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Allergic Rhinitis
Hypersensitivity type-I
Fadel Muhammad Garishah

Faculty of Medicine Universitas Diponegoro

Review on Clinical Immunology
Clinical Case
A 10 years old boy came to the Physician
with his mother, complaining about his
endless-influenza-like illness in the summer.
The boy has to stay in his Granny’s house
during the summer, and that diseases always
come. He gets better when he comes home.
His Granny’s house is located near by
flower-garden as his Grandfather is a gardener
and flowers distributor.
Clinical symptoms
• Sneezing and
flu-like illness
when contact
with the
allergen
• Mucosal edema
• Redness
• Hypersecretion
of mucus
Introduction
• Rhinitis is an inflammation of the nasal
mucous layer
• Allergic rhinitis/hay fever is initiated by
hypersensitivity reactions to one of a large
group of allergens, most commonly plant
pollen, fungi, animal allergens and dust mites.
• Affects 20% US Population
• IgE mediated (early- and late-phase)
immediate hypersensitivity (type I)
Classification
• Seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR): happening at
the same time each year, (Spring/Summer
where pollen spreaded all the air)
• Perrenial allergic rhinitis (PAR): happening
everytime in a year, (mainly caused by dust,
animal allergen, fungi, cockroach)
• Occupational allergic rhinitis: related to
occupation
Immunopathology I
1. Sensitization
• Allergen bind to B-Cell as
APC, transformed into
Plasma cell secreting IgE
• IgE bind to FcεRI of Mast
cell/Basophils.
• This will be a memoryfuction to allergen
• Th2 Mediated the
spreading of allergen
introduction.
Immunopathology II
2. Allergic Response
• Repeat exposure to
allergen
• Activation of mast
cells/basophils in large
number in nasal mucosa.
• Degranulation and
releasing many allergicresponse mediators
Effects of Allergic
Response in Rhinitis
• Vasoactive amines.
The most important
mast cell–derived
amine is histamine.
Histamine causes
intense smooth
muscle contraction,
increased vascular
permeability, and
increased mucus
secretion by nasal
• Histamine, PAF, Leukotrienes C4, D4, E4 Neutral
proteases that activate complement and kinins,
Prostaglandin D2 : Vasodilation, increased
vascular permeability
• Edema of the nasal mucous
• Redness around the nose, the mediator of
inflammatory cause itchy
• Increasing of mucous secret worse the breathing
• Stimulation of the sneezing mechanism
repeatedly by p-substances? Neuropeptides?

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Allergic rhinitis

  • 1. Allergic Rhinitis Hypersensitivity type-I Fadel Muhammad Garishah Faculty of Medicine Universitas Diponegoro Review on Clinical Immunology
  • 2. Clinical Case A 10 years old boy came to the Physician with his mother, complaining about his endless-influenza-like illness in the summer. The boy has to stay in his Granny’s house during the summer, and that diseases always come. He gets better when he comes home. His Granny’s house is located near by flower-garden as his Grandfather is a gardener and flowers distributor.
  • 3. Clinical symptoms • Sneezing and flu-like illness when contact with the allergen • Mucosal edema • Redness • Hypersecretion of mucus
  • 4. Introduction • Rhinitis is an inflammation of the nasal mucous layer • Allergic rhinitis/hay fever is initiated by hypersensitivity reactions to one of a large group of allergens, most commonly plant pollen, fungi, animal allergens and dust mites. • Affects 20% US Population • IgE mediated (early- and late-phase) immediate hypersensitivity (type I)
  • 5. Classification • Seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR): happening at the same time each year, (Spring/Summer where pollen spreaded all the air) • Perrenial allergic rhinitis (PAR): happening everytime in a year, (mainly caused by dust, animal allergen, fungi, cockroach) • Occupational allergic rhinitis: related to occupation
  • 6. Immunopathology I 1. Sensitization • Allergen bind to B-Cell as APC, transformed into Plasma cell secreting IgE • IgE bind to FcÎľRI of Mast cell/Basophils. • This will be a memoryfuction to allergen • Th2 Mediated the spreading of allergen introduction.
  • 7. Immunopathology II 2. Allergic Response • Repeat exposure to allergen • Activation of mast cells/basophils in large number in nasal mucosa. • Degranulation and releasing many allergicresponse mediators
  • 8. Effects of Allergic Response in Rhinitis • Vasoactive amines. The most important mast cell–derived amine is histamine. Histamine causes intense smooth muscle contraction, increased vascular permeability, and increased mucus secretion by nasal
  • 9. • Histamine, PAF, Leukotrienes C4, D4, E4 Neutral proteases that activate complement and kinins, Prostaglandin D2 : Vasodilation, increased vascular permeability • Edema of the nasal mucous • Redness around the nose, the mediator of inflammatory cause itchy • Increasing of mucous secret worse the breathing • Stimulation of the sneezing mechanism repeatedly by p-substances? Neuropeptides?