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Cancer Genes
What is cancer? ,[object Object]
History of Cancer :- ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Origin of the word carcinoma:-   ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
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[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
**  Cancer is a genetic disorder:-   ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
 
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
What Are Mutations? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
Types of mutations:-   ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
2-  Acquired mutations:-   ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
Gene Mutations That Can Lead to Cancer:-   ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
 
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
think of a cell as a car :- A  proto-oncogene  normally functions in a way that is similar to a  gas pedal   An  oncogene  could be compared to a gas pedal that is stuck down, ->  cell to divide out of control
Pathway of normal cell growth:-   ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
1-Growth factors   ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
2- Growth factor receptors   ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
3-  Signal transducers   ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
4-  Transcription factors   ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
5-  Programmed cell death regulators:   ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Tumor suppressor genes
What Are Tumor Suppressor Genes? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
 
Types of Tumor Suppressor Genes   ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
2-  Genes that repair DNA   ,[object Object],[object Object]
3-  Cell "suicide" genes  :- ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
Inherited Abnormalities of Tumor Suppressor Genes   ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Non-inherited mutations of tumor suppressor genes   ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Certain types of kidney cancers VHL Kidney cancer Small numbers of colon cancers, melanomas, neuroblastoma NF1, NF2 Nerve tumors, including brain Wilms tumors WTI Wilms Tumor Only rare ovarian cancers BRCA1, BRCA2 Breast and/or ovarian Colorectal, gastric, endometrial cancers  MLH1, MSH2, or MSH6 Colorectal cancer (without polyposis) Most colorectal cancers APC Colorectal cancer (due to familial polyposis) Many different cancers INK4a Melanoma Many different cancers P53 Li-Fraumeni Syndrome (sarcomas, brain tumors, leukemia) Many different cancers  RBI Retinoblastoma Other non-inherited cancers seen with this gene Abnormal gene  Inherited cancer
How Can Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes Be Used to Help Prevent Cancer?   ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
How Can Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes Be Used to Help Guide Treatment of Cancer? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Colorectal cancers APC Colorectal cancers MLH1, MSH2 Brain tumors, skin cancers, lung cancer, head and neck cancers, others p53 Burkitt lymphoma, others C-myc Ewing tumor EWS Neuroblastoma N-myc Breast cancer, ovarian cancer, others HER2/neu (erbB-2) B-cell lymphoma bcl-2 Chronic myelogenous leukemia bcr-abl Breast and ovarian cancer BRCA1, BRCA2 Related Cancers Oncogene/Tumor Suppressor Gene
How Can Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes Be Used to Treat Cancer?
Trastuzumab  (Herceptin®)
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
Mechanism of action:-
 
How it is  given ? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Uses:- ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Side effects: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Cetuximab (Erbitux®)
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Mechanism of action:
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Dosage and administration : ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Possible side effects :- ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Pertuzumab ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
Imatinib   (Gleevec®)
[object Object],[object Object]
 
Mechanism of action:
 
[object Object],[object Object]
Uses ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Adverse effects: ,[object Object],[object Object]
Gefitinib   (Iressa®)
uses: ,[object Object]
mechanism of action:
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Side effects : ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
Gene Therapy for Cancer
 
Cancer gene therapy:-   ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
I- immunotherapy :- ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
tumor cells are able to evade the immune system through several mechanisms:-   ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
immunotherapy  the   induction  of cytokine   Genetic modification of lymphocytes Tumor   antigen vaccines
A) Induction of cytokine or co-stimulatory molecule expression :- ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
1- interleukin 2 ( IL-2)   ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
2- interleukin 12( IL-12)   ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
3- Granulocyte-macrophage  colony-stimulating factor (GM-  CSF).   ,[object Object],[object Object]
B) Genetic modification of lymphocytes:- ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
II- Introduction of tumor suppressor genes & induction of apoptosis:-   ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
III- Virus-directed enzymerodrug therapy:- ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
 
 
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
conclusion ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object]
 

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Cancer Genes And Growth Factors

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  • 23.  
  • 24.
  • 25. think of a cell as a car :- A proto-oncogene normally functions in a way that is similar to a gas pedal An oncogene could be compared to a gas pedal that is stuck down, -> cell to divide out of control
  • 26.
  • 27.  
  • 28.
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  • 44. Certain types of kidney cancers VHL Kidney cancer Small numbers of colon cancers, melanomas, neuroblastoma NF1, NF2 Nerve tumors, including brain Wilms tumors WTI Wilms Tumor Only rare ovarian cancers BRCA1, BRCA2 Breast and/or ovarian Colorectal, gastric, endometrial cancers MLH1, MSH2, or MSH6 Colorectal cancer (without polyposis) Most colorectal cancers APC Colorectal cancer (due to familial polyposis) Many different cancers INK4a Melanoma Many different cancers P53 Li-Fraumeni Syndrome (sarcomas, brain tumors, leukemia) Many different cancers RBI Retinoblastoma Other non-inherited cancers seen with this gene Abnormal gene Inherited cancer
  • 45.
  • 46.
  • 47. Colorectal cancers APC Colorectal cancers MLH1, MSH2 Brain tumors, skin cancers, lung cancer, head and neck cancers, others p53 Burkitt lymphoma, others C-myc Ewing tumor EWS Neuroblastoma N-myc Breast cancer, ovarian cancer, others HER2/neu (erbB-2) B-cell lymphoma bcl-2 Chronic myelogenous leukemia bcr-abl Breast and ovarian cancer BRCA1, BRCA2 Related Cancers Oncogene/Tumor Suppressor Gene
  • 48. How Can Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes Be Used to Treat Cancer?
  • 50.
  • 51.  
  • 53.  
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  • 55.
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  • 66. Imatinib (Gleevec®)
  • 67.
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  • 74. Gefitinib (Iressa®)
  • 75.
  • 77.
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  • 85. immunotherapy the induction of cytokine Genetic modification of lymphocytes Tumor antigen vaccines
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