, programmed cell
death, white blood cells called
macrophages consume cell
debris.
The role of a macrophage is
to phagocytize (engulf and
then digest) cellular debris
and pathogens.
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Blood
Platelet Characteristics:
Thrombocyte
RBC fragments
Irregularly shaped
No nucleus
150,000-400,000/1mL
Life span about 7-11 days
Have a sticky surface
Responsible for blood
clotting (injury healing)
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Platelets
Platelets are bits of cell
broken off larger cells.
Platelets produce
tiny fibrinogen
fibres to form a net.
This net traps other
blood cells to form a
blood clot.
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Blood
This is an actual picture of White Blood Cells,
in with some red blood cells. The platelets are
stained purple,
a T-Lymphocyte
white cell is
stained green,
and a Monocyte
white cell is
stained gold as
seen through a
scanning
electron
microscope.
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Blood
Red blood cells and
platelets are the
most numerous.
Of the leukocytes,
neutrophils are the
most numerous
Lymphocytes are the
predominant cell type
responsible for
immune responses.
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Blood
B
L
O
O
D
C
E
L
L
F
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
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FUNCTIONS OF CIRCULATORY
SYS
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Functions : Circulatory System
Brings blood containing
oxygen, nutrients, and
hormones to cells
Transports CO2 and
other wastes away
from cells
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Functions : Circulatory System
Fights infections
Regulates body temperature
Helps stabilize pH and ionic
concentration of body fluids.
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Types of Circulation
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Pulmonary Circuit
Systemic Circuit
Lung
Pulmonary
vein
Aorta
Left
atrium
Left
ventricle
Pulmonary
artery
Right
atrium
Right
ventricle
Vena
cava
oxygen-poor blood
oxygen-rich blood
Cardiovascular
Circuits
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Pulmonary Circulation
Takes place on the right side of the heart.
Pumps
blood
low in
oxygen
to the
lungs
to pick up
oxygen and
return to heart
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Systemic Circulation
•Takes place on left side of heart
•Oxygenated blood is pumped to
the body
cells thru
the aorta
and other
arteries
•Blood low
in oxygen
returns to
the heart
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Coronary Circulation
Although blood
fills the chambers
of the heart, the
muscle tissue of
the heart is so
thick that it
requires coronary
blood vessels to
deliver blood deep
into the myocardium.
The coronary circulation consists of the blood vessels
that supply blood to, and remove blood from the heart
muscle itself.
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Coronary Circulation
The vessels that
supply blood high
in oxygen to the
myocardium are
known as
coronary
arteries.
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Hepatic Portal System
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Hepatic Portal System
The liver is the only digestive organ drained by the
inferior vena cava
-blood leaving the capillary beds supplied by the celiac
and superior and inferior mesenteric arteries flows
into the veins of the hepatic portal system
-a blood vessel connecting 2 capillary beds is a portal
vessel and the network is a portal system
Venous blood that absorbs nutrients from the small
intestine, parts of the large intestine, stomach, and
pancreas flows directly to the liver
-regulates levels of nutrients and amino acids in the
circulating blood
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Hypophyseal Portal System
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Hypophyseal Portal System
The hypophyseal portal
system (or hypothalamo-
hypophyseal portal system)
is the system of blood
vessels that link the
hypothalamus and the
anterior pituitary in the
brain.
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Hypophyseal Portal System
It allows endocrine
communication between
the two structures. It is
part of the hypothalamic-
pituitary-adrenal axis. The
anterior pituitary receives
releasing and inhibitory
hormones in the blood.
Using these, the anterior
pituitary is able to fulfill
its function of regulating
the other endocrine
glands.
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Hypophyseal Portal System
It is one of three portal
systems of circulation in
the human body; that is,
it involves two capillary
beds connected in series
by venules. The others
are the hepatic portal
system and that in the
kidneys.[1[
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Renal Portal system
The system of veins in
fish and amphibians
taking blood from the
region of the tail or
hind limbs directly to
the kidneys.
replication
the production of exact
copies of complex
molecules during the
growth of living
organisms...
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Fetal Circulation
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Fetal Circulation
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APPLIED ANATOMY
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Circulatory System Disorders
Heart Disease
Risk factors
Older age
Male gender
Cigarette smoking
High cholesterol
Diabetes
Stress
Obesity
Heredity
Physical inactivity
High blood pressure
Quitting smoking, a healthy diet and exercise may
reduce your risk of heart disease
Plaque in
coronary
artery
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Atherosclerosis
Starts with damage or injury to the inner layer of an
artery
Fatty deposits called plaque
build up in the arteries
This causes:
Blockage
in artery
Less
flexible
vessels
High
Blood
Pressure
Circulatory System Disorders
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Hypertension
•High Blood Pressure
Makes the heart
and blood
vessels work
harder
Increases the
chance of heart
disease, heart
attack or stroke
Circulatory System Disorders
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Heart Attack
acute myocardial infarction
Interruption of oxygen
supply to the heart
Causes death of
the heart muscle
Leading cause of
death in both men
and women
Coronary Blockage
Circulatory System Disorders
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•Symptoms
–Chest pain
–Squeezing or heavy pressure
on chest
–Pain that radiates down left
shoulder and arm
–Shortness of breath
–Nausea or vomiting
–Anxiety or Fainting
–Lightheadedness - dizziness
–Palpitations (feeling like
your heart is beating too
fast(
–Sweating, which may be
extreme
Heart Attack
Circulatory System Disorders
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Stroke
Interruption of oxygen supply to the brain
Caused by:
A clot in an artery
in the brain
Breakage of an
artery in the brain
Causes brain cells
to be deprived
of oxygen and die
Circulatory System Disorders
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Thrombotic stroke
blood clot in
cerebral artery
Hemorrhagic stroke
blood vessel ruptures
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Circulatory System Disorders
•Embolism occurs
when an object
(usually a blood
clot) migrates
from one part
of the body
(through
circulation)
and causes a blockage (occlusion) of
a blood vessel in another part of the body
•Thrombosis is the formation of
a clot (thrombus) inside a blood
vessel, obstructing the flow of
blood
Thrombosis/Embolism
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Circulatory System Disorders
Hemorrhage is the medical term
for bleeding - the loss of blood
from the body
Hemorrhage generally becomes
dangerous, or even fatal, when
it causes hypovolemia (low blood volume)
or hypotension (low blood pressure(.
Hematoma- a collection
of blood due to
internal
bleeding
(burse(
Hemorrhage
Gingival Hemorrhage
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Circulatory System Disorders
Hem philia
A rare inherited bleeding disorder in which
the blood does not clot normally
The person is missing or has low levels of certain
proteins in the blood called clotting factors
Usually occurs only in males
They suffer prolonged bleeding
even with minor injuries
Bleeding can occur internally,
in joints and muscles,
which causes
swelling and pain Swelling in left knee joint
due to spontaneous bleeding
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Circulatory System Disorders
Anemia
A condition where there is an abnormally low number of
red blood cells circulating in the body or when the
blood does not have enough hemoglobin
The body's tissues are being starved of oxygen
Most common disorder of the red blood cells, affecting
(~) 3.5 million
Americans
There are different
kinds of anemia
Iron Deficiency
Vitamin Deficiency
Hemolytic Anemias
Sickle Cell Anemia
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Circulatory System Disorders
Anemia
A person with anemia
will feel tired, weak,
breathless, and dizzy
They may have a pale
complexion, increased heart
rate, low blood pressure,
and difficulty concentrating
The severity of the symptoms
is related to the severity of
anemia
Iron Deficiency Anemia
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Circulatory System Disorders
•Sickle cell trait- The
person is carrying the
defective gene, but also has
some normal hemoglobin
•Sickle cell anemia-
The person has most or
all of the normal
hemoglobin replaced with
the sickle hemoglobin
Sickle Cell Disease
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Circulatory System Disorders
Valvular stenosis A condition in which there is a narrowing, stiffening,
thickening,fusion or blockage of one or more valves of the heart
Valve Disorders
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Circulatory System Disorders
Aneurysm
Localized, blood-filled dilation (bulge) of a blood vessel caused by
disease or weakening of the vessel wall
Most commonly occur in arteries at the base of the brain and
in the aorta
Can burst and lead to death at any time
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
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Lymphatic System
Introduction
Components
Circulation of Lymph
Functions
Applied Anatomy
SEQ
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Introduction
The lymphatic system is closely associated with
the cardiovascular system and is comprised of a
network of vessels that circulate body fluids
Lymphatic vessels transport excess fluid away
from interstitial spaces between cells in most
tissues & return it to the bloodstream
Lymphatic vessels called lacteals (located in the
in the lining of the small intestine) absorb fats
resulting from digestion, & then transport fats to
the circulatory system
The organs of the lymphatic system help defend
against disease
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Components
Lymph
Lymph Vessels
Lymphoid Tissue
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Tissue and fluid becomes lymph once it has entered
a lymphatic capillary; lymph formation depends on
tissue fluid formation.
Tissue Fluid Formation
Tissue fluid originates from blood plasma; it is
composed of H2O & dissolved substances that leave
the blood capillaries by filtration & diffusion; it
generally lacks proteins-can have some small
proteins; as the protein concentration of tissue
fluid rises,the osmotic pressure of the fluid rises
Lymph Formation
Rising osmotic pressure in tissue fluid interferes with
return ofwater to the blood capillaries increasing
pressure within interstitial spaces forces some
tissue fluid into lymphatic
Lymph
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Lymph
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Lymph Function
Lymph returns proteins
that leak out of blood
capillaries to the
bloodstream; it also
transports foreign
particles, such as
bacteria or viruses, to
lymph nodes
Lymph
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Lymphatic Vessels
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Lymphatic Vessels
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Lymphatic Vessels
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Lymphatic Vessels
• Lymphatic collecting
vessels
o Collects lymph from
lymph capillaries
o Carries lymph to and
away from lymph
nodes
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Lymphatic Vessels
Returns fluid to
circulatory veins near
the heart Right
lymphatic duct
Thoracic duct
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Lymphatic Pathways
Lymphatic pathways start as lymphatic capillaries
that merge to form larger vessels that empty into
the circulatory system.
Lymphatic Capillaries are microscopic, close-ended
tubes that extend into interstitial spaces forming
networks that parallel the networks of the blood
capillaries
walls consist of single layer squamous epithelial cells
which enables interstitial fluid to enter the
lymphatic capillaries
lymph – the fluid inside a lymph capillary
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Lymphatic Pathways
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Lymphatic Pathway:
-<lymphatic capillary->lymphatic vessel-
>lymph node->lymphatic
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Lymphatic Pathways
Lymphatic Vessels. walls of lymphatic vessels are thinner than walls
of veins have semilunar valves to prevent backflow of Lymph
lymph nodes – specialized lymph organs that are composed of a mass
of lymphoid tissue located along the course of a lymphatic vessel
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Lymphatic Pathways
Lymphatic Trunks and Collecting Ducts. After leaving
lymph nodes the vessels merge to form large
lymphatic trunks which drain lymph & are named
for the region of the body they serve:
lumbar, intestinal, intercostal, bronchomediastinal,
& subclavian trunks
lymphatic trunks join (are drained by) collecting
ducts
The thoracic duct & the right lymphatic duct;
these ducts join the subclavian veins
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Lymphatic Pathways
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Lymphatic circulationLymphatic circulation
Pulmonary
circulation
Systemic
circulation Arteries
Veins
Blood capillaries
Lymphatic capillaries
Lymph
node
Lymphatic
vessel
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Lymphatic Pathways
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Lymph Tissue
3types
Lymphatic nodules
No capsule present
Oval-shaped masses
Found singly or in clusters
Lymphatic organs
Capsule present
Lymph nodes, spleen, thymus gland
Diffuse lymphatic tissue
No capsule present
Found in connective tissue of almost all organs
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Lymphatic Node
• Filter lymph before it is returned to the blood
• Defense cells within lymph nodes
o Macrophages – engulf and destroy foreign substances
o Lymphocytes – provide immune response to antigens
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Lymph nodes, which contain lymphocytes &
macrophages, are located along lymphatic pathways.
They fight invading microorganisms.
Structure of a Lymph Node (gland(
vary in size & shape (bean-shaped(
hilum – indented region of bean- shaped node,
blood vessels & nerves connect at the hilum of the
lymph node
afferent vessels enter at various points on the convex
surface of the node & this is how lymph enters
the node
efferent vessels (lymphatic vessels) exit at the hilum
of the node & lymph leaves the node through these
vessels
Lymphatic Node
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Lymph nodules – structural units of the lymph node & are
compartments of the node that contain dense masses of actively
dividing lymphocytes & macrophages; nodules are associated with
the mucous membranes of the respiratory & digestive tracts & found
in tonsils, Peyer’s patches of ileum of the small intestine
lymph sinuses are spaces within the node
Lymphatic Node Structure
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Lymph Node
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Lymph nodes aggregate
in groups or chains
along the paths of
larger lymphatic
vessels; are absent in
the central nervous
system
Major locations are:
Cervical
Axillary
Inguinal
Sub trochlear regions
Pelvic, abdominal&
thoracic cavities
Location : Lymphatic Node
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2primary functions:
Filtering potentially harmful particles from lymph
before returning it to the bloodstream & immune
surveillance provided by lymphocytes&
Macrophages
Lymph nodes are the centers for production
oflymphocytes that act against foreign particles.
lymph nodes contain macrophages that remove foreign
particles from lymph
Functions : Lymphatic Node
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Other Lymphoid Organs
Several other organs
contribute to lymphatic
function
Spleen
Thymus
MALT
Peyer’s patches
Tonsils
Others
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Spleen
Located on the left side of the abdomen
Filters blood
Destroys worn out blood cells
Forms blood cells in the fetus
Acts as a blood reservoir
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Spleen
Largest lymphatic organ
Located between the stomach & diaphragm
Structure is similar to a node
Capsule present
But no afferent vessels or sinuses
Histology
Red pulp contains all the components of
circulating blood
White pulp is similar to lymphatic nodules
Functions
Filters blood
Stores blood
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Spleen
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Thymus
Located low in the throat, overlying the heart
Functions at peak levels only during childhood
Produces hormones (like thymosin) to program
lymphocytes
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Thymus
–Location – behind the sternum in the
mediastinum
–The capsule divides it into 2 lobes
–Development
•Infant – conspicuous
•Puberty – maximum size
•Maturity – decreases in size
–Function
•Differentiation and maturation of T cells
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Thymus
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Mucosa-Associated Lymphatic Tissue
Includes:
Peyer’s patches
Tonsils
Other small accumulations of lymphoid tissue
Acts as a guard to protect respiratory and digestive
tracts
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Lymph Nodules
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Peyer’s Patches
Found in the wall of the small intestine
Resemble tonsils in structure
Capture and destroy bacteria in the intestine
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Tonsils
Multiple groups of large lymphatic nodules
Location – mucous membrane of the oral and pharyngeal
cavities
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Tonsils
Palatine tonsils
Posterior-lateral walls of the oropharynx
Pharyngeal tonsil
Posterior wall of nasopharynx
Lingual tonsils
Base of tongue
01/30/15 123
Tonsils
01/30/15 124
The hydrostatic pressure of tissue fluid drives the
entry of lymph into lymphatic capillaries.
Lymph Flow
lymph needs help to flow through the lymph vessels
forces that help the flow are – contraction of the
skeletal muscles, pressure changes due to the
action of breathing muscles & contraction of
smooth muscles in the walls of the larger
lymphatic trunks. The flow of lymph peaks during
physical exercise.
Obstruction of Lymph Flow
Conditions that interfere with lymph movement
cause tissue fluids to accumulate in the interstitial
spaces, producing edema. Edema can occur as a
result of lymphatic tissue being removed
Lymph Movement
01/30/15 125
Functions of Lymphatic Sys
Drain fluid from around cells
Absorb fat from intestines
Circulate lymph
Filter lymph
Immunity
01/30/15 126
Function of the Lymphatic System
Defense against harmful organisms and chemicals
2types of defense
Nonspecific
Specific
Specific defense = immunity
Humoral immunity involves B cells that become
plasma cells which produce antibodies that
bind with specific antigens.
Cell-mediated immunity involves T cells that
directly destroy foreign cells
01/30/15 127
Derivation and Distribution of
Lymphocytes
01/30/15 128
01/30/15 129
01/30/15 Dr Tayyaba Faisal Anatomy Dept AMC 130
01/30/15 Dr Tayyaba Faisal Anatomy Dept AMC 131
01/30/15 Dr Tayyaba Faisal Anatomy Dept AMC 132

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Circulatory system Nov 2010

  • 2. 30/01/15 2 Introduction Division of Circulatory Sys Cardiovascular Sys Components Functions Types of Circulation Anastomosis Applied Anatomy Seq Cont….
  • 3. 30/01/15 3 Lymphatic System Definitions Components Function Circulation of Lymph Applied Anatomy Other Circulations Seq
  • 5. 30/01/15 5 Write intro here Introduction Cont….
  • 7. 30/01/15 7  The circulatory system carries blood and dissolved substances to and from different parts in the body.  The Heart has the job of pumping these things around the body.  The Heart pumps blood and substances around the body in tubes called blood vessels.  The Heart and blood vessels together make up the Circulatory System. What is the cardiovascular system? Cardiovascular System
  • 8. 30/01/15 8 lungs head & arms liver digestive system kidneys legs pulmonary artery aorta pulmonary vein main vein LeftRight How does this system work?
  • 10. 30/01/15 10 Heart A muscular pump Moves blood through the body Is suspended in the pericardial sac Composed of four chambers Divided into right and left halves Made up of cardiac muscle cells Aorta Left pulmonary artery Left atrium Left pulmonary veins Left ventricle Superior vena cava Right pulmonary veins Right atrium Right ventricle Inferior vena cava
  • 12. 30/01/15 12 Myocardium The muscle of the heart Strong and thick Composed of spontaneously contracting cardiac muscle fibers Can conduct electricity like nerves It’s blood supply comes from the coronary arteries Myocardium (heart muscle) shown in red Epicardium (Outer surface of myocardium) Endocardium (Inner surface of myocardium)
  • 13. 30/01/15 13 Structures of the Heart Chambers Atria- (2) upper chambers Thin walled Receive blood from veins Send blood to ventricles Ventricles- (2) lower chambers Thick walled Receive blood from atria Pump blood out through arteries Septum Wall that divides heart into right and left halves Septum Pulmonary valve Right atrium Tricuspid valve Right ventricle Left atrium Aortic valve Mitral valve Left ventricle
  • 14. 30/01/15 14 Structures of the Heart Valves Prevent backflow of blood Keep blood moving in one direction Between the chambers At junctions of artery and chamber Tricuspid valve Pulmonary veins Mitral valve Left atrium Pulmonary valve Aortic valve Right atrium Valves seen from above Chordea tendinea Pulmonary valve
  • 15. 30/01/15 15 Structures of the Heart Chordae tendinease “Heart strings” Cord-like tendons Connect papillary muscles to tricuspid and mitral valves Prevent inversion of valve Papillary muscles Small muscles that anchor the cords Papillary muscle
  • 16. 30/01/15 16 aortic valve left common carotid artery left subclavian artery brachiocephalic artery right pulmonary artery septum left pulmonary artery aorta pulmonary trunk left pulmonary veins left atrium (auricle) mitral valve pulmonary valve papillary muscle left ventricle right pulmonary veins superior vena cava right atrium tricuspid valve right ventricle inferior vena cava © 2006 Merriam-Webster, Inc. Structures of the Heart
  • 18. 30/01/15 18 Blood Vessels Form a closed circuit of tubes that carry blood throughout the body Laid end to end, the blood vessels in an average human body will stretch approximately 62,000 miles……2.5 times around the earth
  • 19. 30/01/15 19 Blood Vessels Have characteristic features Are distinguished by size, tissue layers and direction of blood flow
  • 20. 30/01/15 20 There are 3 types of blood vessels a. Artery b. Vein c. Capillary Blood Vessels
  • 21. 30/01/15 21 Classes of blood vessels Arteries and arterioles carry blood away from the heart. Veins and venules carry blood to the heart. Capillaries allow exchange of nutrients, wastes and gases.
  • 22. 30/01/15 22 Blood Vessels Arteries Receive blood from ventricles Take blood away from the heart Usually carry oxygenated blood Thickest vessel walls Withstand greater blood pressure Are very elastic Connect to capillaries Aorta is the largest artery
  • 23. 30/01/15 23 Arterioles Arterioles branch off of arteries. Arterioles can constrict to direct and control blood flow. They may, for example, increase or decrease blood supply to the skin.
  • 24. 30/01/15 24 Blood Vessels Capillaries Smallest of blood vessels Only one cell thick (epithelial cell( Connect arteries to veins Bring oxygen and nutrients to cells Removes CO2, urea, and other wastes from cells Where blood is under low pressure and moving slowly
  • 25. 30/01/15 25 artery vein capillaries body cell Capillary A collection of capillaries is known as a capillary bedcapillary bed.
  • 26. 30/01/15 26 Blood Vessels Veins Transport blood away from capillaries Carry blood toward heart Take blood to atria Have valves Thinner vessel walls with less smooth muscles than arteries Can stretch a great deal Have larger diameters Usually carry de-oxygenated blood Vena cava is the largest vein
  • 27. 30/01/15 27 Veins Veins have thinner walls than arteries. Veins have fewer smooth muscle cells, but do have valves. How do valves and the skeletal muscles help veins function?
  • 28. 30/01/15 28 Blood Vessels The contraction of muscles compressing veins helps push blood up through the leg veins back to the heart. The valves allow the blood to flow towards the heart only. Calf muscle relaxed Calf muscle contracts Muscle squeezes veins Veins constrict; blood moves; valves open Veins dialated; blood still; valves closed Valves OPEN Valves CLOSED
  • 29. 30/01/15 29 Blood Vessels A network of capillaries runs close to the cells in every part of the body. The capillaries have very thin walls which allows nutrients to diffuse through into the tissues and waste products to filter back into the capillaries. Arteriole Venule Tissue cells VeinArtery capillaries Capillaries
  • 32. 30/01/15 32 Blood A circulating connective tissue consisting of several types of cells suspended in a fluid medium known as plasma.
  • 33. 30/01/15 33 Blood •What percent of your body is blood? •How much blood do we contain? –On average 4-6 liters –We contain about a pint of blood for every 15 pounds of body weight •Composition of Blood: –What percent of your blood is cellular? –What percent of your blood is plasma? 8% 45% 55%
  • 34. 30/01/15 34 what’s in red blood cells white blood cells platelets plasma carbon dioxide digested food waste (urea) hormones oxygen
  • 35. 30/01/15 35 Blood Functions of blood: Supply oxygen to tissues Supply nutrients such as glucose, amino acids and fatty acids to tissues Removal of wastes such as CO2 , urea and lactic acid from tissues Immunological functions, including circulation of white cells, and detection of foreign material by antibodies
  • 36. 30/01/15 36 Blood •What is plasma? –A clear, straw colored fluid –What percent of plasma is water? –What’s in plasma? •Dissolved gasses •Vitamins •Minerals •Salts •Nutrients •Enzymes •Hormones •Waste products •Plasma proteins 90% Buffy coat leukocytes and platelets (<1% of whole blood) Erythrocytes (45% of whole blood) Plasma (55% of whole blood) Formed elements
  • 37. 30/01/15 37 Plasma A straw- coloured liquid that carries the cells and the platelets which help blood clot. • carbon dioxide • glucose • amino acids • proteins • minerals • vitamins • hormones • waste materials like urea. It also contains useful things like;
  • 38. 30/01/15 38 Blood •The cellular components are: –red blood cells (erythrocytes) –white blood cells (leukocytes) –platelets (thrombocytes) •Blood cells are formed in bone marrow
  • 39. 30/01/15 39 Blood Red Blood Cell Characteristics (RBC)- Erythrocyte Biconcave disks No nucleus Contain the iron based pigment hemoglobin which binds with oxygen to transport it Life span about 120 days 5billion/1mL of blood = most numerous Are very small
  • 40. 30/01/15 40 Blood How RBC’s transport oxygen....Hemoglobin .… the iron containing pigment Hemoglobin makes red blood cells red
  • 41. 30/01/15 41 Blood White Blood Cell Characteristics (WBC)- Leukocyte No definite shape Have nucleus Protect body against infection Life span varies (3 days-a few months) 7,000/1mL of blood Numbers increase if infection is present Larger than RBC’s
  • 42. 30/01/15 42 Blood Types of white blood cells: Monocytes are the largest Neutrophils are the most numerous Lymphocytes are produced by the lymph tissue Basophils release histamines
  • 43. 30/01/15 43 Blood Types of white blood cells: When a cell undergoes apoptosis, programmed cell death, white blood cells called macrophages consume cell debris. The role of a macrophage is to phagocytize (engulf and then digest) cellular debris and pathogens.
  • 44. 30/01/15 44 Blood Platelet Characteristics: Thrombocyte RBC fragments Irregularly shaped No nucleus 150,000-400,000/1mL Life span about 7-11 days Have a sticky surface Responsible for blood clotting (injury healing)
  • 45. 30/01/15 45 Platelets Platelets are bits of cell broken off larger cells. Platelets produce tiny fibrinogen fibres to form a net. This net traps other blood cells to form a blood clot.
  • 46. 30/01/15 46 Blood This is an actual picture of White Blood Cells, in with some red blood cells. The platelets are stained purple, a T-Lymphocyte white cell is stained green, and a Monocyte white cell is stained gold as seen through a scanning electron microscope.
  • 47. 30/01/15 47 Blood Red blood cells and platelets are the most numerous. Of the leukocytes, neutrophils are the most numerous Lymphocytes are the predominant cell type responsible for immune responses.
  • 49. 30/01/15 49 FUNCTIONS OF CIRCULATORY SYS
  • 50. 30/01/15 50 Functions : Circulatory System Brings blood containing oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells Transports CO2 and other wastes away from cells
  • 51. 30/01/15 51 Functions : Circulatory System Fights infections Regulates body temperature Helps stabilize pH and ionic concentration of body fluids.
  • 52. 30/01/15 52 Types of Circulation
  • 53. 30/01/15 53 Pulmonary Circuit Systemic Circuit Lung Pulmonary vein Aorta Left atrium Left ventricle Pulmonary artery Right atrium Right ventricle Vena cava oxygen-poor blood oxygen-rich blood Cardiovascular Circuits
  • 54. 30/01/15 54 Pulmonary Circulation Takes place on the right side of the heart. Pumps blood low in oxygen to the lungs to pick up oxygen and return to heart
  • 55. 30/01/15 55 Systemic Circulation •Takes place on left side of heart •Oxygenated blood is pumped to the body cells thru the aorta and other arteries •Blood low in oxygen returns to the heart
  • 56. 30/01/15 56 Coronary Circulation Although blood fills the chambers of the heart, the muscle tissue of the heart is so thick that it requires coronary blood vessels to deliver blood deep into the myocardium. The coronary circulation consists of the blood vessels that supply blood to, and remove blood from the heart muscle itself.
  • 57. 30/01/15 57 Coronary Circulation The vessels that supply blood high in oxygen to the myocardium are known as coronary arteries.
  • 59. 30/01/15 59 Hepatic Portal System The liver is the only digestive organ drained by the inferior vena cava -blood leaving the capillary beds supplied by the celiac and superior and inferior mesenteric arteries flows into the veins of the hepatic portal system -a blood vessel connecting 2 capillary beds is a portal vessel and the network is a portal system Venous blood that absorbs nutrients from the small intestine, parts of the large intestine, stomach, and pancreas flows directly to the liver -regulates levels of nutrients and amino acids in the circulating blood
  • 61. 30/01/15 61 Hypophyseal Portal System The hypophyseal portal system (or hypothalamo- hypophyseal portal system) is the system of blood vessels that link the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary in the brain.
  • 62. 30/01/15 62 Hypophyseal Portal System It allows endocrine communication between the two structures. It is part of the hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal axis. The anterior pituitary receives releasing and inhibitory hormones in the blood. Using these, the anterior pituitary is able to fulfill its function of regulating the other endocrine glands.
  • 63. 30/01/15 63 Hypophyseal Portal System It is one of three portal systems of circulation in the human body; that is, it involves two capillary beds connected in series by venules. The others are the hepatic portal system and that in the kidneys.[1[
  • 64. 30/01/15 64 Renal Portal system The system of veins in fish and amphibians taking blood from the region of the tail or hind limbs directly to the kidneys. replication the production of exact copies of complex molecules during the growth of living organisms...
  • 68. 01/30/15 68 Circulatory System Disorders Heart Disease Risk factors Older age Male gender Cigarette smoking High cholesterol Diabetes Stress Obesity Heredity Physical inactivity High blood pressure Quitting smoking, a healthy diet and exercise may reduce your risk of heart disease Plaque in coronary artery
  • 69. 01/30/15 69 Atherosclerosis Starts with damage or injury to the inner layer of an artery Fatty deposits called plaque build up in the arteries This causes: Blockage in artery Less flexible vessels High Blood Pressure Circulatory System Disorders
  • 70. 01/30/15 70 Hypertension •High Blood Pressure Makes the heart and blood vessels work harder Increases the chance of heart disease, heart attack or stroke Circulatory System Disorders
  • 71. 01/30/15 71 Heart Attack acute myocardial infarction Interruption of oxygen supply to the heart Causes death of the heart muscle Leading cause of death in both men and women Coronary Blockage Circulatory System Disorders
  • 72. 01/30/15 72 •Symptoms –Chest pain –Squeezing or heavy pressure on chest –Pain that radiates down left shoulder and arm –Shortness of breath –Nausea or vomiting –Anxiety or Fainting –Lightheadedness - dizziness –Palpitations (feeling like your heart is beating too fast( –Sweating, which may be extreme Heart Attack Circulatory System Disorders
  • 73. 01/30/15 73 Stroke Interruption of oxygen supply to the brain Caused by: A clot in an artery in the brain Breakage of an artery in the brain Causes brain cells to be deprived of oxygen and die Circulatory System Disorders
  • 74. 01/30/15 74 Thrombotic stroke blood clot in cerebral artery Hemorrhagic stroke blood vessel ruptures
  • 75. 01/30/15 75 Circulatory System Disorders •Embolism occurs when an object (usually a blood clot) migrates from one part of the body (through circulation) and causes a blockage (occlusion) of a blood vessel in another part of the body •Thrombosis is the formation of a clot (thrombus) inside a blood vessel, obstructing the flow of blood Thrombosis/Embolism
  • 76. 01/30/15 76 Circulatory System Disorders Hemorrhage is the medical term for bleeding - the loss of blood from the body Hemorrhage generally becomes dangerous, or even fatal, when it causes hypovolemia (low blood volume) or hypotension (low blood pressure(. Hematoma- a collection of blood due to internal bleeding (burse( Hemorrhage Gingival Hemorrhage
  • 77. 01/30/15 77 Circulatory System Disorders Hem philia A rare inherited bleeding disorder in which the blood does not clot normally The person is missing or has low levels of certain proteins in the blood called clotting factors Usually occurs only in males They suffer prolonged bleeding even with minor injuries Bleeding can occur internally, in joints and muscles, which causes swelling and pain Swelling in left knee joint due to spontaneous bleeding
  • 78. 01/30/15 78 Circulatory System Disorders Anemia A condition where there is an abnormally low number of red blood cells circulating in the body or when the blood does not have enough hemoglobin The body's tissues are being starved of oxygen Most common disorder of the red blood cells, affecting (~) 3.5 million Americans There are different kinds of anemia Iron Deficiency Vitamin Deficiency Hemolytic Anemias Sickle Cell Anemia
  • 79. 01/30/15 79 Circulatory System Disorders Anemia A person with anemia will feel tired, weak, breathless, and dizzy They may have a pale complexion, increased heart rate, low blood pressure, and difficulty concentrating The severity of the symptoms is related to the severity of anemia Iron Deficiency Anemia
  • 80. 01/30/15 80 Circulatory System Disorders •Sickle cell trait- The person is carrying the defective gene, but also has some normal hemoglobin •Sickle cell anemia- The person has most or all of the normal hemoglobin replaced with the sickle hemoglobin Sickle Cell Disease
  • 81. 01/30/15 81 Circulatory System Disorders Valvular stenosis A condition in which there is a narrowing, stiffening, thickening,fusion or blockage of one or more valves of the heart Valve Disorders
  • 82. 01/30/15 82 Circulatory System Disorders Aneurysm Localized, blood-filled dilation (bulge) of a blood vessel caused by disease or weakening of the vessel wall Most commonly occur in arteries at the base of the brain and in the aorta Can burst and lead to death at any time
  • 85. 01/30/15 85 Introduction The lymphatic system is closely associated with the cardiovascular system and is comprised of a network of vessels that circulate body fluids Lymphatic vessels transport excess fluid away from interstitial spaces between cells in most tissues & return it to the bloodstream Lymphatic vessels called lacteals (located in the in the lining of the small intestine) absorb fats resulting from digestion, & then transport fats to the circulatory system The organs of the lymphatic system help defend against disease
  • 87. 01/30/15 88 Tissue and fluid becomes lymph once it has entered a lymphatic capillary; lymph formation depends on tissue fluid formation. Tissue Fluid Formation Tissue fluid originates from blood plasma; it is composed of H2O & dissolved substances that leave the blood capillaries by filtration & diffusion; it generally lacks proteins-can have some small proteins; as the protein concentration of tissue fluid rises,the osmotic pressure of the fluid rises Lymph Formation Rising osmotic pressure in tissue fluid interferes with return ofwater to the blood capillaries increasing pressure within interstitial spaces forces some tissue fluid into lymphatic Lymph
  • 89. 01/30/15 90 Lymph Function Lymph returns proteins that leak out of blood capillaries to the bloodstream; it also transports foreign particles, such as bacteria or viruses, to lymph nodes Lymph
  • 93. 01/30/15 94 Lymphatic Vessels • Lymphatic collecting vessels o Collects lymph from lymph capillaries o Carries lymph to and away from lymph nodes
  • 94. 01/30/15 95 Lymphatic Vessels Returns fluid to circulatory veins near the heart Right lymphatic duct Thoracic duct
  • 95. 01/30/15 96 Lymphatic Pathways Lymphatic pathways start as lymphatic capillaries that merge to form larger vessels that empty into the circulatory system. Lymphatic Capillaries are microscopic, close-ended tubes that extend into interstitial spaces forming networks that parallel the networks of the blood capillaries walls consist of single layer squamous epithelial cells which enables interstitial fluid to enter the lymphatic capillaries lymph – the fluid inside a lymph capillary
  • 97. 01/30/15 98 Lymphatic Pathway: -<lymphatic capillary->lymphatic vessel- >lymph node->lymphatic
  • 98. 01/30/15 99 Lymphatic Pathways Lymphatic Vessels. walls of lymphatic vessels are thinner than walls of veins have semilunar valves to prevent backflow of Lymph lymph nodes – specialized lymph organs that are composed of a mass of lymphoid tissue located along the course of a lymphatic vessel
  • 99. 01/30/15 100 Lymphatic Pathways Lymphatic Trunks and Collecting Ducts. After leaving lymph nodes the vessels merge to form large lymphatic trunks which drain lymph & are named for the region of the body they serve: lumbar, intestinal, intercostal, bronchomediastinal, & subclavian trunks lymphatic trunks join (are drained by) collecting ducts The thoracic duct & the right lymphatic duct; these ducts join the subclavian veins
  • 101. 01/30/15 102 Lymphatic circulationLymphatic circulation Pulmonary circulation Systemic circulation Arteries Veins Blood capillaries Lymphatic capillaries Lymph node Lymphatic vessel
  • 103. 01/30/15 104 Lymph Tissue 3types Lymphatic nodules No capsule present Oval-shaped masses Found singly or in clusters Lymphatic organs Capsule present Lymph nodes, spleen, thymus gland Diffuse lymphatic tissue No capsule present Found in connective tissue of almost all organs
  • 104. 01/30/15 105 Lymphatic Node • Filter lymph before it is returned to the blood • Defense cells within lymph nodes o Macrophages – engulf and destroy foreign substances o Lymphocytes – provide immune response to antigens
  • 105. 01/30/15 106 Lymph nodes, which contain lymphocytes & macrophages, are located along lymphatic pathways. They fight invading microorganisms. Structure of a Lymph Node (gland( vary in size & shape (bean-shaped( hilum – indented region of bean- shaped node, blood vessels & nerves connect at the hilum of the lymph node afferent vessels enter at various points on the convex surface of the node & this is how lymph enters the node efferent vessels (lymphatic vessels) exit at the hilum of the node & lymph leaves the node through these vessels Lymphatic Node
  • 106. 01/30/15 107 Lymph nodules – structural units of the lymph node & are compartments of the node that contain dense masses of actively dividing lymphocytes & macrophages; nodules are associated with the mucous membranes of the respiratory & digestive tracts & found in tonsils, Peyer’s patches of ileum of the small intestine lymph sinuses are spaces within the node Lymphatic Node Structure
  • 108. 01/30/15 109 Lymph nodes aggregate in groups or chains along the paths of larger lymphatic vessels; are absent in the central nervous system Major locations are: Cervical Axillary Inguinal Sub trochlear regions Pelvic, abdominal& thoracic cavities Location : Lymphatic Node
  • 109. 01/30/15 110 2primary functions: Filtering potentially harmful particles from lymph before returning it to the bloodstream & immune surveillance provided by lymphocytes& Macrophages Lymph nodes are the centers for production oflymphocytes that act against foreign particles. lymph nodes contain macrophages that remove foreign particles from lymph Functions : Lymphatic Node
  • 110. 01/30/15 111 Other Lymphoid Organs Several other organs contribute to lymphatic function Spleen Thymus MALT Peyer’s patches Tonsils Others
  • 111. 01/30/15 112 Spleen Located on the left side of the abdomen Filters blood Destroys worn out blood cells Forms blood cells in the fetus Acts as a blood reservoir
  • 112. 01/30/15 113 Spleen Largest lymphatic organ Located between the stomach & diaphragm Structure is similar to a node Capsule present But no afferent vessels or sinuses Histology Red pulp contains all the components of circulating blood White pulp is similar to lymphatic nodules Functions Filters blood Stores blood
  • 114. 01/30/15 115 Thymus Located low in the throat, overlying the heart Functions at peak levels only during childhood Produces hormones (like thymosin) to program lymphocytes
  • 115. 01/30/15 116 Thymus –Location – behind the sternum in the mediastinum –The capsule divides it into 2 lobes –Development •Infant – conspicuous •Puberty – maximum size •Maturity – decreases in size –Function •Differentiation and maturation of T cells
  • 117. 01/30/15 118 Mucosa-Associated Lymphatic Tissue Includes: Peyer’s patches Tonsils Other small accumulations of lymphoid tissue Acts as a guard to protect respiratory and digestive tracts
  • 119. 01/30/15 120 Peyer’s Patches Found in the wall of the small intestine Resemble tonsils in structure Capture and destroy bacteria in the intestine
  • 120. 01/30/15 121 Tonsils Multiple groups of large lymphatic nodules Location – mucous membrane of the oral and pharyngeal cavities
  • 121. 01/30/15 122 Tonsils Palatine tonsils Posterior-lateral walls of the oropharynx Pharyngeal tonsil Posterior wall of nasopharynx Lingual tonsils Base of tongue
  • 123. 01/30/15 124 The hydrostatic pressure of tissue fluid drives the entry of lymph into lymphatic capillaries. Lymph Flow lymph needs help to flow through the lymph vessels forces that help the flow are – contraction of the skeletal muscles, pressure changes due to the action of breathing muscles & contraction of smooth muscles in the walls of the larger lymphatic trunks. The flow of lymph peaks during physical exercise. Obstruction of Lymph Flow Conditions that interfere with lymph movement cause tissue fluids to accumulate in the interstitial spaces, producing edema. Edema can occur as a result of lymphatic tissue being removed Lymph Movement
  • 124. 01/30/15 125 Functions of Lymphatic Sys Drain fluid from around cells Absorb fat from intestines Circulate lymph Filter lymph Immunity
  • 125. 01/30/15 126 Function of the Lymphatic System Defense against harmful organisms and chemicals 2types of defense Nonspecific Specific Specific defense = immunity Humoral immunity involves B cells that become plasma cells which produce antibodies that bind with specific antigens. Cell-mediated immunity involves T cells that directly destroy foreign cells
  • 126. 01/30/15 127 Derivation and Distribution of Lymphocytes
  • 129. 01/30/15 Dr Tayyaba Faisal Anatomy Dept AMC 130
  • 130. 01/30/15 Dr Tayyaba Faisal Anatomy Dept AMC 131
  • 131. 01/30/15 Dr Tayyaba Faisal Anatomy Dept AMC 132

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  51. &amp;lt;number&amp;gt; 30-01-15 FG23_17B.JPG Title: The Spleen Notes: (a) The shape of the spleen roughly conforms to the shapes of adjacent organs; transverse section. (b)Visceral surface of intact spleen; major anatomical landmarks. (c)Histological appearance of the spleen. Keywords: spleen, transverse, abdominopelvic cavity, kidneys, pancreas, hilus, diaphragm, gastrosplenic ligament, stomach, liver, rib, white pulp, visceral surface, gastric area, splenic vein, splenic artery, renal area, histology, trabecular arteries, capsule, red pulp