This presentation has been created by Dr Faisal Qadir with help of various presentations downloaded from net for better understanding of students and teachers
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The circulatory system carries blood and dissolved
substances to and from different parts in the body.
The Heart has the job of pumping these things around
the body.
The Heart pumps blood and substances around the
body in tubes called blood vessels.
The Heart and blood vessels together make up the
Circulatory System.
What is the cardiovascular system?
Cardiovascular System
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lungs
head & arms
liver
digestive system
kidneys
legs
pulmonary artery
aorta
pulmonary vein
main vein
LeftRight
How does this system work?
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Heart
A muscular pump
Moves blood through the body
Is suspended in the pericardial sac
Composed of
four chambers
Divided into right and
left halves
Made up of
cardiac
muscle cells
Aorta
Left pulmonary artery
Left atrium
Left pulmonary
veins
Left ventricle
Superior vena
cava
Right pulmonary
veins
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Inferior vena cava
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Myocardium
The muscle of the heart
Strong and thick
Composed of spontaneously
contracting cardiac
muscle fibers
Can conduct electricity
like nerves
It’s blood supply comes
from the coronary
arteries
Myocardium
(heart muscle)
shown in red
Epicardium
(Outer surface
of myocardium)
Endocardium
(Inner surface of myocardium)
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Structures of the Heart
Chambers
Atria- (2) upper chambers
Thin walled
Receive blood from veins
Send blood to ventricles
Ventricles- (2) lower
chambers
Thick walled
Receive blood from atria
Pump blood out through arteries
Septum
Wall that divides heart into right and left halves
Septum
Pulmonary valve
Right atrium
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle
Left atrium
Aortic valve
Mitral valve
Left ventricle
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Structures of the Heart
Valves
Prevent backflow of blood
Keep blood moving in one
direction
Between the chambers
At junctions of artery
and chamber
Tricuspid valve
Pulmonary veins
Mitral valve
Left atrium
Pulmonary valve
Aortic valve
Right atrium
Valves seen from above
Chordea tendinea
Pulmonary
valve
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Structures of the Heart
Chordae tendinease
“Heart strings”
Cord-like tendons
Connect papillary
muscles to
tricuspid
and mitral valves
Prevent inversion
of valve
Papillary muscles
Small muscles that
anchor the cords
Papillary
muscle
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Blood Vessels
Form a closed circuit
of tubes that carry
blood throughout the
body
Laid end to end, the
blood vessels in an
average human body
will stretch
approximately
62,000 miles……2.5
times around the
earth
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Blood Vessels
Have characteristic
features
Are distinguished by
size, tissue layers
and direction of
blood flow
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There are 3 types of blood vessels
a. Artery
b. Vein
c. Capillary
Blood Vessels
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Classes of blood vessels
Arteries and arterioles carry blood away from
the heart.
Veins and venules carry blood to the heart.
Capillaries allow exchange of nutrients,
wastes and gases.
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Blood Vessels
Arteries
Receive blood from
ventricles
Take blood away
from the heart
Usually carry
oxygenated blood
Thickest vessel walls
Withstand greater blood pressure
Are very elastic
Connect to capillaries
Aorta is the largest artery
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Arterioles
Arterioles branch
off of arteries.
Arterioles can
constrict to
direct and control
blood flow. They
may, for example,
increase or
decrease blood
supply to the skin.
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Blood Vessels
Capillaries
Smallest of blood vessels
Only one cell thick (epithelial cell(
Connect arteries to veins
Bring oxygen
and nutrients
to cells
Removes
CO2, urea,
and other wastes from cells
Where blood is under low pressure and moving slowly
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Blood Vessels
Veins
Transport blood away from capillaries
Carry blood
toward heart
Take blood to atria
Have valves
Thinner vessel
walls with less
smooth muscles
than arteries
Can stretch a great deal
Have larger diameters
Usually carry de-oxygenated blood
Vena cava is the largest vein
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Veins
Veins have thinner walls
than arteries.
Veins have fewer smooth
muscle cells, but do
have valves. How do
valves and the skeletal
muscles help veins
function?
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Blood Vessels
The contraction of muscles compressing veins helps push
blood up through the leg veins back to the heart. The
valves allow the blood to flow towards the heart only.
Calf muscle
relaxed
Calf muscle
contracts
Muscle
squeezes veins
Veins constrict;
blood moves;
valves open
Veins dialated;
blood still;
valves closed
Valves
OPEN
Valves
CLOSED
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Blood Vessels
A network of capillaries runs
close to the cells in every
part of the body. The
capillaries have very thin
walls which allows nutrients
to diffuse through into the
tissues and waste products
to filter back into the
capillaries.
Arteriole Venule
Tissue cells VeinArtery capillaries
Capillaries
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Blood
•What percent of your body is blood?
•How much blood do we contain?
–On average 4-6 liters
–We contain about a pint of
blood for every 15 pounds
of body weight
•Composition of Blood:
–What percent of your blood is
cellular?
–What percent of your blood is
plasma?
8%
45%
55%
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what’s in
red blood cells white blood cells
platelets
plasma
carbon dioxide
digested food
waste (urea)
hormones
oxygen
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Blood
Functions of blood:
Supply oxygen to tissues
Supply nutrients such as glucose, amino acids and
fatty acids to tissues
Removal of wastes such as CO2 ,
urea and lactic acid from
tissues
Immunological functions, including
circulation of white cells, and
detection of foreign material
by antibodies
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Blood
•What is plasma?
–A clear, straw
colored fluid
–What percent
of plasma is
water?
–What’s in plasma?
•Dissolved gasses
•Vitamins
•Minerals
•Salts
•Nutrients
•Enzymes
•Hormones
•Waste products
•Plasma proteins
90%
Buffy coat leukocytes
and platelets
(<1% of whole blood)
Erythrocytes
(45% of whole blood)
Plasma
(55% of whole blood)
Formed
elements
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Plasma
A straw-
coloured
liquid that
carries the
cells and the
platelets
which help
blood clot.
• carbon dioxide
• glucose
• amino acids
• proteins
• minerals
• vitamins
• hormones
• waste materials
like urea.
It also contains useful
things like;
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Blood
•The cellular components are:
–red blood cells
(erythrocytes)
–white blood cells
(leukocytes)
–platelets
(thrombocytes)
•Blood cells are
formed in bone
marrow
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Blood
Red Blood Cell Characteristics
(RBC)- Erythrocyte
Biconcave disks
No nucleus
Contain the iron based pigment hemoglobin
which binds with oxygen to transport it
Life span about 120 days
5billion/1mL of blood = most numerous
Are very small
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Blood
How RBC’s transport
oxygen....Hemoglobin .…
the iron containing
pigment
Hemoglobin makes
red blood cells red
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Blood
White Blood Cell Characteristics
(WBC)- Leukocyte
No definite shape
Have nucleus
Protect body against infection
Life span varies (3 days-a few months)
7,000/1mL of blood
Numbers increase if
infection is present
Larger than RBC’s
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Blood
Types of white blood cells:
Monocytes are the
largest
Neutrophils are the
most numerous
Lymphocytes are
produced by the lymph
tissue
Basophils release
histamines
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Blood
Types of white blood cells:
When a cell undergoes
apoptosis, programmed cell
death, white blood cells called
macrophages consume cell
debris.
The role of a macrophage is
to phagocytize (engulf and
then digest) cellular debris
and pathogens.
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Platelets
Platelets are bits of cell
broken off larger cells.
Platelets produce
tiny fibrinogen
fibres to form a net.
This net traps other
blood cells to form a
blood clot.
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Blood
This is an actual picture of White Blood Cells,
in with some red blood cells. The platelets are
stained purple,
a T-Lymphocyte
white cell is
stained green,
and a Monocyte
white cell is
stained gold as
seen through a
scanning
electron
microscope.
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Blood
Red blood cells and
platelets are the
most numerous.
Of the leukocytes,
neutrophils are the
most numerous
Lymphocytes are the
predominant cell type
responsible for
immune responses.
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Functions : Circulatory System
Brings blood containing
oxygen, nutrients, and
hormones to cells
Transports CO2 and
other wastes away
from cells
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Functions : Circulatory System
Fights infections
Regulates body temperature
Helps stabilize pH and ionic
concentration of body fluids.
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Systemic Circulation
•Takes place on left side of heart
•Oxygenated blood is pumped to
the body
cells thru
the aorta
and other
arteries
•Blood low
in oxygen
returns to
the heart
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Coronary Circulation
Although blood
fills the chambers
of the heart, the
muscle tissue of
the heart is so
thick that it
requires coronary
blood vessels to
deliver blood deep
into the myocardium.
The coronary circulation consists of the blood vessels
that supply blood to, and remove blood from the heart
muscle itself.
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Hepatic Portal System
The liver is the only digestive organ drained by the
inferior vena cava
-blood leaving the capillary beds supplied by the celiac
and superior and inferior mesenteric arteries flows
into the veins of the hepatic portal system
-a blood vessel connecting 2 capillary beds is a portal
vessel and the network is a portal system
Venous blood that absorbs nutrients from the small
intestine, parts of the large intestine, stomach, and
pancreas flows directly to the liver
-regulates levels of nutrients and amino acids in the
circulating blood
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Hypophyseal Portal System
The hypophyseal portal
system (or hypothalamo-
hypophyseal portal system)
is the system of blood
vessels that link the
hypothalamus and the
anterior pituitary in the
brain.
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Hypophyseal Portal System
It allows endocrine
communication between
the two structures. It is
part of the hypothalamic-
pituitary-adrenal axis. The
anterior pituitary receives
releasing and inhibitory
hormones in the blood.
Using these, the anterior
pituitary is able to fulfill
its function of regulating
the other endocrine
glands.
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Hypophyseal Portal System
It is one of three portal
systems of circulation in
the human body; that is,
it involves two capillary
beds connected in series
by venules. The others
are the hepatic portal
system and that in the
kidneys.[1[
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Renal Portal system
The system of veins in
fish and amphibians
taking blood from the
region of the tail or
hind limbs directly to
the kidneys.
replication
the production of exact
copies of complex
molecules during the
growth of living
organisms...
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Circulatory System Disorders
Heart Disease
Risk factors
Older age
Male gender
Cigarette smoking
High cholesterol
Diabetes
Stress
Obesity
Heredity
Physical inactivity
High blood pressure
Quitting smoking, a healthy diet and exercise may
reduce your risk of heart disease
Plaque in
coronary
artery
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Atherosclerosis
Starts with damage or injury to the inner layer of an
artery
Fatty deposits called plaque
build up in the arteries
This causes:
Blockage
in artery
Less
flexible
vessels
High
Blood
Pressure
Circulatory System Disorders
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Hypertension
•High Blood Pressure
Makes the heart
and blood
vessels work
harder
Increases the
chance of heart
disease, heart
attack or stroke
Circulatory System Disorders
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Heart Attack
acute myocardial infarction
Interruption of oxygen
supply to the heart
Causes death of
the heart muscle
Leading cause of
death in both men
and women
Coronary Blockage
Circulatory System Disorders
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•Symptoms
–Chest pain
–Squeezing or heavy pressure
on chest
–Pain that radiates down left
shoulder and arm
–Shortness of breath
–Nausea or vomiting
–Anxiety or Fainting
–Lightheadedness - dizziness
–Palpitations (feeling like
your heart is beating too
fast(
–Sweating, which may be
extreme
Heart Attack
Circulatory System Disorders
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Stroke
Interruption of oxygen supply to the brain
Caused by:
A clot in an artery
in the brain
Breakage of an
artery in the brain
Causes brain cells
to be deprived
of oxygen and die
Circulatory System Disorders
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Circulatory System Disorders
•Embolism occurs
when an object
(usually a blood
clot) migrates
from one part
of the body
(through
circulation)
and causes a blockage (occlusion) of
a blood vessel in another part of the body
•Thrombosis is the formation of
a clot (thrombus) inside a blood
vessel, obstructing the flow of
blood
Thrombosis/Embolism
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Circulatory System Disorders
Hemorrhage is the medical term
for bleeding - the loss of blood
from the body
Hemorrhage generally becomes
dangerous, or even fatal, when
it causes hypovolemia (low blood volume)
or hypotension (low blood pressure(.
Hematoma- a collection
of blood due to
internal
bleeding
(burse(
Hemorrhage
Gingival Hemorrhage
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Circulatory System Disorders
Hem philia
A rare inherited bleeding disorder in which
the blood does not clot normally
The person is missing or has low levels of certain
proteins in the blood called clotting factors
Usually occurs only in males
They suffer prolonged bleeding
even with minor injuries
Bleeding can occur internally,
in joints and muscles,
which causes
swelling and pain Swelling in left knee joint
due to spontaneous bleeding
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Circulatory System Disorders
Anemia
A condition where there is an abnormally low number of
red blood cells circulating in the body or when the
blood does not have enough hemoglobin
The body's tissues are being starved of oxygen
Most common disorder of the red blood cells, affecting
(~) 3.5 million
Americans
There are different
kinds of anemia
Iron Deficiency
Vitamin Deficiency
Hemolytic Anemias
Sickle Cell Anemia
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Circulatory System Disorders
Anemia
A person with anemia
will feel tired, weak,
breathless, and dizzy
They may have a pale
complexion, increased heart
rate, low blood pressure,
and difficulty concentrating
The severity of the symptoms
is related to the severity of
anemia
Iron Deficiency Anemia
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Circulatory System Disorders
•Sickle cell trait- The
person is carrying the
defective gene, but also has
some normal hemoglobin
•Sickle cell anemia-
The person has most or
all of the normal
hemoglobin replaced with
the sickle hemoglobin
Sickle Cell Disease
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Circulatory System Disorders
Valvular stenosis A condition in which there is a narrowing, stiffening,
thickening,fusion or blockage of one or more valves of the heart
Valve Disorders
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Circulatory System Disorders
Aneurysm
Localized, blood-filled dilation (bulge) of a blood vessel caused by
disease or weakening of the vessel wall
Most commonly occur in arteries at the base of the brain and
in the aorta
Can burst and lead to death at any time
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Introduction
The lymphatic system is closely associated with
the cardiovascular system and is comprised of a
network of vessels that circulate body fluids
Lymphatic vessels transport excess fluid away
from interstitial spaces between cells in most
tissues & return it to the bloodstream
Lymphatic vessels called lacteals (located in the
in the lining of the small intestine) absorb fats
resulting from digestion, & then transport fats to
the circulatory system
The organs of the lymphatic system help defend
against disease
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Tissue and fluid becomes lymph once it has entered
a lymphatic capillary; lymph formation depends on
tissue fluid formation.
Tissue Fluid Formation
Tissue fluid originates from blood plasma; it is
composed of H2O & dissolved substances that leave
the blood capillaries by filtration & diffusion; it
generally lacks proteins-can have some small
proteins; as the protein concentration of tissue
fluid rises,the osmotic pressure of the fluid rises
Lymph Formation
Rising osmotic pressure in tissue fluid interferes with
return ofwater to the blood capillaries increasing
pressure within interstitial spaces forces some
tissue fluid into lymphatic
Lymph
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Lymph Function
Lymph returns proteins
that leak out of blood
capillaries to the
bloodstream; it also
transports foreign
particles, such as
bacteria or viruses, to
lymph nodes
Lymph
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Lymphatic Pathways
Lymphatic pathways start as lymphatic capillaries
that merge to form larger vessels that empty into
the circulatory system.
Lymphatic Capillaries are microscopic, close-ended
tubes that extend into interstitial spaces forming
networks that parallel the networks of the blood
capillaries
walls consist of single layer squamous epithelial cells
which enables interstitial fluid to enter the
lymphatic capillaries
lymph – the fluid inside a lymph capillary
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Lymphatic Pathways
Lymphatic Vessels. walls of lymphatic vessels are thinner than walls
of veins have semilunar valves to prevent backflow of Lymph
lymph nodes – specialized lymph organs that are composed of a mass
of lymphoid tissue located along the course of a lymphatic vessel
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Lymphatic Pathways
Lymphatic Trunks and Collecting Ducts. After leaving
lymph nodes the vessels merge to form large
lymphatic trunks which drain lymph & are named
for the region of the body they serve:
lumbar, intestinal, intercostal, bronchomediastinal,
& subclavian trunks
lymphatic trunks join (are drained by) collecting
ducts
The thoracic duct & the right lymphatic duct;
these ducts join the subclavian veins
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Lymph Tissue
3types
Lymphatic nodules
No capsule present
Oval-shaped masses
Found singly or in clusters
Lymphatic organs
Capsule present
Lymph nodes, spleen, thymus gland
Diffuse lymphatic tissue
No capsule present
Found in connective tissue of almost all organs
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Lymphatic Node
• Filter lymph before it is returned to the blood
• Defense cells within lymph nodes
o Macrophages – engulf and destroy foreign substances
o Lymphocytes – provide immune response to antigens
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Lymph nodes, which contain lymphocytes &
macrophages, are located along lymphatic pathways.
They fight invading microorganisms.
Structure of a Lymph Node (gland(
vary in size & shape (bean-shaped(
hilum – indented region of bean- shaped node,
blood vessels & nerves connect at the hilum of the
lymph node
afferent vessels enter at various points on the convex
surface of the node & this is how lymph enters
the node
efferent vessels (lymphatic vessels) exit at the hilum
of the node & lymph leaves the node through these
vessels
Lymphatic Node
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Lymph nodules – structural units of the lymph node & are
compartments of the node that contain dense masses of actively
dividing lymphocytes & macrophages; nodules are associated with
the mucous membranes of the respiratory & digestive tracts & found
in tonsils, Peyer’s patches of ileum of the small intestine
lymph sinuses are spaces within the node
Lymphatic Node Structure
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Lymph nodes aggregate
in groups or chains
along the paths of
larger lymphatic
vessels; are absent in
the central nervous
system
Major locations are:
Cervical
Axillary
Inguinal
Sub trochlear regions
Pelvic, abdominal&
thoracic cavities
Location : Lymphatic Node
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2primary functions:
Filtering potentially harmful particles from lymph
before returning it to the bloodstream & immune
surveillance provided by lymphocytes&
Macrophages
Lymph nodes are the centers for production
oflymphocytes that act against foreign particles.
lymph nodes contain macrophages that remove foreign
particles from lymph
Functions : Lymphatic Node
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Other Lymphoid Organs
Several other organs
contribute to lymphatic
function
Spleen
Thymus
MALT
Peyer’s patches
Tonsils
Others
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Spleen
Located on the left side of the abdomen
Filters blood
Destroys worn out blood cells
Forms blood cells in the fetus
Acts as a blood reservoir
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Spleen
Largest lymphatic organ
Located between the stomach & diaphragm
Structure is similar to a node
Capsule present
But no afferent vessels or sinuses
Histology
Red pulp contains all the components of
circulating blood
White pulp is similar to lymphatic nodules
Functions
Filters blood
Stores blood
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Thymus
Located low in the throat, overlying the heart
Functions at peak levels only during childhood
Produces hormones (like thymosin) to program
lymphocytes
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Thymus
–Location – behind the sternum in the
mediastinum
–The capsule divides it into 2 lobes
–Development
•Infant – conspicuous
•Puberty – maximum size
•Maturity – decreases in size
–Function
•Differentiation and maturation of T cells
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Mucosa-Associated Lymphatic Tissue
Includes:
Peyer’s patches
Tonsils
Other small accumulations of lymphoid tissue
Acts as a guard to protect respiratory and digestive
tracts
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The hydrostatic pressure of tissue fluid drives the
entry of lymph into lymphatic capillaries.
Lymph Flow
lymph needs help to flow through the lymph vessels
forces that help the flow are – contraction of the
skeletal muscles, pressure changes due to the
action of breathing muscles & contraction of
smooth muscles in the walls of the larger
lymphatic trunks. The flow of lymph peaks during
physical exercise.
Obstruction of Lymph Flow
Conditions that interfere with lymph movement
cause tissue fluids to accumulate in the interstitial
spaces, producing edema. Edema can occur as a
result of lymphatic tissue being removed
Lymph Movement
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Functions of Lymphatic Sys
Drain fluid from around cells
Absorb fat from intestines
Circulate lymph
Filter lymph
Immunity
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Function of the Lymphatic System
Defense against harmful organisms and chemicals
2types of defense
Nonspecific
Specific
Specific defense = immunity
Humoral immunity involves B cells that become
plasma cells which produce antibodies that
bind with specific antigens.
Cell-mediated immunity involves T cells that
directly destroy foreign cells