1. Language is one of the fundamental bases of human intelligence and a key part of human culture. Physiology of Language

4. Location of language areas

5. The probable sequence of events when a subject names a visual object (horizontal section of hum- an brain)

10. conduction aphasia Lesion in the auditory cortex (areas 40, 41 &42) p atients can speak relatively well and have good auditory comprehension but cannot put parts of words together or conjure up words. This is called conduction aphasia because it was thought to be due to lesions of the arcuate fasciculus connecting Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas.

11. anomic aphasia When there is a lesion damaging the angular gyrus. There is trouble understanding written language or pictures, because visual information is not processed and transmitted to Wernicke’s area.

12. Type of Aphasia and Site of Lesion Characteristic Naming Errors Nonfluent (Broca’s area) Fluent (Wernicke’s area) Fluent (areas 40, 41 and 42; conduction aphasia) Anomic (angular gyrus) “ Tssair” “ Stool” or “choss” (neologism) “ Flair . . . no, swair . . . tair” “ I know what it is . . . I have a lot of them” Aphasias. Characteristic responses of patients with lesions in various areas when shown a picture of a chair

13. Motor Aphasia Broca's Area Causes unable to interpret the thought Sensory Aphasia Wernicke's Aphasia Global Aphasia word blindness called dyslexia visual association areas word deafness auditory association areas LESION FAETURES AREA

16. Lesions limited to the left temporal pole (area 38) cause inability to retrieve names of places and persons but preserves the ability to retrieve common nouns. Stuttering , associated with right cerebral dominance and widespread overactivity in the cerebral cortex, cerebellum and supplementary motor area.

21. The greater brain weight of men is due to more neural components involved in getting from place to place and that this is why men resist asking directions when lost, whereas women do not hesitate to seek help.

24. THANK YOU Acknowledgement to Prof Fawazia Al-Rouq