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Chapter 8
  Cell Reproduction

Introduction to Chromosomes
Important Words

 Chromosomes – tightly coiled     Strands of DNA wrap
  packages of DNA; they are rod     around proteins called
  shaped and proteins hold them     Histones.
  together.
Introduction to chromosomes
Important Words

 Chromatid – each half of
  a chromosome; forms as
  DNA copies itself before
  cell division



 Centromere – holds the
  chromatids together until
  they separate
Important Words
                               How many chromosomes
                                do humans have?
 Each species has a unique
  number of chromosomes.       46 chromosomes or 23
                                pairs.
Types of Chromosomes

 2 Types of Chromosomes:
 1. Sex Chromosomes – are the chromosomes that
  determine the sex of an organism.

 Female: XX


 Male: XY


 2. Autosomes – all other chromosomes
    Humans: 44 autosomal chromosomes
Karyotype: Picture of
Chromosomes. What do you
notice about the arrangement?
Chromosomes

 Karyotype – is a picture
  of the chromosomes in
  a somatic (body) cell.
 22 homologous pairs
  of autosomes.
 2 sex chromosomes
 Is this person male
  or female?
 Male: XY
 Normal or abnormal
 Normal: 23 pairs
Chromosomes

 Homologous chromosomes – two
  copies of each autosome (maternal and
  paternal)

 Homologous chromosomes are the
  same size, shape, and carry genes for
  the same trait.
 Final pair is not numbered: Sex
  Chromosomes.
Compare the karyotypes.
      Record your observations
Karyotype A       Karyotype B
Comparisons

Karyotype A                     Karyotype B
 19 pairs: Not Human            23 pairs: Human
 Sex: Male (XY)                 Sex: Female (XX)
 Sister chromatids are still    Single Copy of each
  attached at their               chromosome.
  centromeres (these are         This picture was taken
  double copies of each           AFTER the cell divided!
  chromosome).                   Be prepared to analyze a
 This is a picture               karyotype regardless of
  BEFORE the cell divided!        when the picture of the
                                  chromosomes was taken.
Human Karyotype: Male
Human Karyotype: Female
Chromosomes
 Diploid – cells have two sets (maternal and
  paternal) of chromosomes.
     Have all 46 chromosomes.
     Represented by 2n (means a full set of DNA)
     Somatic Cells (cells making up the body)
 Haploid – cells have one set of
  chromosomes.
     Have 23 chromosomes.
     Represented by n (means a half set of DNA)
     Gametes (reproductive cells : egg and sperm)
Haploid Cells

 Reproductive Cells
 Gametes - sperm and
  egg cells; they have 23
  chromosomes
 Fertilization 23 in
  sperm + 23 in egg =
  46 in zygote
 Gametes are produced
  through Meiosis (cell
  division results in 4
  genetically different
  cells)
Diploid Cells

 Somatic Cells
 Cells that make
  up the body of
  organisms.
 Somatic Cells are
  produced through
  Mitosis (cell
  division results in
  2 genetically
  identical cells).

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Introduction to chromosomes

  • 1. Chapter 8 Cell Reproduction Introduction to Chromosomes
  • 2. Important Words  Chromosomes – tightly coiled  Strands of DNA wrap packages of DNA; they are rod around proteins called shaped and proteins hold them Histones. together.
  • 4. Important Words  Chromatid – each half of a chromosome; forms as DNA copies itself before cell division  Centromere – holds the chromatids together until they separate
  • 5. Important Words  How many chromosomes do humans have?  Each species has a unique number of chromosomes.  46 chromosomes or 23 pairs.
  • 6. Types of Chromosomes  2 Types of Chromosomes:  1. Sex Chromosomes – are the chromosomes that determine the sex of an organism.  Female: XX  Male: XY  2. Autosomes – all other chromosomes  Humans: 44 autosomal chromosomes
  • 7. Karyotype: Picture of Chromosomes. What do you notice about the arrangement?
  • 8. Chromosomes  Karyotype – is a picture of the chromosomes in a somatic (body) cell.  22 homologous pairs of autosomes.  2 sex chromosomes  Is this person male or female?  Male: XY  Normal or abnormal  Normal: 23 pairs
  • 9. Chromosomes  Homologous chromosomes – two copies of each autosome (maternal and paternal)  Homologous chromosomes are the same size, shape, and carry genes for the same trait.  Final pair is not numbered: Sex Chromosomes.
  • 10. Compare the karyotypes. Record your observations Karyotype A Karyotype B
  • 11. Comparisons Karyotype A Karyotype B  19 pairs: Not Human  23 pairs: Human  Sex: Male (XY)  Sex: Female (XX)  Sister chromatids are still  Single Copy of each attached at their chromosome. centromeres (these are  This picture was taken double copies of each AFTER the cell divided! chromosome).  Be prepared to analyze a  This is a picture karyotype regardless of BEFORE the cell divided! when the picture of the chromosomes was taken.
  • 14. Chromosomes  Diploid – cells have two sets (maternal and paternal) of chromosomes.  Have all 46 chromosomes.  Represented by 2n (means a full set of DNA)  Somatic Cells (cells making up the body)  Haploid – cells have one set of chromosomes.  Have 23 chromosomes.  Represented by n (means a half set of DNA)  Gametes (reproductive cells : egg and sperm)
  • 15. Haploid Cells  Reproductive Cells  Gametes - sperm and egg cells; they have 23 chromosomes  Fertilization 23 in sperm + 23 in egg = 46 in zygote  Gametes are produced through Meiosis (cell division results in 4 genetically different cells)
  • 16. Diploid Cells  Somatic Cells  Cells that make up the body of organisms.  Somatic Cells are produced through Mitosis (cell division results in 2 genetically identical cells).