2. WHAT IS INCIDENT?
An unexpected, unplanned event in
a sequence of events
That occurs through a combination
of causes
3. RESULT OF INCIDENT
Physical harm (injury, ill-health or
disease) to an individual,
•Damage to property,
•A near-miss, a loss
•Any combination of these effects
4. ACCIDENT
Unplanned event results in mishap
(personal injury or property damage).
Accidents are the result of the failure of
people, equipment, materials, or
environment to react as expected.
Allaccidents have consequences or
outcomes.
5. PREVENTION OF INCIDENT
Good Management
How:
1. Management and workers
must fully cooperate
2. Top management must lead
3. There must be an OSH policy
6. PREVENTION OF INCIDENT
Good Management
How:
4. Must have organization and
resources to implement policy
5. Best available information (and
technology) must be applied
7. TYPE OF INCIDENT
1. Serious Personal Injury
- A injury/disease cause at work
that need:
a. To given emergency medical
treatment by a registered medical
practitioner
b. treated in a hospital as a
casualty, without being admitted
to the hospital; or admitted to
hospital;
8. EXAMPLE OF SPI
1. a wound which requires sutures
(stitches)
2. a fracture of any part of the
body
3. knocked unconscious
9. TYPE OF INCIDENT
2.Fatality
- death
3. Incapacity 30 or more days
- An employee is unable to work for
30 or more consecutive days or
shifts
10. TYPE OF INCIDENT
4. Minor injury
- An employee is injured and is:
a. Unable to work for between 1 and
4 days
b. Sees a doctor, nurse, or first aid
attendant and attend medical
centre but is not given emergency
medical treatment
12. TYPE OF INCIDENT
5.Exposure
- An event where an employee
comes into contact with a
substance or circumstance which
does not lead to an immediate
injury or illness.
14. TYPE OF INCIDENT
6. Dangerous Occurrence
- An incident where no person is
injured, but could have been
injured, resulting in Serious
Personal Injury, Incapacity or
Death. Commonly called a ‘near
miss.’
15. EXAMPLE OF DANGEROUS
OCCURENCE
1. Emergency evacuation from a
facility
2. Negligent Discharge (ND) of a
weapon
3.Plant or property damage that
could have killed or injured a
person but didn’t.
17. THE THEORY…
1. injuries result from a complete
series factor, one of which is
the accident itself
2. An accident occur only as a result
of unsafe act by
person/physical/mechanical hazard
18. THE THEORY…
3. accident are result of unsafe
behavior by people
4. An unsafe act by person or unsafe act
by condition does not always
immediate result in accident/injury
5. the reason why people commit
unsafe act can serve as helpful
guide in selecting corrective
action
19. THE THEORY…
6. the severity of an accident is largely
fortuitous and the accident that are
cause are largely preventable
7. The best accident prevention techniques are
analogous with the best quality and
productive technique
8. Management should assume
responsibility for safety since it is in the
best position to get result. Supervisor is
an important person
20. HEINRICH’S SAY…
The factors can be visualized as
a series of dominoes standing
on edge; when one falls, the
linkage required for a chain
reaction is completed
22. FACTOR IN HEINRICH THEORY
1. Lack of management system and
control
Example :
negative character - Recklessness,
stubbornness,
bad work practices
fail to establish OSH management
no PPE, safety training, absent
caution sign, no emergency procedure
23. FACTOR IN HEINRICH THEORY
2. Job Factor
Example :
complex job and tasks
high risk job (work with machineries,
working at high place)
lack of engineering control (e.g.
engineering barrier)
Worn out tool, bad quality part, unstable
process
24. FACTOR IN HEINRICH THEORY
3. Personal Factor
Example :
Worker who have not acquired the
necessary skill level and inexperience
Doing task which is not familiar
Attitude of worker
Stress level of the worker
25. FACTOR IN HEINRICH THEORY
4. Unsafe and substandard work
condition
Example :
Inadequate guards/barrier/caution and
warning level
Messy housekeeping
crowded and congested work station
26. FACTOR IN HEINRICH THEORY
5. Unsafe act or substandard
practice
Example :
Bad working habit
Ignoring their work safety
Doing task dangerously
27. FACTOR IN HEINRICH THEORY
6. Accident
Example :
Fall
Impact of moving object
Trapp in moving system
Burn/Fire
Explosion
28. FACTOR IN HEINRICH THEORY
6. Incident
Example :
Infliction of human body
When there is an injury or property
damage
30. THE THEORY
1. There are may be many contributory
factors, causes and sub-causes and that
certain combinations of these give rise to
accidents.
2. May be more than one cause, not only in
sequence, but occurring at the same
time
3. Accident is the result of single cause or
act –Simple accident (single cause)
major accident (multiple cause)
31. THE THEORY
Cause a
Cause b Unsafe Act
Cause c
Accident Injury or
Damage
Cause d
Cause e Unsafe
Condition
Cause f
32. CONTRIBUTORY FACTOR
Behavioural.
- This category includes factors pertaining
to the worker, such as improper attitude,
lack of knowledge, lack of skills and
inadequate physical and mental condition.
33. CONTRIBUTORY FACTOR
Environmental. This category includes
improper guarding of other hazardous
work elements and degradation of
equipment through use and unsafe
procedures.
36. THE THEORY
Frank E. Bird Jr. renamed the domino's
and made clear the relation between the
undesired event and its consequences and
the Management System via Direct and
Basic or "root" Causes.
37. THE THEORY
The Loss Causation Model should be
applied to each barrier in turn, effectively
treating each barrier failure as a loss. This
is in contrast to the original approach of
applying the model to the entire incident.
39. BASIC CAUSES
the real cause(s) of an accident/incident and
the reasons why it occurred
an incident is a cause that, when corrected,
would result in long-term prevention of
similar incidents.
Example:
inadequate design, lack of knowledge or skill,
physical and physiological stress
40. 9 DOMINANT OF BASIC CAUSES
1. Lack of Knowledge (Training)
A person doesn’t have the knowledge to
safely perform the job.
The person couldn’t perform the task
safely if his/her life depended on it
If questioned, the person couldn’t tell you
how to safely perform the task.
41. 9 DOMINANT OF BASIC CAUSES
2. Employee Placement
The person placed on the job:
has a physical deficiency (bad eyesight,
weak back, etc);
is not physically capable of performing the
job safely (small stature, out of shape,
etc).
42. 9 DOMINANT OF BASIC CAUSES
3. Not Enforcing Safe Work Practices
Established safe work practices are not
followed because:
• they lack credibility, eg they are
inconsistent, unrealistic
• it is believed that they conflict with other
company goals, eg production;
• the method used is the normal,
accepted practice.
43. 9 DOMINANT OF BASIC CAUSES
4. Engineering
The system is such that it:
• requires extra effort to be safe;
• contains built-in hazards, eg nip points,
etc;
• doesn’t safely meet job requirements.
44. 9 DOMINANT OF BASIC CAUSES
5. Inadequate Personal Protective
Equipment (PPE)
• Personal protective equipment is not
provided.
• The equipment selected is not adequate
to protect against the hazards.
45. 9 DOMINANT OF BASIC CAUSES
6. Inadequate Inspection/Maintenance
Systems
Systems are not:
• established to ensure that critical items
are inspected and maintained;
• being followed due to inadequate tracking
systems.
46. 9 DOMINANT OF BASIC CAUSES
7. Purchasing Inadequate/Inferior
Equipment
Equipment is purchased that:
• lacks safety features, eg railings,
guarding, etc;
• is inadequate to safely meet job
requirements
47. 9 DOMINANT OF BASIC CAUSES
8. Inadequate Feedback System
• The person’s behavior was motivated by
the perception that management
recognition, peer acceptance, saving time,
etc, is more important than performing
the job safely.
• Insufficient or no feedback is given
regarding actual versus expected safety
performance.
48. 9 DOMINANT OF BASIC CAUSES
9. Unsafe Method
• Established or accepted safe work
practices prove to be unsafe.
• A newly developed safe work practice
proves to be unsafe
50. DEFINITION
1.The direct cause of an incident is the
immediate events or conditions that
caused the incident
2. The direct cause is usually the result of
one or more unsafe acts or unsafe
conditions, or both
3. Direct causes are the unsafe acts or
conditions that directly cause the safety
incident.
51. DIRECT CAUSE MAY HAPPEN…
1. causes that are related to a person and
an act, and
2. causes that are related to the actual
(work) environment or conditions.
52. CATEGORY OF DIRECT CAUSE
Substandard (or unsafe) act
Operating without authority
Failure to warn
Substandard (or unsafe) condition
Inadequate guards/barrier
Defective tool, material, equipment
54. DEFINITION
other factors relating to an
accident/incident in the workplace which
do not directly cause the
accident/incident.
Indirect causes can be the physical or
emotional conditions that could allow
unsafe acts to occur or the can be
individual inadequacies caused by a poor
work environment or social conditions.
55. DEFINITION
Some indirect causes could be the a
culture of inattention or indifference to
safety policies, inadequate leadership,
excessive work or physical arrangement
or orderliness of the work place
56. BASIC,DIRECT , INDIRECT
Direct Causes Indirect Causes Basic Cause
Struck Failure to No oversight
by/against secure
Falls Guarding Poor
maintenance.
Impact Defect Engineering
(vehicle)
Contact with…. Environmental Stress
58. DESIGN COST
Cost that are used to develop prevention
equipment for accident/incident in
workplace.
Example :
a. install machine guard
b. Warning Sign
59. OPERATIONAL COST
Cost that are used to aware workers on
Safety and health in workplace
Example:
a. OSH training Cost
b. PPE Cost
60. SAFE GUARDING OF THE FUTURE
COST
Cost that are used to make sure safety in
workplace
Example:
a. health surveillance,
b. audits
62. MANAGEMENT COMMITMENT
1. Employer, plant manager must willing to
take responsibility for OSH as an integral
part of their job
2. How:
a. establish OSH policies
b. stimulate awareness on safety and
health
c. Employ a competent person to
coordinate the safety and health
program.
d. Educate Worker
63. ACCIDENT PREVENTION PROGRAM
Basic activity must be carried:
a Organizing OSH promotions and
environmental awareness programs
b. Provide training and awareness
program
c.Provide PPE,housekeeping,MSDS and
chemical handling program
d. Safety inspection and safety audit at
workplace
64. TRAINNING
Departmental Training must be done to give
new employee additional safety training
before they begin work, such as:
A. Hazard inherent on the job or within the
department
B. Safeguards and precautionary measures
for those hazard
C. PPE required on the job, instruction for its
proper care and use
D. Location of emergency, exit and telephone
E. Location of fire extinguisher
65. TYPE OF TRAINNING
1. Housekeeping Training
2. PPE Training
3. Safety and Health Training
66. SAFETY TRAINNING
The new employee needs to given
orientation to acquire knowledge:
A. Company OSH rules
B. Employee’s responsibility towards OSH
C. Type of PPE available
D. Location of medical/first aid facilities
E. Procedure for reporting job related
injuries/job hazard/defective or unsafe
equipment/condition.
67. TRAINNING ARE NEEDED TO
Newly hired employee
Employees reassigned to others job
Employee returning to work after external
layoff period or medical leave
When new equipment and process are
introduced or installed
When need arises to improve or update
safe work practice and procedure
