Vibrato is a musical effect produced by incorporating a pulsating change in pitch, which adds expression to singing and instrumental music. It is characterized by the amount of pitch variation and the speed at which the pitch is varied. Tremolo is a quivering effect caused by rapid repetition of a single tone's volume. Portamento is a smooth glide between tones, especially in voice or bowed strings. MIDI is a standardized digital language that allows electronic instruments and computers to communicate, translating performance data into messages that can control sound production and recording in a connected network.

1. VibratoVibrato
 Musical effect produced in singing or on musicalMusical effect produced in singing or on musical
instruments by incorporating a pulsating periodicinstruments by incorporating a pulsating periodic
change in pitch (FM)change in pitch (FM)
 Adds expression and vocal qualities to instrumentalAdds expression and vocal qualities to instrumental
musicmusic
 Characterised by amount of pitch variation (depth ofCharacterised by amount of pitch variation (depth of
vibrato) and speed with which the pitch is variedvibrato) and speed with which the pitch is varied
(speed of vibrato)(speed of vibrato)
 Pitch: perceived fundamental freq - may differ fromPitch: perceived fundamental freq - may differ from
actual frequency because of overtones (partials)actual frequency because of overtones (partials)

2. FM VideoFM Video
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ens-sChK1F0http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ens-sChK1F0

3. TremoloTremolo
 A quivering effect produced by rapid repetition of aA quivering effect produced by rapid repetition of a
single frequency or tone (AM)single frequency or tone (AM)
 Usually refers to periodic variations in the volumeUsually refers to periodic variations in the volume
(amplitude) of a musical note(amplitude) of a musical note
 In practice, it is difficult for a singer or musicalIn practice, it is difficult for a singer or musical
instrument player to produce a pure vibrato orinstrument player to produce a pure vibrato or
tremolo. Variations in both pitch and volume aretremolo. Variations in both pitch and volume are
often achieved simultaneously. However, electronicoften achieved simultaneously. However, electronic
manipulation or generation of signals could make itmanipulation or generation of signals could make it
possible to achieve pure tremolo or vibrato.possible to achieve pure tremolo or vibrato.

4. AM VideoAM Video
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ZMPcPR7W3Qhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ZMPcPR7W3Q

5. PortamentoPortamento
 A smooth uninterrupted glide in passing from oneA smooth uninterrupted glide in passing from one
tone to another, especially in voice or on bowedtone to another, especially in voice or on bowed
stringed instrumentstringed instrument
 A musical term primarily denoting a vocal slideA musical term primarily denoting a vocal slide
between two pitches and its emulation bybetween two pitches and its emulation by
instruments such as the violininstruments such as the violin

6. MIDIMIDI
• Standardized digital communication languageStandardized digital communication language
that allows multiple electronic instruments,that allows multiple electronic instruments,
controllers and a computers to communicatecontrollers and a computers to communicate
with one another in real and non-real timewith one another in real and non-real time
within a connected networkwithin a connected network
• Translates performance and control events intoTranslates performance and control events into
digital messages – transmits these to other digitaldigital messages – transmits these to other digital
devices where they are translated back todevices where they are translated back to
performance/control/data recordingperformance/control/data recording

8. • This digital language allows musicians toThis digital language allows musicians to
– Compose a wide range of sound sources and instrumentCompose a wide range of sound sources and instrument
timberstimbers
– Have complete control over voices, their tonal quality andHave complete control over voices, their tonal quality and
blendblend

9. • All electronic devices/instruments are addressed withinAll electronic devices/instruments are addressed within
the network through transmission of control relatedthe network through transmission of control related
messages pertaining concurrently with real timemessages pertaining concurrently with real time
performance.performance.
• It is possible for each voice or device to be addressedIt is possible for each voice or device to be addressed
by attaching channel nos. to these messages upon anyby attaching channel nos. to these messages upon any
of the 16 discrete data channels over a single MIDIof the 16 discrete data channels over a single MIDI
data-line. The advantages:data-line. The advantages:
– Greater degree of performance and parameter control overGreater degree of performance and parameter control over
each deviceeach device
– Enables the engineer to record, control and reproduce in aEnables the engineer to record, control and reproduce in a
multitrack environment.multitrack environment.

10. • All electronic devices/instruments are addressed withinAll electronic devices/instruments are addressed within
the network through transmission of control relatedthe network through transmission of control related
messages pertaining concurrently with real timemessages pertaining concurrently with real time
performance.performance.
• It is possible for each voice or device to be addressedIt is possible for each voice or device to be addressed
by attaching channel nos. to these messages upon anyby attaching channel nos. to these messages upon any
of the 16 discrete data channels over a single MIDIof the 16 discrete data channels over a single MIDI
data-line. The advantages:data-line. The advantages:
– Greater degree of performance and parameter control overGreater degree of performance and parameter control over
each deviceeach device
– Enables the engineer to record, control and reproduce in aEnables the engineer to record, control and reproduce in a
multitrack environment.multitrack environment.