25. Flagellation. . Piero della Francesca . c. 1470. Oil and Tempera on panel. 58.4 x 81.5 cm. Galleria Nazionale delle Marche, Urbino, Italy
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32. Ms. Lavin has identified the figure on the right as Ludovico Gonzaga , Marquis of Mantua , and the figure on the left as his close friend, the astrologer Ottavio Ubaldini della Carda, who lived in the Ducal Palace at Urbino , where the painting still is housed. Ottavio is dressed in the traditional garb of an astrologer , even to the split beard.