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Psychoactivedrugs
1. How Psychoactive Drugs Affect Us
•Factors that determine effects and
abuse potential include:
•Route of administration
•Speed of transit to the brain
•Affinity for nerve cells and
neurotransmitters
2. Routes of Drug Administration and Absorption.
5 common ways that drugs enter the body
3. Routes of Drug Administration and Absorption.
•Inhaling:
•Allows the vaporized drug
to enter the lungs, the
heart and then the brain in
about 7-10 seconds (Most
rapid)
(Pictures)
• Marijuana inhaling tent used by
the Scythians, c. 500 B.C.
• Man in India smokes ganja
(marijuana) in a “chillum” pipe.
4. Routes of Drug Administration and Absorption.
•Injecting:
(Intravenous)
•Puts drugs directly into a
vein
(Intramuscular)
•Put drugs into muscles
or under skin
5. Routes of Drug Administration and Absorption
•Snorting & Mucosal
Exposure:
• Drugs can be snorted and
absorbed through
capillaries in the nasal
passages or placed on
mucosal tissues in the
gums, cheeks, or even
rectum and absorbed.
•Cocaine snorter’s nose
showing how cocaine
ate a hole through the
nasal septum
separating the nostrils.
6. Routes of Drug Administration and Absorption
•Oral Ingestion:
•Drug passes through
the esophagus and
stomach to the small
intestine where it is
absorbed by the
capillaries lining the
walls of the small
intestine.
• Hindu ascetic prepares
marijuana for drinking.
7. Routes of Drug Administration and Absorption
Contact or Transdermal
Absorption
Absorption through the
skin is the slowest
method of drug use. It
often takes 1–2 days for
effects to begin and the
absorption can continue
for about 7 days.
Nicotine, fentanyl, and
heart medications can
also be absorbed this
way
Skin creams & ointments
absorbed through skin
8. Drug Distribution
• Drugs Circulate through the bloodstream to the rest of the body where they
cause an effect, be ignored, be absorbed or be biotransformed
• Distribution depends on the drug itself and on blood volume of the person
(6-8 quarts in an adult, 3-4 in child)
• Takes 10 to 15 seconds after entering the bloodstream and has the greatest
effect on the brain and spinal cord
9. Drug Distribution: Blood-brain Barrier
• The walls of the capillaries that form
a protective shield around the
nerves cells of the central nervous
system (CNS) and guard against
toxins, virus, and bacteria can be
penetrated by psychoactive drugs
• Penetration happens because
psychoactive drugs are Fat-soulable
and the brain and its barrier are fatty
• Psychoactive drugs such as heroin,
nicotine, alcohol and marijuana
cross this barrier more easily than
other substances.
• Cocaine (water soluble) hitchhikes
onto protein molecules to pass
through blood-brain barrier.
• It takes 1–2 years for the blood-
brain barrier to develop fully in
infants.
10. The Nervous System
•Principle Target of
Psychoactive drugs
•Network of 100 billion
nerve cells & 100 trillion
connections
•Nervous System is made
up of the:
• Central Nervous System
• Peripheral Nervous System
(Somatic & Autonomic)
PERIPHERAL
CENTRAL
11. Reward / Reinforcement Center
•Part of the Brain that
encourages a person to
remember and repeat an
action.
•It is also affected by drugs
and is thus responsible for
craving
•Drugs act on the reward
pathway to trigger craving
for euphoria or pain relief
•AKA “mesolimbic
dopaminergic reward
pathway”
Reward System of the Brain
12. Neuroanatomy
• Nerve cells: Consisting of
dendrites, the cell body, the
axon and terminals transmit
impulses by sending
neurochemicals AKA
“neurotransmitters” across the
synaptic gap between the
nerve cells or neurons
• Messages travel in multiple
directions but with purpose,
enabling the senses to
transmit messages to the
brain that, in turn, send
messages and commands
back to the appropriate
muscles, tissues, and organs.
A single nerve cell can receive
signals from hundreds, even
thousands of other nerve
cells.
14. Neurotransmitters
•The released
neurotransmitters cross the
synaptic gap and slot into
receptor sites on the
postsynaptic neuron, causing
the retransmission of the
message.
•The slotted neurotransmitters
are then released and either
metabolized in the synaptic
gap or more likely
reabsorbed through reuptake
ports in the sending terminal,
ready to be transmitted
again.
Message
Transmitted
15. Neurotransmitters & Receptors
•Psychoactive drugs cannot create
sensations or feelings that don’t have a
natural counterpart in the body
•So psychoactive drugs duplicate or
mimic the natural counterpart in the body
to a higher degree
16. If the cells senses too many neurotransmitters, then it closes down
ports.
If there is too few neurotransmitters, then the cell opens more ports
•Cocaine forces the
release of extra
neurotransmitters,
especially dopamine,
epinephrine, and
norepinephrine.
•It then also blocks the
reuptake ports so the
neurotransmitters cannot
be reabsorbed by the
sending neuron thus
causing excess
stimulation of the user.
Cocaine forces
Neurotransmitter
Release
17. Heroin & Neurotransmitters
• When heroin is taken, it
slots into receptor sites on
the edge of the pain-
transmitting nerve cell,
causing a reduction in the
amount of substance “P”
that gets across the gap.
• The heroin also slots into
receptor sites on the
receiving neuron, blocking
the substance “P” that
gets through. When
heroin or opioid use is
discontinued, the pain
returns unless that tissue
or organ has been
repaired.
Heroin inhibits
substance “p”
pain message
18. Agonist & Antagonist
•Drugs disrupt neutral message
transmission
•Agonist are those drugs that enhance
neutral signals mimic or facilitate the
effects of neurotransmitters
•Antagonist are those drugs that block
neurotransmitters
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Meth Mouth
Unlike other drugs or vices,methamphetamine seems to be taking aunique and horrific toll inside its users'mouths. In short stretches of time,sometimes just months, a perfectly healthyset of teeth can turn grayish-brown, twistand begin to fall out, and take on a textureless like that of hard enamel and more like apiece of ripened fruit.
28. 28
Skin and soft tissue infections are the most
frequent cause of hospital admissions among
intravenous drug users.
28
Skin Abscess
http://img525.imageshack.us/img525/3120/arm2if2.jpg http://vvoice.vo.llnwd.net/e14//the-scourge-of-skid-row.1705518.40.jpg
31. 3131
Necrotizing fasciitis. Sagittal
oblique 3D VR CT image
obtained in a 35-year-old man
with a history of intravenous drug
abuse and necrotizing fasciitis of
the right upper extremity shows
extensive débridement of the
upper-extremity skin,
subcutaneous tissues, and
underlying muscles. The patient
had undergone multiple
débridements and a 6-week course
of intravenous antibiotics. The
area showed eventual healing by
secondary intention, and a skin
graft was not required.
32. 3232
Krokodil or "Crocodile" in Russian is a homemade substitute
of heroin, which is casting deathly shadows over the lives of
thousands of Russia's drug addicts. It has a reptilian name
because the users' skin starts developing crocodile-like
unpleasant scales, over repeated use. And that is arguably the
least this deadly drug can do to your body. The scales would
give way to decaying sores and gray skin. The flesh would
soon start to degenerate and would peel away leaving bones
exposed. The users literally rot to death.
36. 3636
Prescription drugs can
transform lives. For the
millions of patients who take
them, prescription drugs bring
dramatic improvements in
health and quality of life. But
when abused or misused,
many of these medications
can have effects that disrupt
rather than improve lives.
Some prescription
medications-particularly
opioids, central nervous
system (CNS) depressants,
and stimulants-alter the
brain's activity, and misuse or
abuse of these drugs can lead
to compulsive drug seeking
and use, the hallmark of
addiction.
38. 38
Inhalants
38
Inhalants refers to the vapors from toxic substances which
are inhaled through the nose and/or mouth to reach a quick
high. Of more than 1,000 household and other common
products that could be abused as inhalants, most often
used are shoe polish, glue, toluene, gasoline, lighter fluid,
nitrous oxide or “whippets,” spray paint, correction fluid,
cleaning fluid, amyl nitrite or “poppers,” locker room
deodorizers or “rush,” and lacquer thinner or other paint
solvents.
Most of these produce effects similar to anesthetics, which
slow down the body’s functions. After an initial high and
loss of inhibition comes drowsiness, light-headedness and
agitation.
