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1. GRAMMAR / STRUCTURE
A. TENSES
1. Past Future Perfect Tense
Past Future Perfect Tense adalah bentuk waktu yang digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu
peristiwa atau perbuatan yang akan telah terjadi atau akan telah dilakukan di waktu
tertentu di masa lampau.
CATATAN: Pada Past Future Perfect Tense semua subject menggunakan kata “Have”
sebagai Auxiliary Verb.
Rumus dan Contoh Kalimat Past Future Perfect Tense
Mengekspresikan kalimat Past Future Perfect Tense yang menggunakan kata kerja
(VERB)
+
Subject + Would / Should + Have + Verb 3 + Object
Subject + Would / Should + NOT + Have + Verb 3 + Object
?
Would / Should + Subject + Have + Verb 3 + Object?
?
Question Word + Would / Should + Subject + Have + Verb 3 + Object?
Contoh :
+
Anna would have finished her college by the time. I finished my college in
the university two years ago.
?
?
I would not have sent her a letter yesterday.
Should my father have worn jeans to the party yesterday night?
How long would you have waited her in in the park? The weather was
very cool last night.
Mengekspresikan kalimat Past Future Perfect Tense yang tidak menggunakan kata kerja
(NON VERB)
+
Subject + Would / Should + Have + been + Object
?
?
Subject + Would / Should + NOT + Have + been + Object
Would / Should + Subject + Have + been + Object?
Question Word + Would / Should + Subject + Have + been + Object?
Contoh :
+
My brother looked for his stuff. He would have been here yesterday night
?
?
The flowers should not have been wilted last night.
Would this novel have been here?
How many hours should Mr. Jim have been at the office by the end of this
week?

2. Keterangan waktu untuk Past Future Perfect Tense yang digunakan adalah:
By next month, by the next year, by the end of this month, by the end of this day, by the
end of this year, etc.
2. Past future perfect continuous tense adalah suatu bentuk kata kerja untuk
membicarakan aksi yang akan telah berlangsung selama sekian lama pada titik waktu
tertentu di masa lampau. Aksi pada past future perfect continuous tense biasanya
berdurasi waktu tertentu. Tense ini mirip dengan future perfect continuous tense, namun
realisasi dari aksi pada past future continuous tense sudah dapat diketahui sekarang.
Rumus Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense
Past future perfect continuous tense dibentuk dengan auxiliary verb would, have, been
dan present participle (v1-ing).
Secara umum past future perfect continuous tense hanya terjadi pada aksi
berupa dynamic verb, tidak stative verb karena umumnya hanya dynamic verb yang
memiliki bentuk continuous. [Baca: Stative Verb dengan Bentuk Progressive]
Dengan demikian rumus past future perfect continuous tense untuk kalimat positif,
negatif, dan interogatif adalah sebagai berikut.
Jenis
Kalimat
Rumus
Contoh Past Future Perfect Continuous
Tense
positif
(+)
S + would + have + been + V1ing/present participle
I/you/she/he/it would have been driving
negatif
(-)
S + would + not + have + been +
V1-ing/present participle
I/you/she/he/it would not have been driving
interogatif Would + S + have + been + V1ing/present participle
(?)
They/we would have been working
They/we would not have been working
Would I/you/she/he/it have been driving
Would they/we have been working

3. Contoh Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense
Beberapa contoh kalimat past future perfect continuous tense dengan fungsi-fungsinya
adalah sebagai berikut.
Fungsi
Contoh Kalimat Past Future Perfect Continuous
Tense
They would have been learning English grammar for
two years by the end of last month.
(Mereka akan telah belajar gramatika bahasa Inggris
selama dua tahun pada akhir bulan lalu.)
Past future perfect continuous
tense untuk memberitahukan berapa
lama suatu aksi akan sudah terjadi
(period of time) atau sampai waktu
tertentu di masa lampau.
Nisa and her family would have been living at their new
house by the end of this week last month.
(Nisa dan keluargaya akan telah menempati rumah baru
mereka akhir bulan ini pada tahun lalu.)
By the time the supervisor arrived, the water would have
been flowing out of tank X into tank Y at a constant rate.
(Pada saat pengawas tiba, air akan telah mengalirdari
tangki X ke dalam tangki Y dengan laju konstan.
Past future perfect tense digunakan
pada continuous unreal conditional
sentence. Mirip dengan conditional
sentence type 3 „biasa‟, namun
berbeda di bagian „result‟ — tidak
menggunakan past future perfect
melainkan past future perfect
continuous tense.
Rumus:
if + past perfect, past future perfect
continuous tense
If his visa had been approved, He would have been
working abroad for a week.
(Jika visa dia telah disetujui, dia akan telah bekerja
selama seminggu.)

4. B. THE DEGREE OF COMPARISONS
The Degrees of Comparison (tingkat perbandingan) adalah istilah dalam bahasa
inggris yang merupakan tingkat-tingkat perbandingan pada kata sifat (Adjectives).
Adapun berdasarkan tingkatannya, The Degrees of Comparison dibagi menjadi 3
golongan :
1. Positive degree. (Tingkat positif / biasa)
2. Comparative degree. (Tingkat perbandingan / lebih) , Bentuk Comparative dibuat dari
bentuk positif yang ditambah dengan akhiran –er atau –r dan awalan more.
3. Superlative degree. (Tingkat terbaik/ paling), Bentuk Superlative dibentuk dari bentuk
positif yang ditambah dengan akhiran –est atau –st dan awalan most.
POSITIF DEGREE
Positif degree digunakan untuk menyatakan sesuatu seperti apa adanya.kalimat yang dibuat adalah
bentuk kalimat positif. contoh:
a. He is fat
b. That book is thick
c .You are clever
COMPARATIVE DEGREE
Comparative degree digunakan untuk menyatakan tingkatan lebih yaitu memperbandingkan hal satu
dengan yang lainya.
cara membuat kalimanya menggunakan rumus:
a. Untuk adjectives atau adverbs yang mempunyai satu atau dua suku kata
..... Adjectives/adverbs+ER+Than.....
Contoh:
My pen is cheaper than your pen
ou are smarter than me
Dwi erm Study harder than jhon
b. Untuk Adjectives/adverbs yang mempunyai 3 suku kata atau lebi
...... More+Adjectives/Adverbs+Than.....
Contoh:
Dina is more beautiful than Dwi
Study English is more expensive than in the cottage
c.
Adverbs yang berakhiran ly walaupun tidak mempunyai 3 suku kata atau lebih,boleh juga
menggunakan rumus:
..... More+Adverbs+Than.....

5. Contoh:
He study more seriously than her
could you speak more slowly?
SUPERLATIVE DEGREE
digunakan untuk sesuatu menjadi yang ter atau paling diantara yang lainya.
cara pembentukannya adalah:
..... The+Adjectives/adverbs+EST
a.
Untuk adjectives/adverb yang mempunyai 1 atau 2 suku kata saja
contoh:
I am the youngest in my family
Dwi is the cleverest in class
Bandung is the coldest city in Indonesia
..... The Most+Adjectiv/adverb.....
b.
Untuk adjectives/adverbs yang mempunyai 3 suku kata atau lebih
contoh:
The most original picture of mona lisa was lost last night
This sunday is the most enjoyable day in this year.
PENGECUALIAN
1.
Adjectives/adverbs yang mempunyai 1 atau 2 suku kata comparativenya menggunakan rumus:
..... More............. Than ..........
Untuk Superlativenya menggunakan rumus
............. The Most ..................
berikut ini daftar kekecualian adjective/adverbs :
Afraid(Takut)
Careful(Hati-hati)
Certain(pasti)
Famous(Terkenal)
Honest(Jujur)

6. Useful(berguna)
Often(Sering)
Beberapa jenis adjectives dan adverb yang sama sekali tidak menggunakan aturan baku seperti yang
telah disebutkan sebelumnya hal ini sering disebut dengan irregular comparison(Tingkat perbandingan
yang tidak beraturan) contoh:
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
arti
Bad/Badly ... Worse than...
The worst
jelek
Far
... Farther than..
The farthest
jauh
Good/well
...Better than....
The best
baik
Little
...Less than ...
The least
sedikit
Late
... Late than ....
The latest
lambat
Much/many ... More than...
The most
banyak
Old
The eldest
tua
...Elder than...
C. THE EXPRESSION TO MAKE REQUEST/ INVITATION AND PREFERENCES
3. Request/ Ivitation adalah kalimat yang meminta seseorang untuk melakukan sesuatu.
Request :
Menggunakan tanda titik (.) atau tanda tanya (?) untuk mengakhiri kalimat
Digunakan untuk bertanya atau meminta seseorang untuk melakukan sesuatu
Sering menggunakan kata-kata seperti could, would, dll
Contoh :
a. Could you help me please ?
b. Would you answer the phone ?
c. Would you come to my party ?
d. Could you turn on the light ?
4. Preference
Preferences (pilihan/ preferensi) dapat digunakan ketika seseorang akan memberikan
suatu saran, menawarkan sesuatu atau meminta pendapat orang lain tentang apa yang
harus (lebih baik) dilakukan. Terkadang orang meminta pendapat kepada anda dan
anda dapat memberikan atau mengutarakan pilihan anda. Sementara disisi lain
terkadang menawarkan sesuatu kepada anda dan anda harus mengutarakan pilihan

7. anda dengan sopan jika anda tidak ingin melakukan sesuatu yang sudah ditawarkan,
atau mungkin lebih memilih untuk melakukan sesuatu lainnya.
Contoh Kalimat Preferences
A: Would you like to go to the cinema tonight?
B: I would rather go shopping.
A: Maukah kamu pergi ke bioskop malam ini?
B: Saya lebih suka pergi belanja.
A: Would you like to have some Japanese food?
B: I would prefer eating Chinese. What do you think?
A: Maukah kamu makan makanan Jepang?
B: Saya lebih suka makan makanan Cina. Bagaimana menurut kamu?
A: What are we going to do today? The weather is good.
B: I think we should go to the beach.
Why don’t we go to the beach?
Let’s go to the beach.
How about going to the beach?
A: Apa yang akan kita lakukan hari ini? Cuacanya bagus.
B: Saya rasa kita seharusnya pergi ke pantai.
Kenapa kita tidak pergi ke pantai saja.
Mari kita pergi ke pantai.
Bagaimana jika pergi ke pantai.
Rumus, Macam-macam dan Contoh Preferences
Preferences
Prefer
Rumus
Prefer + to infinitive
Prefer + nouns + to + nouns
Contoh Kalimat
They prefer to stay at
home.
(Dia lebih suka tinggal
di rumah)
My mother prefers apple
to lemon juice.
(Ibu saya lebih suka jus
apel daripada jus lemon)
Prefer + Verb -ing + to + Verb -ing She prefers swimming
to dancing.
Would rather
Would rather + bare infinitives
(Dia lebih suka berenang
daripada berdansa)
I would rather study

8. (kata kerja tanpa “to”)
now.
(Saya lebih baik belajar
sekarang)
Would rather + bare infinitives She would rather stay
+ than + bare infinitives
home than go shopping.
(Dia lebih baik tinggal
di rumah saja daripada
berbelanja)
Would rather + bare infinitives + She would rather speak
nouns + than + bare infinitives + Japan
than
speak
nouns
English.
Would prefer
to
(Dia
lebih
suka
berbicara bahasa Jepang
daripada
bahasa
Inggris.)
Would prefer + to infinitives They would prefer to
+ rather than + bare infinitives
sing rather than dance.
(Mereka lebih baik
bernyanyi saja daripada
menari)
Would prefer + to infinitives + You would prefer to
nouns + rather than + bare play ball rather than
infinitives + nouns
take a sleep.
Like
(Kamu
lebih
baik
bermain bola daripada
tidur)
Like + nouns / (Verb + ing) I like singing a song
+ better than + nouns / (Verb + better than playing a
ing)
guitar.
(Saya
lebih
suka
bernyanyi
daripada
bermain gitar)
I like coffee better than
milk.
Had better
Had better + bare infinitives
(Saya lebih suka kopi
daripada teh)
You had better study
hard.

9. (Kamu
lebih
baik
belajar yang giat)
Had better + not + bare infinitives I had better not tell her
(bentuk negative)
the truth.
It’s time
Instead of
(Saya lebih baik tidak
mengatakan
yang
sebenarnya kepada dia)
It‟s time + to infinitives
It’s time to get up.
It‟s time + Subject + (Bentuk Past/ It’s time you went away.
lampau)
Instead of + Gerund/ Nouns
I prefer staying home
instead of going out.
Instead of kita
gunakan
sebagai
pengganti
dari: to, than,
better than,
rather than
They would rather eat
their dinner instead of
work.
I would prefer to invite
her instead of him.
She likes me instead of
him.
Penggunaan Preferences
Kita sering menggunakan kata seperti: “prefer, would prefer, would rather” untuk menanyakan
tentang pilihan (preferences). Contohnya:
“I prefer living with my uncle”.
“Would you prefer to watch a movie or go to a church”?
“Would you rather go fishing with me”?
Contoh kalimat di atas memiliki arti yang sedikit berbeda, ini merupakan alasan mengapa pelajar
bahasa inggris sering mengalami kesusahan. Silahkan perhatikan perbedaan penggunaan
preferences di bawah ini:
1. Perbedaan Pada Arti:
Kita cenderung menggunakan kata “prefer” untuk membicarakan tentang kesukaan, tidak suka,
dan apa yang kita inginkan, contohnya:
“He prefers reading a magazine”.
(Dia lebih suka membaca majalah)
“I prefer going to the beach than going to a swimming pool”.

10. (Saya lebih suka pergi ke pantai daripada pergi ke kolam renang)
Sedangkan untuk penggunaan kata “would prefer” dan “would rather”, digunakan lebih
spesifik, contohnya:
“I would prefer to see him personally.” (Saya lebih baik menemui dia secara pribadi)
“I would rather go home now.” (Saya lebih baik pulang sekarang)
2. Perbedaan Pada Bentuk Kata Kerjanya:
“I prefer living in a town”.
(Diikuti gerund, menggunakan akhiran “-ing”)
“I would prefer to be told the truth”.
(Diikuti oleh infinitive, menggunakan “to + Verb 1”)
“Would you rather stay at an apartment”?
(Diikuti oleh bentuk dasar dari verb (kata kerja)/ Verb 1 tanpa “to”)
3. Perbedaan penggunaan Preposition (Prepoisi) untuk menentukan pilihan:
“Prefer” dan “would prefer” diikuti oleh preposisi “to”, contohnya:
“I prefer living in a town to living in the village”.
“I would rather being alone to being with the wrong person”.
“Would rather” diikuti oleh preposisi “than”, contohnya:
“I would rather talk to him in person than call him on the phone”.

11. D. ACTIVE AND PASIVE VOICE
Passive voice adalah suatu grammatical construction (bentuk gramatikal) dimana subject pada
sentence (kalimat) atau clause (klausa) tidak melakukan aksi, melainkan menerima aksi atau
ditindaklanjuti (receiver of action) oleh agent lain (doer of action) baik disebutkan ataupun
tidak.
Sebaliknya, pada konstruksi active, subject pada sentence atau clause berhubungan langsung
dengan verb dengan bertindak sebagai pelaku aksi. Kalimat aktif dapat ditransformasi menjadi
pasif, namun hanya transitive verb (mempunyai direct object) yang dapat diberlakukan
demikian.
Rumus Passive Voice
Rumus passive voice adalah sebagai berikut di bawah ini.
Catatan:
Auxiliary verb dapat berupa primary auxiliary verb be (is, are, am, was, were, be,
been, being) maupun kombinasi antara dua primary (is/are being, was/were being,
has/have been) maupun antara primary dan modal auxiliary verb (will be, will
have been).
Kombinasi auxiliary digunakan pada bentuk pasif pada tenses. Penjelasan lebih
lengkap dapat dilihat di Bentuk Pasif pada Tenses, Infinitive, dan Gerund.
Past participle yang digunakan berupa kata kerja transitive (memiliki direct
object).
Contoh: She can‟t drive a car. (active voice, transitive), He always come on
time. (active voice, intransitive)
Perubahan bentuk dari base form ke past tense dan past participle secara regular
maupun irregular.
Contoh: Play (base form) —> played (past participle), sing (base form) —>
sung (past participle)

12. Contoh Passive Voice pada Auxiliary Verb be:
Komponen
Contoh Kalimat Passive Voice
Subject
be
PP
I
am
paid
I am paid in dollars.
(Saya dibayar dalam dollar.)
the red velvet recipe
is
used
The red velvet recipe is used by many people.
(Resep red velvet tsb digunakan oleh banyak orang.)
all of my shoes
are washed
large amounts of meat
and milk
Large amounts of meat and milk are consumed by many
people in the countries.
are consumed
(Sejumlah besar daging dan susu dikonsumsi oleh banyak
orang di negara-negara tsb.)
the book
was edited
The book was edited by Beatrice Sparks.
(Buku tsb disunting oleh Beatrice Sparks.)
the books
were edited
The books were edited by Beatrice Sparks.
(Buku-buku tsb disunting oleh Beatrice Sparks.)
All of my shoes are washed every month.
(Semua sepatu saya dicuci setiap bulan.)
Pengecualian pada Transitive Verbs
Tidak semua transitive verb, kata kerja yang memiliki direct object, dapat dipasifkan. Beberapa
kata kerja tersebut yang antara lain: have, become, lack, look like, mean, dll akan terdengar tidak
wajar maknanya ketika dipasifkan. Beberapa contoh kalimat dari kata kerja tersebut adalah
sebagai berikut.
E. DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
Direct Speech (Kalimat Langsung) ialah kata-kata kalimat yang diucapkan langsung oleh
si pembicara.
Indirect Speech (Kalimat Tak Langsung) ialah kalimat yang diucapkan untuk
melaporkan kata-katansi pembicara kepada orang lain. Jadi, Indirect Speech (Reported Speech)
digunakan bila kita ingin melaporkan kata-kata seseorang kepada orang lain secara tak langsung.

13. Direct & Indirect Speech terdiri dari 3 jenis yaitu :
I. Statement (pernyataan)
II. Command (perintah)
III. Question (pertanyaan)
Perubahan-perubahan yang perlu dari Direct ke Indirect Speech :
1. To be & Auxiliary Verbs
Direct
Indirect
Am/is/are
-
was/were
Shall/will
-
should/would
Can
-
could
May
-
might
-
had to
Must
Have/has to
Ought to
2.
Time & Place (keterangan waktu & tempat)
Direct
Indirect
now
-
then
tomorrow
-
the following day
next week
-
the following week
tonight
-
that night
today
-
that day
yesterday
-
the day before
last night
-
the night before
last week
-
the week before,
the precious week
here
-
there
this
-
that

14. these
3.
-
those
Tenses
Direct
Indirect
Simple present
-
simple past
-
past perfect
-
past continous
Simple past
Present perfect
Present continous
Present perfect continous -
past perfect continous
Simple future
past future
I.
-
STATEMENT
Dalam Indirect Statement kita menggunakan kata that (bahwa) sebagai penghubung
antara kalimat pengantar (introduce phrase) dan kata-kata yang dilaporkan (reported
words). Kalimat-kalimat pengantar dalam indirect statement ialah :
He said
He said to me
He told me
that + reported words
e.g - Mary told her friends “I have been to Bali twice.”
- Mary told her friends that she had been to Bali twice.
- Father said “I am going out of town tomorrow”
- Father said that he was going out of town the following day.
- Mary told John “my father warned me last night”
- Mary told John that her father had arned her the night before.

15. - My sister said to me “I don‟t like tennis”
- My sister said to me that she didn‟t like tennis.
- Tom said “I didn‟t go to school this morning”
- Tom said that he hadn‟t gone to school that morning.
Apabila kalimat pengantarnya dalam bentuk Simple Present Tense, maka kalimat yang
dilaporkan tidak mengalami perubahan.
e.g - John says “I will go to Bandung tomorrow”
- John says that he will go to Bandung tomorrow
- Mary says “I have seen that film”
- Mary says that she has seen that film.
- My brother says “I met Tom at the party last night”
- My brother says that he met Tom at the party last night.
- Tom says “I don‟t like English”
- Tom says that he don‟t like English.
II. COMMAND
Command dibagi dalam 2 (dua) bagian yaitu :
1. Positive Command
Dalam perintah positif kita tambahkan to di depan kalimat perintahnya, sebagai
penghubung antara kalimat pengantar dan perintah yang dilaporkan. Kalimat-kalimat
pengantar dalam jenis ini ialah :
to + infinitive
He asked me
He told me
e.g - He asked me “Open your book”
- He asked me to open my book.

16. - Mary told me “Stop talking to Jane”
- Mary told me to stop talking to Jane.
- Mother asked John “Pay attention to what I say”
- Mother asked John to pay attention to what she says.
- John told Mary “Wait until I come”
- John told Mary to wait until he comes.
- The teacher said to the students “Be quiet while I am talking”
- The teacher told the students to be quiet while she is talking.
2. Negative Command
Dalam perintah negatif kita tambahkan not to di depan perintah yang dilaporkan.
e.g - Mary told John “Don‟t wait for me”
- Mary told John not to wait for her.
- I told him “Don‟t mention it to anyone”
- I told him not to mention it to anyone.
- Father asked her “Don‟t go there alone”
- Father asked her not to go there alone.
- Ira asked Tom “Don‟t come to my house again”
- Ira asked tom not to come to her house again.

17. - Mothers asked John “Don‟t smoke too much”
- Mother asked John not to smoke too much.
II.
QUESTION
Bila pertanyaan langsung (direct question) menggunakan kata-kata tanya seperti ;
Where, When, Why, What, Who, How, dll, maka kata-kata tersebut digunakan
sebagai penghubung dalam reported Speech. Pertanyaan yang dilaporkan berubaha
menjadi bentuk positif. Kalimat pengantarnya ialah :
Positive Form
He asked me
where
When etc.
e.g - The man asked me : “Where do you live ?”
- The man asked me where I lived.
- John asked Mary : “Why do you get angry with me ?”
- John asked Mary why she got angry with him.
- I asked him : “When did you get back from your trip ?”
- I asked him when he had got back from his trip.
- He asked me : “How will you go there ?”
- He asked me how I would go there.
- John asked the girl : “What is your name ?”
- John asked the girl what her name was.
Bila pertanyaan langsung tidak menggunakan kata-kata tanya, dan hanya merupakan
pertanyaan dalam bentuk “Yes & No Question”, maka kita menggunakan kata-kata if,
whether (jika, apakah) sebagai penghubung antara kalimat pengantar dan pertanyaan
yang dilaporkan.

18. e.g - The boy asked John : “Does Mary live near here?”
- The boy asked John if Mary lived near there.
- The teacher asked her : “Have you finish your homework ?”
- The teacher asked her if he had finished her homework.
- Mary asked me : “Did you she John at the party the night before.
- Mary asked me whether I had seen John at the party the night before.
- We asked them : “Will you go to the movie with us tonight ?”
- We asked them whether they would go to the movie with us that night.
- Mother asked John : “Are you going to marry her ?”
- Mother asked John if he was going to marry her.
Note : Baik if maupun whether dapat digunakan bergantian
III.
REPORTED SPEECH / MIXED TYPE (Jenis Gabungan)
Bila pertanyaan dan pernyataan digabung dalam Reported Speech maka kita
menggunakan kata as (karena) sebagai penghubung pada bagian kalimat pernyataan
yang dilaporkan. Dalam hal ini kalimat pernyataan tersebut dilaporkan kemudian.
Perhatikanlah contoh-contoh berikut ini :
e.g - She asked me :”What is the time ?”, my watch has stopped.
- She asked me what the time was as her watch had stopped.
- Ira asked John :”what is the matter with you ?”, You don‟t look well.
- Mary asked John what the matter was with him as he didn‟t look well.

19. - I asked her :”How long have you been studying English ?”, Your accent is very
good.
- I asked her how long she had been studying English as he her accent was very good.
- He told me :”I am off to the movie,” Where are you going ?”
- He told me that he was off to the movie and asked me where I was going.
- She said :”It is cold inside,” Is the window open ?
- She said that it was cold inside and asked if the window was open.
Bila dalam pertanyaan langsung disertai dengan jawaban Yes dan No, maka kita
menggunakan kata but sebagai penghubung untuk jawaban No dan kata and sebagai
penghubung untuk jawaban Yes.
e.g - He asked me :”Will you go out wiith me ?” No, I won‟t.
- He asked me if I would go out with him but I said I wouldn‟t.
- Mother asked John :”Have you had lunch ?” No, I haven‟t.
- Mother asked John if he had had lunch but he said he hadn‟t.
- She asked me :”Can you meet me tomorrow ?” No.
- She asked me if I could meet her the following day but I said I couldn‟t.
- I asked her :”Do you like vegetables ?” Yes, I do.
- Is asked her if she liked veggetables and she said she did.
- Mary asked John :”Did you phone me last night ?” Yes, I did.
- Mary asked John if he had phoned her the night before and he said he had.
- Father asked me :”Are you going to the movie tonight ?” Yes.

20. - Father asked me if I was going to the movie that night and I said I was.
Direct & Indirect with Auxiliaries
Perhatikan perubahan-perubahan yang perlu dari Auxiliaries
Direct
Indirect
Was/were
-
had been
can
-
could
may
-
might
must & have to
-
had to
must not
-
wasn‟t to/musn‟t
needn‟t
-
didn‟t have to
e.g - Mary said :” I was sick yesterday.”
- Mary said that she had been sick the day before.
- The man asked me :” Can you speak English ?”
- The man asked me if I could speak English.
- Mary said to John :”You may come to my house tomorrow.”
- Mary said to John that she might come to his house the following day.
- Mother told John :”You must study harder if you want to pass the exam.”
- Mother told John that he had to study harder if he wanted to pass the exam.
- The police told me :” You must not drive without license.”
- The police told me that I wasn‟t to drive without license.”
- The teacher told them :”You needn‟t hurry.”

21. - The teacher told them that they didn‟t have to hurry.
WRITING AND READING
A. Procedure Text
Procedure text adalah (1) Teks yang menjelaskan bagaimana sesuatu bekerja atau
teks yang menjelaskan cara menggunakan pedoman instruksi / penggunaan. contoh : cara
menggunakan video, komputer, mesin fotokopi, fax dll. (2) Teks yang menunjukan cara
melakukan aktifitas tertentu. contoh : resep, aturan bermain game, eksperimen ilmiah,
aturan keamanan berkendara. (3) Teks yang berhubungan dengan tingkah laku manusia.
contoh : cara hidup bahagian, cara sukses. dll.
CONTOH PROCEDURE TEXT - HOW TO RIDE A BICYCLE
Sitting on the bike, make sure you know where the brakes are and how to operate them.
You have to learn to balance the bike. Find a person who can hold your bike behind you
and try to steady it as you pedal. Also find a place to ride that is grassy or such.
After practicing for a couple minutes, the person can release his or her hands while you
try to keep your balance.
When you are ready, ride alone. But first lower the seat until you can sit on it and put
both feet flat on the ground.
When you are confident you can put your feet on the pedals and coast for a few feet, try
not putting your feet down to train your sense of balance. Do this for 30-45 minutes or so,
until you have a good feel and some confidence about steering the bike.
As you gain experience, raise the seat up so that only your toes can touch the ground
while you are seated. This is the more appropriate height for your seat.
Finally, you have to practice.
Once you can balance, pedal, start, and stop, you're a bicycle rider. Congratulations!
B. Report Text

22. Report Text adalah teks yang berfungsi untuk memberikan informasi tentang
suatu peristiwa atau situasi, setelah diadakannya investigasi dan melalui berbagai
pertimbangan.
CONTOH REPORT TEXT : THANKSGIVING DAY
Thanksgiving or Thanksgiving Day is a celebration of harvest, thankfulness for
peace, and the attempt of Native Americans. It is usually celebrated in late autumn.
In the past, Thanksgiving was celebrated for their rich harvest in New England. In
North America, however, it was originally held to thank God for their survival in the new
land which was not easy for them. However, in Canada, it had been celebrated as in New
England. Thanksgiving now is celebrated in United States of America and in Canada.
Thanksgiving festivals are held every fourth Thursday of November in the U.S and on the
second Monday of October in Canada. It is usually celebrated in four to five days in the
North America and for three days in Canada.
It is celebrated through families and friends gathering to eat and give good luck. Turkey
is the main dish in the thanksgiving dinner. Thanksgiving parades are also usually held.
In Thanksgiving homes are decorated with wreaths, fresh and dried flowers. Lamps are
lighted to brighten the environment. Tables are decorated with best china and antique
silver dishes to mark the occasion.