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Abstract : As the network size increases the probability of congestion occurrence at nodes increases. This is because of the event driven nature of ad hoc networks that leads to unpredictable network load. As a result congestion may occur at the nodes which receive more data than that can be forwarded and cause packet losses. In this paper we propose a hybrid scheme that attempts to avoid packet loss due to congestion as well as reduce end to end delay in delivering data packets by combining two protocols- Destination sequenced distance vector routing (DSDV), which is a table driven or proactive protocol and Improved Ad-hoc on demand vector routing (IAODV) which is an on-demand or reactive protocol that reduces packet loss due to congestion. The strategy adopted is use DSDV for path selection and if congestion occurs than switch over to IAODV. The routing performance of this model is then compared with IAODV and DSDV in terms of end to end delay, throughput and packet delivery fraction. Keywords- DSDV, Hybrid protocol, AODV, IAODV, MANET
Congestion Control in Manets Using Hybrid Routing Protocol
Congestion Control in Manets Using Hybrid Routing Protocol
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Abstract : As the network size increases the probability of congestion occurrence at nodes increases. This is because of the event driven nature of ad hoc networks that leads to unpredictable network load. As a result congestion may occur at the nodes which receive more data than that can be forwarded and cause packet losses. In this paper we propose a hybrid scheme that attempts to avoid packet loss due to congestion as well as reduce end to end delay in delivering data packets by combining two protocols- Destination sequenced distance vector routing (DSDV), which is a table driven or proactive protocol and Improved Ad-hoc on demand vector routing (IAODV) which is an on-demand or reactive protocol that reduces packet loss due to congestion. The strategy adopted is use DSDV for path selection and if congestion occurs than switch over to IAODV. The routing performance of this model is then compared with IAODV and DSDV in terms of end to end delay, throughput and packet delivery fraction. Keywords- DSDV, Hybrid protocol, AODV, IAODV, MANET
Congestion Control in Manets Using Hybrid Routing Protocol
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IOSR Journals
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Abstract: A monopole antenna is a type of radio antenna formed by replacing one half of a dipole antenna with a ground plane at right-angles to the remaining half. Monopoles may be used from a few hundred KHz through several GHz in frequency and are commonly one-quarter of a wave length long, but may be shorter or longer. Monopole antennas exhibit high gain and improved efficiency in a surprisingly small package. Monopole antenna can be designed to exhibit wideband capabilities. The different available monopole antennas are dual band printed monopole antenna, cross-slot monopole antenna, U-shaped monopole antenna, triangular shaped monopole antenna and a wideband monopole antenna. This paper deals with the comparison obtained from the results such as return loss, VSWR, current distribution, and the radiation pattern of simple U-shaped and complete monopole antenna. Keywords- CPW, CST, FR4, LAN, WiMAX
Characteristic Comparison of U-Shaped Monopole and Complete Monopole Antenna.
Characteristic Comparison of U-Shaped Monopole and Complete Monopole Antenna.
IOSR Journals
Â
IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance (IOSR-JEF) Volume 6, Issue 1. Ver. I
Assessment of Amconâs Role in Resuscitating the Banking Sector during the Glo...
Assessment of Amconâs Role in Resuscitating the Banking Sector during the Glo...
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Abstract: - In structural applications, beam is one of the most common structural members that have been considered in design. This paper is intended to provide tools that ensure better designing options for composite laminates of I -beam. In this Paper an analytical method & FEM approach calculating axial stiffness , Axial stress ,Axial strain of flange and web laminates. The results show the stacking sequence and fiber angle orientation strongly affects strength of composite I-beam.
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âInvestigation of Structural Analysis of Composite Beam Having I- Cross Secti...
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The purpose of this experimental investigation was to analyse the effect of controlled cutting parameters namely cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut, cutting fluid concentration and two cutting fluids with different base oils on surface roughness (Ra) of EN8 or AISI 1040 steel during turning operation by applying design of experiments, custom design method, analysis of variance, leverage plots and desirability profiling using JMP software to optimize surface roughness during wet CNC turning operation. The analysis reveals that feed rate has the most significant effect on surface roughness (Ra) and value of surface roughness does not significantly differ for two different cutting fluids used.
Determining the Influence of Various Cutting Parameters on Surface Roughness ...
Determining the Influence of Various Cutting Parameters on Surface Roughness ...
IOSR Journals
Â
C0941217
C0941217
IOSR Journals
Â
Multiphase flow occurs when more than one material is present in a flow field and the materials are present in different physical states of matter or are present in the same physical state of matter but with distinct chemical properties. The materials present in multiphase flow are often identified as belonging to the primary or secondary phases. The primary phase is characterized as the phase that is continuous about, or enveloping of, the secondary phase. The secondary phase is thought to be the material that is distributed throughout the primary phase. Each phase present in multiphase flow may be either laminar or turbulent, which leads to a variety of potential flow regimes for multiple phases in the same channel. Project is based on two-phase flow and its measurement (water + air/vapor). This is frequently encountered in thermal and nuclear power plants, R&A/C and cryogenic applications, chemical industries and biotechnology etc., the arrangement of a vertical tube with two water inlets and three air inlets. By varying air and water flow rates following things are demonstrated and calculated: Flow regime identification through visualization Pressure drop measurement The analysis carried out by the flow of air + water mixture using by Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) technique
CFD Analysis Of Multi-Phase Flow And Its Measurements
CFD Analysis Of Multi-Phase Flow And Its Measurements
IOSR Journals
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A three-dimensional transient numerical study of a constant property Newtonian fluid in curved pipe under laminar flow conditions is presented for a uniform wall temperature boundary condition. Numerical solutions were obtained using the control volume method described by Patankar for the range of. The working fluid was water. The transient flow pattern and the temperature distribution on the tube section were derived for different values of the Reynolds number. Graphical results for velocity and temperature are presented and analyzed. Results have shown that the maximum velocity in center of velocity profile increase with increasing of Reynolds number. In curved pipes, time averaged results exhibited Dean circulation and a strong velocity and temperature stratification in the radial direction. Flow and heat transfer were strongly asymmetric, with higher values near the outer pipe bend.
Transient Three-dimensional Numerical Analysis of Forced Convection Flow and ...
Transient Three-dimensional Numerical Analysis of Forced Convection Flow and ...
IOSR Journals
Â
This study is aimed at verifying the dosimetric performance of a treatment planning system (TPS) and to as well compare the accuracy of the measured absorbed dose of the solid water phantom against the inhouse phantom. In this study, a phantom for use in radiotherapy treatment planning of human trunk anatomical region has been designed with six hollows for inserting materials mimicking different biological tissues and the ionization chamber. For the trunk, pure Glycerolwas used for Muscle, 75% to 25% Glycerol-Water was used for liver, Carboxyl-Methyl-Cellulose (CMC)was used for Lungs, 50% to 50% Glycerol-Water was used for Adipose, Sodium Hypochlorite (soda bleach) for Bone and SodiumLaureth Sulphate (Texapon) was used for Kidney. The phantom was scanned with Hi-Speed CT-scannerand images were transferred to a Precise PLAN Treatment Planning System where appropriate beams were applied and verified before it was transferred to the Elekta-Precise Clinical Linear Accelerator.Measurements of the Monitor Units (MU) were conducted using 6 MeV photon beams from the Elekta-Precise Clinical Linear Accelerator with iso-centric set up and the corresponding doses were calculated. The test of the phantom was done using an Irregular Field Algorithm (Clarkson Integration). The maximum standard deviation with large field size of22 Ă 24đđ2for all sixinhomogeneous inserts and bone only inhomogeneous inserts were â3.39% and 2.93% respectively. And maximum standard deviation with small field size of 5 Ă 5đđ2wasâ3.16%. Also, the percentage deviation for the solid water phantom when compared with the in-house phantom with SSD of 85cm for both set-ups was â2.09%. Theseresultsshow that irrespective of the field sizes and tissue equivalent materials, Irregular Field Algorithm compensates for inhomogeneity.
Verification of a treatment planning system using an in-house designedtrunk p...
Verification of a treatment planning system using an in-house designedtrunk p...
IOSR Journals
Â
Abstract: MOBILE ad hoc networks (MANETs) have more popularity among mobile network devices and wireless communication technologies. A MANET is multihop mobile wireless network that have neither a fixed infrastructure nor a central server. Every node in a MANET will act as a router, and also communicates with each other. The mobility constraints in mobile nodes will lead to problems in link stability. Energy saving, path duration and stability will be two major efforts and to satisfy them can be difficult task. A self node which is present in the network may also consume little energy during the transmission. This proposed approach tries to account for link stability and for minimum drain rate energy consumption. In order to verify the correctness of the proposed solution a objective optimization formulation has been designed and a novel routing protocol called Link-Stability and Energy aware Routing protocols is proposed. This novel routing scheme has been compared with other two protocols: PERRA and GPSR. The protocol performance has been evaluated in terms of Data Packet Delivery Ratio, Normalized Control Overhead, Link duration, Nodes lifetime, and Average energy consumption. Keywords-component; Energy Consumption, Link Stability, Routing, Self node
Link Stability and Energy Aware routing Protocol for Mobile Adhoc Network
Link Stability and Energy Aware routing Protocol for Mobile Adhoc Network
IOSR Journals
Â
Abstract : According to the request of advance communication field there should be high data rate in addition to both power efficiency and lower bit error rate. This request of high data rate can be achieved by the multi carrier modulation scheme using the OFDM technique. But the great drawback of the OFDM technique is its high peak to average power ratio (PAPR). High PAPR reduces OFDM signals by driving the analog amplifier to work in the nonlinear region, changing this way the signal and making the amplifier to consume more power. To reduce the PAPR methods exist which adjust or present new signals to battle large signal peaks. The methods which use data carrying channels are called active channel methods and which use redundant channel are called non active channel methods. This work deals with reduction of the PAPR of OFDM signal using both Active and Non Active Channels. Clipping technique has been applied to active channels and Tone reservation has been applied to Non Active Channels. By using both channels we can get considerable reduction in PAPR. Keywords:Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR), Power Amplifier (PA).
PAPR Reduction in OFDM using Active and Non-Active Channels
PAPR Reduction in OFDM using Active and Non-Active Channels
IOSR Journals
Â
Abstract: We present a new algorithm, called the soft-tissue filter that can make both soft and bone tissue clearly visible in digital cephalic radiographies under a wide range of exposures. It uses a mixture model made up of two Gaussian distributions and one inverted lognormal distribution to analyze the image histogram. The image is clustered in three parts: background, soft tissue, and bone using this model. Improvement in the visibility of both structures is achieved through a local transformation based on gamma correction, stretching, and saturation, which is applied using different parameters for bone and soft-tissue pixels. A processing time of 1 s for 5 M pixel images allows the filter to operate in real time. Although the default value of the filter parameters is adequate for most images, real-time operation allows adjustment to recover under- and overexposed images or to obtain the best quality subjectively. The filter was extensively clinically tested: quantitative and qualitative results are reported here Index Terms: Digital radiography, histogram-based clustering, image enhancement, local gamma correction
Enhancing Digital Cephalic Radiography
Enhancing Digital Cephalic Radiography
IOSR Journals
Â
Abstract: The investigator has been selected (i) warm-up, (ii) motivation, and (iii) time of the day for physical performance as influencing factors of the reliability of physical proficiency test of (i) 30 feet shuttle-run, (ii) standing broad-jump, (iii) sit-ups for one minute. Eighty students of Bachelor Degree who are opted Physical Education, Health education and Sports subjects from different colleges affiliated to Manipur University were selected for this investigation. The Selection of the subjects was done purely on the basis of the specific purpose of the study and had certain level of physical proficiency so that all the subjects could perform all the variable test items of the study. After systematically analysed the data of the study it was found that the selected influencing measurement factors has been affected the reliability of the selected physical proficiency test. Keywords: Proficiency, reliability, warm-up, motivation, 30 feet shuttle-run, standing broad-jump, and sit-ups for one minute.
Influencing factors upon the reliability of physical proficiency test
Influencing factors upon the reliability of physical proficiency test
IOSR Journals
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Single phase of CuInS2 nanoparticles was prepared by solid state melt growth process. The structural, morphological and elemental analyses were studied by using X-ray diffraction, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope and Energy Dispersive Analysis of X-rays. The differential thermal analysis (DTA) and thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) confirms the phase transformation and stability of CuInS2 with its annealing effect at 200ÂșC. Micro-Raman studies evidencing a strong Raman A1 mode at 285 cm-1 and 302 cm-1, corresponds to totally symmetric vibration of anion ï sub lattice of CuInS2 structure.
Single Phase Formation of CuInS2 Nanoparticles: Structural, Morphological, Th...
Single Phase Formation of CuInS2 Nanoparticles: Structural, Morphological, Th...
IOSR Journals
Â
In the present investigation, a Zn-22%Al alloy is used as the matrix material and fly ash as the filler material. The composite is produced using powder metallurgy techniques. The fly ash is added in 2%, 4%, and 6% by wt% to the sintering metal. The composite is tested for hardness, density and tensile strength test. Microstructure examination is done using a high resolution optical microscope to obtain the distribution of fly ash in the Zn-Al matrix. Test results indicate that as fly ash content is increased, there is a considerable increase in hardness and tensile strength but decrease in density.
Effect of Fly Ash Particles on the Mechanical Properties of Zn-22%Al Alloy vi...
Effect of Fly Ash Particles on the Mechanical Properties of Zn-22%Al Alloy vi...
IOSR Journals
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Abstract: Palm kernel production potentials of several countries are far from been fully exploited. At present, many countries are operating below expected capacity and this research effort is to develop an appropriate machine for quality production of palm kernel. Power requirement of the machine is 4.29kw, resultant bending moment of the shaft is 4.67Nm and 85.30Nm and diameter of the shaft is 25.39mm. The machine is evaluated using âDuraâ variety at moisture content; 12.00%, 11.10%, 10.20%, 9.60% and 9.00%, and âTeneraâ variety at; 12.00%, 11.00%, 10.00%, 9.10% and 8.20% moisture content. The performance of the machine shows that throughput capacity increases from 625-1270 kg/hr for âDuraâ and also increases from 750-1200 kg/hr for âTeneraâ. Mechanical damage reduces from 2.47-1.40% for âDuraâ and reduces from 1.16-0.20% for âTeneraâ. Functional efficiency increases from 92.30-96.40% for âDuraâ and increases from 95.50-99.07% for âTeneraâ. Quality performance efficiency increases from 91.00-95.30% for âDuraâ and increases from 95.50-98.80% for âTeneraâ. The mean shearing force in âDuraâ is 31.10 ± 0.20N and that of âTeneraâ is 12.66 ± 0.20N. Keywords - design, efficiency machine, palm kernel,
Design of an effective automated machine for quality palm kernel production
Design of an effective automated machine for quality palm kernel production
IOSR Journals
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Abstract: Cerebral palsy (CP) is caused by static lesion to a developing nervous system that primarily affects motor function. Spastic motor involvement is characteristic of most of these individual.Dynamicequinus is a common deformity that worsens the ambulatory ability of both diplegic and hemiplegic conditions. The use of electromyographic (EMG) biofeedback has been suggested as a training tool to improve the ability to increase activation of weak and partially paralyzed muscles and to decrease the activation of muscles affected by spasm or spasticity without regard to specific diagnosis. However, very few studies have reported the effects of EMG biofeedback on ankle function among children with spastic cerebral palsy .Objectives of the study was to increase the activation of tibialis anterior and to improve the functional ambulation.40 subjects were made part of the study on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria divided into two groups group A and B.Group A received traditional physical therapy exercises and electromypgraphic biofeedback and group B received only exercise program.The treatment duration was for 4weeks 3 sessions a week.The results were analysed using statistical tests that were paired and unpaired t-test and mannwhitneytest.The results showed significant improvement in the pre and post treatment.The conclusion of the study lended a favourable outlook to use biofeedback training in treatment of CP children, to improve functional ambulation and gait. Keywords: Cerebral palsy, dynamic equinus deformity, gait, electromyography, biofeedback.
To Study the Efficacy of Electromyographic Biofeedback Training on Dynamic Eq...
To Study the Efficacy of Electromyographic Biofeedback Training on Dynamic Eq...
IOSR Journals
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Abstract : Wireless communication is one of the most effective areas of technology development of our time. Wireless communications today covers a very wide array of applications. In this paper, we study the performance of general MIMO system, the performance of Zero Forcing (ZF), Linear Least Square Estimator (LLSE), V-BLAST/ZF, V-BLAST/LLSE of 4x4, 4x6 & 4x8 with 4-QAM & 16-QAM modulation in i i d Rayleigh fading channel. We seen that SER performance of 4x8 antennas and 4-QAM modulation scheme outperforms others. Result shows that for higher modulation schemes SER performance degrades as well as SER performance increases for higher no of receiver antennas. Keywords - Multi Input Multi Output, Zero-forcing receiver, Linear Least Square Estimation, V-BLAST.
Performance Analysis of Various Symbol Detection Techniques in Wireless MIMO ...
Performance Analysis of Various Symbol Detection Techniques in Wireless MIMO ...
IOSR Journals
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IOSR Journal of Biotechnology and Biochemistry (IOSR-JBB) Volume 1, Issue 3
Comparative Effect of Crude and Commercial Enzyme in Shea Fat Extraction
Comparative Effect of Crude and Commercial Enzyme in Shea Fat Extraction
IOSR Journals
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Abstract: The performance of WCDMA system deteriorates in the presence of multipath fading environment. Fading destroys the orthogonality and is responsible for multiple access interference (MAI). Though conventional rake receiver provides reasonable performance in the WCDMA downlink system due to path diversity, but it does not restores the orthogonality. Linear equalizer restores orthogonality and suppresses MAI, but it is not efficient, since its performance depends on the spectral characteristics of the channel. To overcome this, Minimum Mean Square Error- Decision Feedback Equalizer (MMSE-DFE) with a linear, anticausal feedforward filter, causal feedback filter and simple detector is proposed in this paper. The filter taps of finite length DFE is derived using the cholesky factorization theory, capable of suppressing noise, Intersymbol Interference (ISI) and MAI. This paper describes the WCDMA downlink system using finite length MMSE-DFE and takes into consideration the effects of interference which includes additive white gaussian noise, multipath fading, ISI and MAI. Furthermore, the performance is compared with conventional rake receiver and MMSE and the simulation results are shown. Keywords â MMSE, MMSE-DFE, rake receiver, WCDMA
Channel Equalization of WCDMA Downlink System Using Finite Length MMSE-DFE
Channel Equalization of WCDMA Downlink System Using Finite Length MMSE-DFE
IOSR Journals
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B2C sss mauricie 2009
B2C sss mauricie 2009
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Abstract: A monopole antenna is a type of radio antenna formed by replacing one half of a dipole antenna with a ground plane at right-angles to the remaining half. Monopoles may be used from a few hundred KHz through several GHz in frequency and are commonly one-quarter of a wave length long, but may be shorter or longer. Monopole antennas exhibit high gain and improved efficiency in a surprisingly small package. Monopole antenna can be designed to exhibit wideband capabilities. The different available monopole antennas are dual band printed monopole antenna, cross-slot monopole antenna, U-shaped monopole antenna, triangular shaped monopole antenna and a wideband monopole antenna. This paper deals with the comparison obtained from the results such as return loss, VSWR, current distribution, and the radiation pattern of simple U-shaped and complete monopole antenna. Keywords- CPW, CST, FR4, LAN, WiMAX
Characteristic Comparison of U-Shaped Monopole and Complete Monopole Antenna.
Characteristic Comparison of U-Shaped Monopole and Complete Monopole Antenna.
IOSR Journals
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IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance (IOSR-JEF) Volume 6, Issue 1. Ver. I
Assessment of Amconâs Role in Resuscitating the Banking Sector during the Glo...
Assessment of Amconâs Role in Resuscitating the Banking Sector during the Glo...
IOSR Journals
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Abstract: - In structural applications, beam is one of the most common structural members that have been considered in design. This paper is intended to provide tools that ensure better designing options for composite laminates of I -beam. In this Paper an analytical method & FEM approach calculating axial stiffness , Axial stress ,Axial strain of flange and web laminates. The results show the stacking sequence and fiber angle orientation strongly affects strength of composite I-beam.
âInvestigation of Structural Analysis of Composite Beam Having I- Cross Secti...
âInvestigation of Structural Analysis of Composite Beam Having I- Cross Secti...
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The purpose of this experimental investigation was to analyse the effect of controlled cutting parameters namely cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut, cutting fluid concentration and two cutting fluids with different base oils on surface roughness (Ra) of EN8 or AISI 1040 steel during turning operation by applying design of experiments, custom design method, analysis of variance, leverage plots and desirability profiling using JMP software to optimize surface roughness during wet CNC turning operation. The analysis reveals that feed rate has the most significant effect on surface roughness (Ra) and value of surface roughness does not significantly differ for two different cutting fluids used.
Determining the Influence of Various Cutting Parameters on Surface Roughness ...
Determining the Influence of Various Cutting Parameters on Surface Roughness ...
IOSR Journals
Â
C0941217
C0941217
IOSR Journals
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Multiphase flow occurs when more than one material is present in a flow field and the materials are present in different physical states of matter or are present in the same physical state of matter but with distinct chemical properties. The materials present in multiphase flow are often identified as belonging to the primary or secondary phases. The primary phase is characterized as the phase that is continuous about, or enveloping of, the secondary phase. The secondary phase is thought to be the material that is distributed throughout the primary phase. Each phase present in multiphase flow may be either laminar or turbulent, which leads to a variety of potential flow regimes for multiple phases in the same channel. Project is based on two-phase flow and its measurement (water + air/vapor). This is frequently encountered in thermal and nuclear power plants, R&A/C and cryogenic applications, chemical industries and biotechnology etc., the arrangement of a vertical tube with two water inlets and three air inlets. By varying air and water flow rates following things are demonstrated and calculated: Flow regime identification through visualization Pressure drop measurement The analysis carried out by the flow of air + water mixture using by Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) technique
CFD Analysis Of Multi-Phase Flow And Its Measurements
CFD Analysis Of Multi-Phase Flow And Its Measurements
IOSR Journals
Â
A three-dimensional transient numerical study of a constant property Newtonian fluid in curved pipe under laminar flow conditions is presented for a uniform wall temperature boundary condition. Numerical solutions were obtained using the control volume method described by Patankar for the range of. The working fluid was water. The transient flow pattern and the temperature distribution on the tube section were derived for different values of the Reynolds number. Graphical results for velocity and temperature are presented and analyzed. Results have shown that the maximum velocity in center of velocity profile increase with increasing of Reynolds number. In curved pipes, time averaged results exhibited Dean circulation and a strong velocity and temperature stratification in the radial direction. Flow and heat transfer were strongly asymmetric, with higher values near the outer pipe bend.
Transient Three-dimensional Numerical Analysis of Forced Convection Flow and ...
Transient Three-dimensional Numerical Analysis of Forced Convection Flow and ...
IOSR Journals
Â
This study is aimed at verifying the dosimetric performance of a treatment planning system (TPS) and to as well compare the accuracy of the measured absorbed dose of the solid water phantom against the inhouse phantom. In this study, a phantom for use in radiotherapy treatment planning of human trunk anatomical region has been designed with six hollows for inserting materials mimicking different biological tissues and the ionization chamber. For the trunk, pure Glycerolwas used for Muscle, 75% to 25% Glycerol-Water was used for liver, Carboxyl-Methyl-Cellulose (CMC)was used for Lungs, 50% to 50% Glycerol-Water was used for Adipose, Sodium Hypochlorite (soda bleach) for Bone and SodiumLaureth Sulphate (Texapon) was used for Kidney. The phantom was scanned with Hi-Speed CT-scannerand images were transferred to a Precise PLAN Treatment Planning System where appropriate beams were applied and verified before it was transferred to the Elekta-Precise Clinical Linear Accelerator.Measurements of the Monitor Units (MU) were conducted using 6 MeV photon beams from the Elekta-Precise Clinical Linear Accelerator with iso-centric set up and the corresponding doses were calculated. The test of the phantom was done using an Irregular Field Algorithm (Clarkson Integration). The maximum standard deviation with large field size of22 Ă 24đđ2for all sixinhomogeneous inserts and bone only inhomogeneous inserts were â3.39% and 2.93% respectively. And maximum standard deviation with small field size of 5 Ă 5đđ2wasâ3.16%. Also, the percentage deviation for the solid water phantom when compared with the in-house phantom with SSD of 85cm for both set-ups was â2.09%. Theseresultsshow that irrespective of the field sizes and tissue equivalent materials, Irregular Field Algorithm compensates for inhomogeneity.
Verification of a treatment planning system using an in-house designedtrunk p...
Verification of a treatment planning system using an in-house designedtrunk p...
IOSR Journals
Â
Abstract: MOBILE ad hoc networks (MANETs) have more popularity among mobile network devices and wireless communication technologies. A MANET is multihop mobile wireless network that have neither a fixed infrastructure nor a central server. Every node in a MANET will act as a router, and also communicates with each other. The mobility constraints in mobile nodes will lead to problems in link stability. Energy saving, path duration and stability will be two major efforts and to satisfy them can be difficult task. A self node which is present in the network may also consume little energy during the transmission. This proposed approach tries to account for link stability and for minimum drain rate energy consumption. In order to verify the correctness of the proposed solution a objective optimization formulation has been designed and a novel routing protocol called Link-Stability and Energy aware Routing protocols is proposed. This novel routing scheme has been compared with other two protocols: PERRA and GPSR. The protocol performance has been evaluated in terms of Data Packet Delivery Ratio, Normalized Control Overhead, Link duration, Nodes lifetime, and Average energy consumption. Keywords-component; Energy Consumption, Link Stability, Routing, Self node
Link Stability and Energy Aware routing Protocol for Mobile Adhoc Network
Link Stability and Energy Aware routing Protocol for Mobile Adhoc Network
IOSR Journals
Â
Abstract : According to the request of advance communication field there should be high data rate in addition to both power efficiency and lower bit error rate. This request of high data rate can be achieved by the multi carrier modulation scheme using the OFDM technique. But the great drawback of the OFDM technique is its high peak to average power ratio (PAPR). High PAPR reduces OFDM signals by driving the analog amplifier to work in the nonlinear region, changing this way the signal and making the amplifier to consume more power. To reduce the PAPR methods exist which adjust or present new signals to battle large signal peaks. The methods which use data carrying channels are called active channel methods and which use redundant channel are called non active channel methods. This work deals with reduction of the PAPR of OFDM signal using both Active and Non Active Channels. Clipping technique has been applied to active channels and Tone reservation has been applied to Non Active Channels. By using both channels we can get considerable reduction in PAPR. Keywords:Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR), Power Amplifier (PA).
PAPR Reduction in OFDM using Active and Non-Active Channels
PAPR Reduction in OFDM using Active and Non-Active Channels
IOSR Journals
Â
Abstract: We present a new algorithm, called the soft-tissue filter that can make both soft and bone tissue clearly visible in digital cephalic radiographies under a wide range of exposures. It uses a mixture model made up of two Gaussian distributions and one inverted lognormal distribution to analyze the image histogram. The image is clustered in three parts: background, soft tissue, and bone using this model. Improvement in the visibility of both structures is achieved through a local transformation based on gamma correction, stretching, and saturation, which is applied using different parameters for bone and soft-tissue pixels. A processing time of 1 s for 5 M pixel images allows the filter to operate in real time. Although the default value of the filter parameters is adequate for most images, real-time operation allows adjustment to recover under- and overexposed images or to obtain the best quality subjectively. The filter was extensively clinically tested: quantitative and qualitative results are reported here Index Terms: Digital radiography, histogram-based clustering, image enhancement, local gamma correction
Enhancing Digital Cephalic Radiography
Enhancing Digital Cephalic Radiography
IOSR Journals
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Abstract: The investigator has been selected (i) warm-up, (ii) motivation, and (iii) time of the day for physical performance as influencing factors of the reliability of physical proficiency test of (i) 30 feet shuttle-run, (ii) standing broad-jump, (iii) sit-ups for one minute. Eighty students of Bachelor Degree who are opted Physical Education, Health education and Sports subjects from different colleges affiliated to Manipur University were selected for this investigation. The Selection of the subjects was done purely on the basis of the specific purpose of the study and had certain level of physical proficiency so that all the subjects could perform all the variable test items of the study. After systematically analysed the data of the study it was found that the selected influencing measurement factors has been affected the reliability of the selected physical proficiency test. Keywords: Proficiency, reliability, warm-up, motivation, 30 feet shuttle-run, standing broad-jump, and sit-ups for one minute.
Influencing factors upon the reliability of physical proficiency test
Influencing factors upon the reliability of physical proficiency test
IOSR Journals
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Single phase of CuInS2 nanoparticles was prepared by solid state melt growth process. The structural, morphological and elemental analyses were studied by using X-ray diffraction, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope and Energy Dispersive Analysis of X-rays. The differential thermal analysis (DTA) and thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) confirms the phase transformation and stability of CuInS2 with its annealing effect at 200ÂșC. Micro-Raman studies evidencing a strong Raman A1 mode at 285 cm-1 and 302 cm-1, corresponds to totally symmetric vibration of anion ï sub lattice of CuInS2 structure.
Single Phase Formation of CuInS2 Nanoparticles: Structural, Morphological, Th...
Single Phase Formation of CuInS2 Nanoparticles: Structural, Morphological, Th...
IOSR Journals
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In the present investigation, a Zn-22%Al alloy is used as the matrix material and fly ash as the filler material. The composite is produced using powder metallurgy techniques. The fly ash is added in 2%, 4%, and 6% by wt% to the sintering metal. The composite is tested for hardness, density and tensile strength test. Microstructure examination is done using a high resolution optical microscope to obtain the distribution of fly ash in the Zn-Al matrix. Test results indicate that as fly ash content is increased, there is a considerable increase in hardness and tensile strength but decrease in density.
Effect of Fly Ash Particles on the Mechanical Properties of Zn-22%Al Alloy vi...
Effect of Fly Ash Particles on the Mechanical Properties of Zn-22%Al Alloy vi...
IOSR Journals
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Abstract: Palm kernel production potentials of several countries are far from been fully exploited. At present, many countries are operating below expected capacity and this research effort is to develop an appropriate machine for quality production of palm kernel. Power requirement of the machine is 4.29kw, resultant bending moment of the shaft is 4.67Nm and 85.30Nm and diameter of the shaft is 25.39mm. The machine is evaluated using âDuraâ variety at moisture content; 12.00%, 11.10%, 10.20%, 9.60% and 9.00%, and âTeneraâ variety at; 12.00%, 11.00%, 10.00%, 9.10% and 8.20% moisture content. The performance of the machine shows that throughput capacity increases from 625-1270 kg/hr for âDuraâ and also increases from 750-1200 kg/hr for âTeneraâ. Mechanical damage reduces from 2.47-1.40% for âDuraâ and reduces from 1.16-0.20% for âTeneraâ. Functional efficiency increases from 92.30-96.40% for âDuraâ and increases from 95.50-99.07% for âTeneraâ. Quality performance efficiency increases from 91.00-95.30% for âDuraâ and increases from 95.50-98.80% for âTeneraâ. The mean shearing force in âDuraâ is 31.10 ± 0.20N and that of âTeneraâ is 12.66 ± 0.20N. Keywords - design, efficiency machine, palm kernel,
Design of an effective automated machine for quality palm kernel production
Design of an effective automated machine for quality palm kernel production
IOSR Journals
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Abstract: Cerebral palsy (CP) is caused by static lesion to a developing nervous system that primarily affects motor function. Spastic motor involvement is characteristic of most of these individual.Dynamicequinus is a common deformity that worsens the ambulatory ability of both diplegic and hemiplegic conditions. The use of electromyographic (EMG) biofeedback has been suggested as a training tool to improve the ability to increase activation of weak and partially paralyzed muscles and to decrease the activation of muscles affected by spasm or spasticity without regard to specific diagnosis. However, very few studies have reported the effects of EMG biofeedback on ankle function among children with spastic cerebral palsy .Objectives of the study was to increase the activation of tibialis anterior and to improve the functional ambulation.40 subjects were made part of the study on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria divided into two groups group A and B.Group A received traditional physical therapy exercises and electromypgraphic biofeedback and group B received only exercise program.The treatment duration was for 4weeks 3 sessions a week.The results were analysed using statistical tests that were paired and unpaired t-test and mannwhitneytest.The results showed significant improvement in the pre and post treatment.The conclusion of the study lended a favourable outlook to use biofeedback training in treatment of CP children, to improve functional ambulation and gait. Keywords: Cerebral palsy, dynamic equinus deformity, gait, electromyography, biofeedback.
To Study the Efficacy of Electromyographic Biofeedback Training on Dynamic Eq...
To Study the Efficacy of Electromyographic Biofeedback Training on Dynamic Eq...
IOSR Journals
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Abstract : Wireless communication is one of the most effective areas of technology development of our time. Wireless communications today covers a very wide array of applications. In this paper, we study the performance of general MIMO system, the performance of Zero Forcing (ZF), Linear Least Square Estimator (LLSE), V-BLAST/ZF, V-BLAST/LLSE of 4x4, 4x6 & 4x8 with 4-QAM & 16-QAM modulation in i i d Rayleigh fading channel. We seen that SER performance of 4x8 antennas and 4-QAM modulation scheme outperforms others. Result shows that for higher modulation schemes SER performance degrades as well as SER performance increases for higher no of receiver antennas. Keywords - Multi Input Multi Output, Zero-forcing receiver, Linear Least Square Estimation, V-BLAST.
Performance Analysis of Various Symbol Detection Techniques in Wireless MIMO ...
Performance Analysis of Various Symbol Detection Techniques in Wireless MIMO ...
IOSR Journals
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IOSR Journal of Biotechnology and Biochemistry (IOSR-JBB) Volume 1, Issue 3
Comparative Effect of Crude and Commercial Enzyme in Shea Fat Extraction
Comparative Effect of Crude and Commercial Enzyme in Shea Fat Extraction
IOSR Journals
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Abstract: The performance of WCDMA system deteriorates in the presence of multipath fading environment. Fading destroys the orthogonality and is responsible for multiple access interference (MAI). Though conventional rake receiver provides reasonable performance in the WCDMA downlink system due to path diversity, but it does not restores the orthogonality. Linear equalizer restores orthogonality and suppresses MAI, but it is not efficient, since its performance depends on the spectral characteristics of the channel. To overcome this, Minimum Mean Square Error- Decision Feedback Equalizer (MMSE-DFE) with a linear, anticausal feedforward filter, causal feedback filter and simple detector is proposed in this paper. The filter taps of finite length DFE is derived using the cholesky factorization theory, capable of suppressing noise, Intersymbol Interference (ISI) and MAI. This paper describes the WCDMA downlink system using finite length MMSE-DFE and takes into consideration the effects of interference which includes additive white gaussian noise, multipath fading, ISI and MAI. Furthermore, the performance is compared with conventional rake receiver and MMSE and the simulation results are shown. Keywords â MMSE, MMSE-DFE, rake receiver, WCDMA
Channel Equalization of WCDMA Downlink System Using Finite Length MMSE-DFE
Channel Equalization of WCDMA Downlink System Using Finite Length MMSE-DFE
IOSR Journals
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Influencing factors upon the reliability of physical proficiency test
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Â
Single Phase Formation of CuInS2 Nanoparticles: Structural, Morphological, Th...
Single Phase Formation of CuInS2 Nanoparticles: Structural, Morphological, Th...
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Effect of Fly Ash Particles on the Mechanical Properties of Zn-22%Al Alloy vi...
Effect of Fly Ash Particles on the Mechanical Properties of Zn-22%Al Alloy vi...
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Design of an effective automated machine for quality palm kernel production
Design of an effective automated machine for quality palm kernel production
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To Study the Efficacy of Electromyographic Biofeedback Training on Dynamic Eq...
To Study the Efficacy of Electromyographic Biofeedback Training on Dynamic Eq...
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Performance Analysis of Various Symbol Detection Techniques in Wireless MIMO ...
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Comparative Effect of Crude and Commercial Enzyme in Shea Fat Extraction
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Channel Equalization of WCDMA Downlink System Using Finite Length MMSE-DFE
Channel Equalization of WCDMA Downlink System Using Finite Length MMSE-DFE
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Client : Astral
MĂ©dia Date : Ă©tĂ© 2006 Mandat : Ăchantillonnage de produits bbq, gestion dâun concours et distribution de livrets de recettes
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