10 Taldea Ingeleraz

10 Industrial buildings and equipement.
Industrial steel structure.
Industrial concrete structures and prestressing.
Industrial timber structures..

10 ITEM: INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS AND EQUIPMENT. INDUSTRIAL STEEL STRUCTURE. INDUSTRIAL CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND
PRESTRESSING.INDUSTRIAL TIMBER STRUCTURES..

1. INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS 1.INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS
2. EQUIPMENTS
3. CONPARATION
Every building in which industrial, agricultural or
4. METALLIC INDUSTRIALIZED chemical machinery can be kept is called
STRUCTURE industrial nave.
4.1. SYSTEMS These buildings can be built in the areas
4.2. DEVELOPMENT AND USE FIELD
previously fixed by the town hall: the industrial
4.3. COMPONENTS
4.4. PRODUCTION PROCESSES estates. Because of their position these places
4.5. TRANSPORT AND ASSEMBLY result to be particularly appropriate to build the
4.6. TECHNNIQUES naves: transformers, motorway, train, airport and
4.7.MATERIALS others. The industrial naves can be built by
4.8.PROTECTION
5. 3. INDUSTRIALIZED STRUCTURE OF
architects and engineers.
REINFORCED AND PRESTRESSED
Image: Authors of the publication.
CONCRETE
Industrial building, Usurbil.
Usually these buildings are made of different
5.1. SYSTEMS bodies that have light more than 10 meters. They
usually have a height greater than 5 meters and
5.3.COMPONENTS
5.4. PRODUCTION PROCESSES it usually offers below.
6. INDUSTRIALIZADE WOOD Normally, because of its specific use, must have
STRUCTURE a specific structure and form to meet the
6.1. SYSTEMS requirements. In the case that the actual
6.3. COMPONENTS
use, they are not as multifunctional spaces are
6.4. PRODUCTION PROCESSES often created.
6.5. TRANSPORT AND ASSEMBLY

7. MIRADOR HOUSING
8. WOOD ENGIRENING SCHOOL
9. BEIJING STADIUM

10.BIBLIOGRAFY

11.AUTHORS
Industrial building, Usurbil.

Authors: Julen Arteaga, Teresa Cuesta, Itsaso Goñi, Xiker
Lazkano, Asier Mendizabal, Roberto Salvador, Xabier Urra.


1.EQUIPMENTS
1. INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS
2. EQUIPMENTS Every infrastructure which offers some service and the space equipped with the necessary
3. CONPARATION
resources is called equipment.
4. METALLIC INDUSTRIALIZED They are usually the town halls’ property, but sometimes they can be the goberments’, such as the
STRUCTURE police stations of the basque police (Ertzaintza).
4.1. SYSTEMS Unlike the industrial naves, these will be built in any place needed.
4.3. COMPONENTS
4.4. PRODUCTION PROCESSES
4.6. TECHNNIQUES
4.7.MATERIALS
4.8.PROTECTION
CONCRETE
5.1. SYSTEMS
5.3.COMPONENTS
6. INDUSTRIALIZADE WOOD
STRUCTURE
6.1. SYSTEMS
6.3. COMPONENTS

7. MIRADOR HOUSING
9. BEIJING STADIUM

10.BIBLIOGRAFY

11.AUTHORS Image: Authors of the publication.
Museum Oteiza.



There are different types of buildings that can be classified as equipments. So as to name some:
2. EQUIPMENTS
3. CONPARATION
- Sports building. It does not require any specific type of structure, but sometimes necessary to
create space without structural element. Building also affects the aesthetics and economics. The
4. METALLIC INDUSTRIALIZED latter is the most important factor, and to save industrial elements were used.
STRUCTURE
4.1. SYSTEMS
4.3. COMPONENTS
4.6. TECHNNIQUES
4.7.MATERIALS
4.8.PROTECTION
CONCRETE
5.1. SYSTEMS
5.3.COMPONENTS
STRUCTURE
6.1. SYSTEMS
6.3. COMPONENTS

7. MIRADOR HOUSING
9. BEIJING STADIUM

10.BIBLIOGRAFY

Anoeta estadium, Donostia.



- Buildings of teaching. As a general rule parallelepiped shaped and a height of 3 storeys.
1. INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS These plants usually have a height less than 5 meters. It is organized into a modular option is
2. EQUIPMENTS often given to any reform because of the continual change that education suffers.
3. CONPARATION

4. METALLIC INDUSTRIALIZED
STRUCTURE
4.1. SYSTEMS
4.3. COMPONENTS
4.6. TECHNNIQUES
4.7.MATERIALS
4.8.PROTECTION
CONCRETE
5.1. SYSTEMS
5.3.COMPONENTS
STRUCTURE
6.1. SYSTEMS
6.3. COMPONENTS

7. MIRADOR HOUSING
9. BEIJING STADIUM

10.BIBLIOGRAFY

11.AUTHORS Image: Héctor Pérez Romero.
School ampliation in Indautxu, Bilbo.



- Gas stations. On the occasion of reducing the presence of vertical elements as we usually find
1. INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS large deck overhangs. Thus we have a large open space that gives rise to the provision of the
2. EQUIPMENTS gas station.
3. CONPARATION

STRUCTURE
4.1. SYSTEMS
4.3. COMPONENTS
4.6. TECHNNIQUES
4.7.MATERIALS
4.8.PROTECTION
CONCRETE
5.1. SYSTEMS
5.3.COMPONENTS
STRUCTURE
6.1. SYSTEMS
6.3. COMPONENTS

7. MIRADOR HOUSING
9. BEIJING STADIUM

10.BIBLIOGRAFY

Repsol gas station.



- Supermarkets. They can be of a size or a combination of several. They may have several plants.
1. INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS If you have underground parking, the building structure should be modulated with respect to
2. EQUIPMENTS
3. CONPARATION
these car parks will be important therefore to respect the margins.

STRUCTURE
4.1. SYSTEMS
4.3. COMPONENTS
4.6. TECHNNIQUES
4.7.MATERIALS
4.8.PROTECTION
CONCRETE
5.1. SYSTEMS
5.3.COMPONENTS
STRUCTURE
6.1. SYSTEMS
6.3. COMPONENTS

7. MIRADOR HOUSING
9. BEIJING STADIUM

10.BIBLIOGRAFY Image: L35 Arquitectos [www.l35.com].
Supermarket Ballonti ,Portugalete.
11.AUTHORS



3.CONPARATION
2. EQUIPMENTS
As we see industrial buildings and equipment are completely different. As they have a role
3. CONPARATION
completely different social requirements will also be different. With this in mind you should get the
4. METALLIC INDUSTRIALIZED maximum effectiveness of the construction sector to achieve the objectives. This is seen most
STRUCTURE clearly referring to the industry, which seeks maximum efficiency between the physical element
4.1. SYSTEMS and the economy.
4.3. COMPONENTS
In the equipment in hand, looking to be avant-garde buildings, is given greater importance to the
4.4. PRODUCTION PROCESSES compositional aspect.
4.5. TRANSPORT AND ASSEMBLY The similarity between these types of buildings is given in the types of space to be created to carry
4.6. TECHNNIQUES out different activities. These spaces are usually very light and with a height greater than 6 meters.
4.7.MATERIALS
For this reason it is impossible to use a common structure and lattice will have to have other
4.8.PROTECTION
5. 3. INDUSTRIALIZED STRUCTURE OF structures: the structure industrialized. Within such structures are very different types according to
REINFORCED AND PRESTRESSED the requirement of the program will have one or the other.
CONCRETE There is a great deal of advantages that this structure brings us when we want to create very high
5.1. SYSTEMS and bright places. On the one hand, the time spent in the work is shortened. This way, the dangers
5.3.COMPONENTS
that are cause because of the bad weather are reduced. The possibility of error is also less
5.4. PRODUCTION PROCESSES because the structure is already done. The best advantage of using this type of structure is
6. INDUSTRIALIZADE WOOD specially that the time spent in building it, is cut short.
STRUCTURE
6.1. SYSTEMS
6.3. COMPONENTS

7. MIRADOR HOUSING
9. BEIJING STADIUM

10.BIBLIOGRAFY

11.AUTHORS

Image: Selfhor [www.selfhor.com]. Image: Authors of the publication.



4.METALLIC INDUSTRIALIZED STRUCTURE
2. EQUIPMENTS The steel is light, can be moulded and is resistant. It can’t be cracked, rotted nor burned.
3. CONPARATION
The steel makes it easier for the structure to be isostatic, due to the use of screws in
4. METALLIC INDUSTRIALIZED metallic elements.
STRUCTURE
4.1. SYSTEMS
4.2. DEVELOPMENT AND USE FIELD SYSTEMS
4.3. COMPONENTS
4.4. PRODUCTION PROCESSES It can be used in any type of structure.
4.6. TECHNNIQUES If it is used in compression, bending problems can appear (they use pieces with very Little
4.7.MATERIALS section, that’s why some pieces can turn out to be very slim and big).
4.8.PROTECTION When it is used in traction its capacity would only be surpassed by synthetic fibre and by
REINFORCED AND PRESTRESSED materials of plastic resin (there will be problems with its sensibility to the heat and with the
CONCRETE cost).
5.1. SYSTEMS Bent systems only surpassed in terms of overall performance. Anyway both wood and
5.3.COMPONENTS concrete as prestressed reach their maximum payload capacity with lights much lower
5.4. PRODUCTION PROCESSES than steel because of its lower strength / weight ratio
STRUCTURE
6.1. SYSTEMS
6.3. COMPONENTS

7. MIRADOR HOUSING
9. BEIJING STADIUM

10.BIBLIOGRAFY

11.AUTHORS




The most currently used systems are:
2. EQUIPMENTS 1-structure formed by rigid frames made with standard profiles reinforced with gussets
3. CONPARATION at the nodes. The fastening is done by triangulating the quadrilateral formed by the frames with
belts and studs enclosures.
STRUCTURE
4.1. SYSTEMS Common in small light industrial premises and moderate stability with demands for low fire.
4.3. COMPONENTS
4.6. TECHNNIQUES
4.7.MATERIALS
4.8.PROTECTION
CONCRETE
5.1. SYSTEMS
5.3.COMPONENTS
STRUCTURE
6.1. SYSTEMS
6.3. COMPONENTS

7. MIRADOR HOUSING
9. BEIJING STADIUM

10.BIBLIOGRAFY

11.AUTHORS Image: Prado [www.pradotm.com]



2. EQUIPMENTS 2-Structures by isostatic portics truss consisting
3. CONPARATION of flat and profile support. Middle and large
lights. Compounds supports are placed, made
STRUCTURE with multiple profiles of lattice linked or
4.1. SYSTEMS triangulated, for more rigidity.
4.2. DEVELOPMENT AND USE FIELD Bracing related to the distances between
4.3. COMPONENTS gates and belts, being done with profiles
(usually circular section) or big structure lattice
4.6. TECHNNIQUES elements.
4.7.MATERIALS
4.8.PROTECTION
CONCRETE
5.1. SYSTEMS Image: Authors of the publication.
5.3.COMPONENTS
5.4. PRODUCTION PROCESSES 3-structure formed by frames made of space
STRUCTURE truss and lattice special supports compounds.
6.1. SYSTEMS
6.2. DEVELOPMENT AND USE FIELD They are used for large spans. The supports are
6.3. COMPONENTS made with related profiles or more triangulated
lattice stiffness.
Bracing related to the distances between gates
7. MIRADOR HOUSING and belts, being done with profiles (usually
8. WOOD ENGIRENING SCHOOL circular section), or large elements of lattice
9. BEIJING STADIUM structures.
10.BIBLIOGRAFY

11.AUTHORS




1. INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS 4-structure consisting of triangular lattice
2. EQUIPMENTS resisting frames.
3. CONPARATION

4. METALLIC INDUSTRIALIZED Same as above but consists of bars welded or
STRUCTURE bolted by brackets at the joints or through
4.1. SYSTEMS space bar bolted to pieces
(spheres, hemispheres ..) located at the nodes.
4.3. COMPONENTS
4.4. PRODUCTION PROCESSES The mechanical deformation due to bending
4.5. TRANSPORT AND ASSEMBLY is reduced, but tensions are due to expansions
4.6. TECHNNIQUES and contractions and rheological actions.
4.7.MATERIALS
4.8.PROTECTION
CONCRETE
5.1. SYSTEMS
5.3.COMPONENTS
5-Mesh structure formed by triangulated space:
STRUCTURE flat, curved or mixed.
6.1. SYSTEMS
6.2. DEVELOPMENT AND USE FIELD They can be fully braced and rigid or be of
6.3. COMPONENTS triangular shaped plates or supported on media
whose characteristics may vary. The stiffening
of these structures depends on the type of
7. MIRADOR HOUSING linkage between the plates or sheets blankets
8. WOOD ENGIRENING SCHOOL and support subsystem and the characteristics
9. BEIJING STADIUM
of the plates or sheets.
10.BIBLIOGRAFY




6-Structures tractocomprimided not self-balancing, (cable-stayed and suspension) comprising a
1. INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS continuous subsystem pulled anchored to the ground, supports compressed and suspended
2. EQUIPMENTS from the beams or plates pulled subsystem and supported media tablets.
3. CONPARATION
The sub-traction can be formed by wires, rods or profiles. The tablets can be elements of
STRUCTURE different characteristics and the beams or plates to be made with profiles or triangulated
4.1. SYSTEMS elements, depending on the lights.
4.2. DEVELOPMENT AND USE FIELD The stiffness of these structures depends on the characteristics the plates have but it takes
4.3. COMPONENTS advantage of the supports and the system of tightening between the supports and the
anchorage.
4.6. TECHNNIQUES
4.7.MATERIALS
4.8.PROTECTION
CONCRETE
5.1. SYSTEMS
5.3.COMPONENTS
STRUCTURE
6.1. SYSTEMS
6.3. COMPONENTS

7. MIRADOR HOUSING
9. BEIJING STADIUM

10.BIBLIOGRAFY




DEVELOPMENT AND USE FIELD
2. EQUIPMENTS These systems developed from the linteled structures and the frame bridges and the deck made
3. CONPARATION of wooden structure.
Important landmarks in its development:
STRUCTURE - The structure of the Crystal Palace J. Paston.
4.1. SYSTEMS - The Gallery of Machines of Dufert and Contamin.
4.2. DEVELOPMENT AND USE FIELD Steel structures are the most versatile because of its cost-resistance, easy handling that keeps
4.3. COMPONENTS unchanged the characteristics of the initial elements and take the degree of precision for each
type of execution.
4.6. TECHNNIQUES The higher yield in the performance of work in workshop and the ease of doing additional work
4.7.MATERIALS on site with a high degree of quality lead to a maximum process industrialization, limited almost
4.8.PROTECTION exclusively to the transport facilities and adjustment to elements outside the system .
CONCRETE
5.1. SYSTEMS
5.3.COMPONENTS
STRUCTURE
6.1. SYSTEMS
6.3. COMPONENTS

7. MIRADOR HOUSING
9. BEIJING STADIUM

10.BIBLIOGRAFY

11.AUTHORS

Image: Wikipedia [www.wikipedia.org]
Crystal Palace



1. INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS COMPONENTS
2. EQUIPMENTS
3. CONPARATION
They are made with features and plates with
4. METALLIC INDUSTRIALIZED reduced thicknesses, generally mm. The use of
STRUCTURE thicknesses of centimeters poses problems in its
4.1. SYSTEMS
production as well as in the Weld of the joints.
4.3. COMPONENTS Solid superficial elements such as walls, plates
4.4. PRODUCTION PROCESSES or structural sheets. are not produced.
4.6. TECHNNIQUES
4.7.MATERIALS
4.8.PROTECTION
CONCRETE
5.1. SYSTEMS
5.3.COMPONENTS
5.4. PRODUCTION PROCESSES -Supports
STRUCTURE They need an anchorage plate so as to pass on
6.1. SYSTEMS
6.2. DEVELOPMENT AND USE FIELD the strength to the foundation. It is a thick sheet
6.3. COMPONENTS metal with holes to pass the anchorage volts
6.4. PRODUCTION PROCESSES and normal stiffness elements to the plate and
6.5. TRANSPORT AND ASSEMBLY the support to assure its ability to keep its shape.
They have to allow to manage the bonding
7. MIRADOR HOUSING
8. WOOD ENGIRENING SCHOOL degree wanted between the plate and the
9. BEIJING STADIUM support.

10.BIBLIOGRAFY




-Beams
2. EQUIPMENTS - Full soul beams.
3. CONPARATION Frames are used to form bracketed profilings
established at the nodes.
STRUCTURE For transport limitations are defined in sections
4.1. SYSTEMS completed connecting plates preferably bolted
4.2. DEVELOPMENT AND USE FIELD joints.
4.3. COMPONENTS - Beams lightened.
Made with welded plate are used for large spans
4.6. TECHNNIQUES with limited vocal requirements, steps to persons
4.7.MATERIALS or facilities, or for cosmetic reasons. Stiffeners
4.8.PROTECTION normally need soul and strength / cost is lower
than the lattice elements.
CONCRETE - Lattice beams.
5.1. SYSTEMS They use different profiles for its realization. L-
5.2. DEVELOPMENT AND USE FIELD shaped and rectangular small and light as I, H, U
5.3.COMPONENTS and large circular lights. Each time the use of
fewer elements consisting of elements open
STRUCTURE doubles.
6.1. SYSTEMS -Belts and joist of the second order.
6.2. DEVELOPMENT AND USE FIELD Are determined by the light, the slope of the deck
6.3. COMPONENTS
and fastening system requirements. Preference is
6.5. TRANSPORT AND ASSEMBLY soul full profiles. The continuity of these elements
can increase the strength / weight ratio but
7. MIRADOR HOUSING requires more control of tensions produciads by
8. WOOD ENGIRENING SCHOOL thermal variations.
9. BEIJING STADIUM
.
10.BIBLIOGRAFY
11.AUTHORS



-Boldness
2. EQUIPMENTS
3. CONPARATION
Prefferably by triangulation. Closed features
are used in the elements subjugated to
4. METALLIC INDUSTRIALIZED compression, usually of circular section.
STRUCTURE
4.1. SYSTEMS
4.3. COMPONENTS
4.4. PRODUCTION PROCESSES - Vierendel beams
4.6. TECHNNIQUES
4.7.MATERIALS Its worst mechanic capacity compared to he
4.8.PROTECTION triangular beams is compensated by the
5. 3. INDUSTRIALIZED STRUCTURE OF accessibility that permits to lodge passages
REINFORCED AND PRESTRESSED and spaces with the beam’s height and
CONCRETE Image: Authors of the publication.
5.1. SYSTEMS
therefore take the most of the buildings’ useful
Boldeness..
5.2. DEVELOPMENT AND USE FIELD height.
5.3.COMPONENTS
6. INDUSTRIALIZADE WOOD PRODUCTION PROCESSES
STRUCTURE
6.1. SYSTEMS Steam procedures of cut and solding are
6.3. COMPONENTS preferably used, by electric arch, oxiacitylene
6.4. PRODUCTION PROCESSES and laser; the mechanization and
6.5. TRANSPORT AND ASSEMBLY occasionally the moulding.
The mechanization is used in the elements that
7. MIRADOR HOUSING
need finish, while the solding is used because
9. BEIJING STADIUM of its minor cost. The laser allows to manage
mechanizations’ similar qualities.
10.BIBLIOGRAFY

Vierendel beam.



TRANSPORT AND ASSEMBLY
2. EQUIPMENTS Steel structures have fewer restrictions than those
3. CONPARATION of concrete and wood because of the possibility
of unions and other work on site with high
STRUCTURE reliability.
4.1. SYSTEMS The most important limitation is related to the
4.2. DEVELOPMENT AND USE FIELD song or height of the pieces. The transportation
4.3. COMPONENTS cost is higher in the spatial elements in the plans
due to higher volume / weight.
4.6. TECHNNIQUES
4.7.MATERIALS
4.8.PROTECTION
5.1. SYSTEMS
5.2. DEVELOPMENT AND USE FIELD TECHNNIQUES
5.3.COMPONENTS
5.4. PRODUCTION PROCESSES The fundamental skills are soldering and
STRUCTURE
mechanical bond with high-strength bolts. The
6.1. SYSTEMS weld is preferably made of the second workshop
6.2. DEVELOPMENT AND USE FIELD and to join things work and galvanized.
6.3. COMPONENTS Expansion joints isostatic elements are solved by
sliding or rotating joints in the direction unrestricted.
Leaves are used rubber / neoprene ability to
7. MIRADOR HOUSING coordinate movement with homogeneous
8. WOOD ENGIRENING SCHOOL transmission efforts.
9. BEIJING STADIUM

10.BIBLIOGRAFY




MATERIALS
2. EQUIPMENTS
Steel structures allow using AISI-SAE-1020 iron, with a C 0.20%
3. CONPARATION Mn and 0.40 for profiles and plates and AISI-SAE-1040 for
Bhardware.
4. METALLIC INDUSTRIALIZED The elements of welded stainless steel stainless steels are used
STRUCTURE austenitic alloys such as: SAE-AISI-321 and AISI-SAE-347.
4.1. SYSTEMS
4.3. COMPONENTS PROTECTION
The steelwork (except stainless steel) must have an outer
4.6. TECHNNIQUES
4.7.MATERIALS coating to prevent corrosion, whose characteristics are
4.8.PROTECTION determined according to prescribed levels of
5. 3. INDUSTRIALIZED STRUCTURE OF demand, which will be related to the following factors:
Image: Lacaton y Vassal arquitectos. safety, maintenance cost and difficulty of maintenance.
CONCRETE
5.1. SYSTEMS
Steel structures protection. The procedures used are:
5.2. DEVELOPMENT AND USE FIELD - Hot dip galvanizing finished parts or subassemblies
5.3.COMPONENTS - Zinc profiles and sheets with welding protection of zinc dust
5.4. PRODUCTION PROCESSES paints
- Coating applied by powder thermosetting resins and
STRUCTURE
6.1. SYSTEMS polymerized in oven.
6.2. DEVELOPMENT AND USE FIELD - Coating with resin applied in liquid phase.
6.3. COMPONENTS - Coating with enamel paint on primer.
The degree of protection that each procedure gives is
7. MIRADOR HOUSING descending.
8. WOOD ENGIRENING SCHOOL In every procedure, the preparation and the cleaning of the
9. BEIJING STADIUM areas that have to be protected are basic. Once
covered, the pieces musn’t be mechanized, soldered or
10.BIBLIOGRAFY Image: Lacaton y Vassal arquitectos.
treated in a way that can damage the protecting covering.
Steel structures protection.
11.AUTHORS Each type of covering has to be applied with the
appropriate thickness depending the characteristics of the
internal environment and the environment



3. INDUSTRIALIZED STRUCTURE OF REINFORCED AND PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
2. EQUIPMENTS The reinforced concrete is a technique in which the concrete is reinforced with bars or steel
3. CONPARATION
meshes. It was invented by Joseph-Louis Lambore in 1848. Its advantages:
4. METALLIC INDUSTRIALIZED As the factor of dilation in both, the steel and the concrete is similar we don’t have to
STRUCTURE worry, because there won’t be any internal tension due to dilation. When the concrete is forged
4.1. SYSTEMS this is compressed and it grasps to the steel.
4.2. DEVELOPMENT AND USE FIELD The concrete protects the steel from the corrosion in a very big way.
4.3. COMPONENTS
The concrete that goes round the steel, protects it from bulging.
4.6. TECHNNIQUES Called to that prestressed reinforced concrete element and before trying to put these to work it
4.7.MATERIALS produces a compressive force.
4.8.PROTECTION
This will improve the behavior of concrete in tension.
REINFORCED AND PRESTRESSED The Eugene Freyssinet invented in 1020.
CONCRETE There are two ways:
5.1. SYSTEMS - With prestressed reinforcement, but these are given in precast.
5.2. DEVELOPMENT AND USE FIELD - In post-tensioned reinforcement, in cases of spot construction. This is done with machines, for that
5.3.COMPONENTS
reason are used more prefabricated elements.
STRUCTURE
6.1. SYSTEMS
6.3. COMPONENTS

7. MIRADOR HOUSING
9. BEIJING STADIUM

10.BIBLIOGRAFY

11.AUTHORS

Image: Selfhor [www.selfhor.com].



Industrial structures and prestressed concrete to cover large areas of light are always active
1. INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS mass-bearing system, consisting of compressed media and beams, plates, slabs or shell elements
2. EQUIPMENTS bent.
3. CONPARATION The supports are usually made of reinforced concrete as the prestressed not provide advantages
in tablets elements.
STRUCTURE The possibility of concrete molded in any form is an advantage to achieve high yields
4.1. SYSTEMS constructive, although the demands of the elements result in the need for large meetings and
4.2. DEVELOPMENT AND USE FIELD adjustment layers.
4.3. COMPONENTS The industrial structures of reinforced concrete and respond to prestressed patents related to
production systems, assembly and joining of parts, so it must take into account constraints and
4.6. TECHNNIQUES opportunities for assembly systems, molding, transport and assembly.
4.7.MATERIALS
4.8.PROTECTION
CONCRETE
5.1. SYSTEMS
5.3.COMPONENTS
STRUCTURE
6.1. SYSTEMS
6.3. COMPONENTS

7. MIRADOR HOUSING
9. BEIJING STADIUM

10.BIBLIOGRAFY

11.AUTHORS



2. EQUIPMENTS SYSTEMS
3. CONPARATION
It is always arcaded systems typically unidirectional, with one or two orders of beams.
The use of heavy or light cover is of great importance in the design of systems.
STRUCTURE
4.1. SYSTEMS
4.2. DEVELOPMENT AND USE FIELD 1 - Porches formed by rectangular beams or section I supported on insulated supports. The
4.3. COMPONENTS height can reach 16 meters and 30 meters light. On the facades light is reduced by closing
4.4. PRODUCTION PROCESSES requirements. The front plate is usually alveolar plates
4.6. TECHNNIQUES
TT straps profile I and II. This system is covered with flat roofs or water. Distance between frames 5
4.7.MATERIALS to 10meters.
4.8.PROTECTION
CONCRETE
5.1. SYSTEMS
5.3.COMPONENTS
STRUCTURE
6.1. SYSTEMS
6.3. COMPONENTS

7. MIRADOR HOUSING
9. BEIJING STADIUM

10.BIBLIOGRAFY
11.AUTHORS



1. INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS 2 - Gantry beams formed by triangular (delta) supported on insulated supports.
2. EQUIPMENTS
3. CONPARATION Similar features to the previous system, but can reach more light due to improved mechanical
variable that produces its song.
STRUCTURE
Transport produced by semi-beams that meet at work.
4.1. SYSTEMS
4.3. COMPONENTS
4.6. TECHNNIQUES
4.7.MATERIALS
4.8.PROTECTION
CONCRETE
5.1. SYSTEMS
5.3.COMPONENTS
STRUCTURE
6.1. SYSTEMS
6.3. COMPONENTS

7. MIRADOR HOUSING
9. BEIJING STADIUM

10.BIBLIOGRAFY

11.AUTHORS Image: Selfhor [www.selfhor.com].



3 - Portals consist on Vierendel or triangulated
1. INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS beams supported on insulated supports.
2. EQUIPMENTS
3. CONPARATION Similar features to the previous system, can
achieve greater light due to improved
STRUCTURE mechanics that causes weight reduction, but
4.1. SYSTEMS are more fragile and difficult to handle and
4.2. DEVELOPMENT AND USE FIELD require more labour.
4.3. COMPONENTS
The Vierendel beam is a beam composed of
4.6. TECHNNIQUES the top and bottom cord. To tie the two cords
4.7.MATERIALS only need some vertical elements.
4.8.PROTECTION The prefabricated structural system is as follows:
four beams Vierendel two are built on a piece
CONCRETE and these are the first to build. The other two
5.1. SYSTEMS beams pointing in the other direction and they
5.2. DEVELOPMENT AND USE FIELD are built after a 3 piece.
5.3.COMPONENTS Image: Authors of the publication.
STRUCTURE
6.1. SYSTEMS
6.3. COMPONENTS 4 - Rectangular beams or sections I, delta
6.4. PRODUCTION PROCESSES and on porches and rectangular beams or
section I.
7. MIRADOR HOUSING
8. WOOD ENGIRENING SCHOOL This system can achieve higher light in both
9. BEIJING STADIUM directions with a high load capacity.
10.BIBLIOGRAFY

11.AUTHORS Image: Selfhor [www.selfhor.com].



5 - Arched laminated plates resting on insulated supports.
2. EQUIPMENTS
3. CONPARATION

STRUCTURE
4.1. SYSTEMS
4.3. COMPONENTS
4.6. TECHNNIQUES
4.7.MATERIALS
4.8.PROTECTION
5.1. SYSTEMS
5.3.COMPONENTS 6 - Arched laminated plates resting on beams.
STRUCTURE
6.1. SYSTEMS
6.3. COMPONENTS

7. MIRADOR HOUSING
9. BEIJING STADIUM

10.BIBLIOGRAFY

11.AUTHORS



5- oinarri bakunetan eutsitako plaka laminatu gangadunak.
6- habeetan eutsitako plaka laminatu gangadunak.
7- oinarri bakunez osatutako portikoak eta postentsatutako habe gangadunez egindako habeak.

DEVELOPMENTAND USE FIELD
2. EQUIPMENTS The first prefabricated reinforces concrete structures for big openings are relatively premature and
3. CONPARATION didn’t develop more due to the trasportation difficulties.
The possibilites of the systems increase progressively in a way that increases the versatility of the
STRUCTURE moulds and its usefulness is higher.
4.1. SYSTEMS The concepts have not changed since the early days of use but have increased the resistance of
4.2. DEVELOPMENT AND USE FIELD materials and optimizing the geometry of the parts due to improved knowledge of the operation
4.3. COMPONENTS of the transmission system of effort.
In industrial buildings, commercial and sports equipment and entertainment.
4.6. TECHNNIQUES Its greatest strength and stability to the fire without additional treatments, low maintenance
4.7.MATERIALS requirements ... Its hard and rough finish image is increasingly considered a virtue.
4.8.PROTECTION
CONCRETE
5.1. SYSTEMS
5.3.COMPONENTS
STRUCTURE
6.1. SYSTEMS
6.3. COMPONENTS

7. MIRADOR HOUSING
9. BEIJING STADIUM

10.BIBLIOGRAFY

11.AUTHORS



COMPONENTS
2. EQUIPMENTS - Foundations.
3. CONPARATION
The use of prefabricated isolated footings is
4. METALLIC INDUSTRIALIZED unusual. Foundations generally performed in situ
STRUCTURE
4.1. SYSTEMS
binding to the brackets with calyces and pods
4.2. DEVELOPMENT AND USE FIELD that are filled with mortar without retraction. The
4.3. COMPONENTS use of metal anchor plates can reach a
4.4. PRODUCTION PROCESSES maximum degree of stiffness, but requires the
4.5. TRANSPORT AND ASSEMBLY intervention of welders in unusual phases.
4.6. TECHNNIQUES
4.7.MATERIALS
4.8.PROTECTION Image: Selfhor [www.selfhor.com].
CONCRETE
5.1. SYSTEMS -Supports.
5.3.COMPONENTS
5.4. PRODUCTION PROCESSES Generally modulated square section with
6. INDUSTRIALIZADE WOOD sides of 10 cm.
STRUCTURE They may have one or more plants and
6.1. SYSTEMS
liaison with the beams and plates are made
6.3. COMPONENTS on the upper face or by corbels. The link can
6.4. PRODUCTION PROCESSES also be performed using pieces of steel
6.5. TRANSPORT AND ASSEMBLY bolted to the shaft.
Shafts can be linked using threaded
7. MIRADOR HOUSING
rods, with sleeves, and plates bolted or
9. BEIJING STADIUM welded, but the sensitivity of the process do
you prefer one-piece shafts.
10.BIBLIOGRAFY They can industrialize media with various
forms of construction material constraints
11.AUTHORS
Image: Selfhor [www.selfhor.com]. and the means of production and transport
and the additional cost involved in making
specific molds.



2. EQUIPMENTS -Beams.
3. CONPARATION
The small elements are built with rectangular
4. METALLIC INDUSTRIALIZED sections.
STRUCTURE
4.1. SYSTEMS
With lights mean, common in industrial
4.2. DEVELOPMENT AND USE FIELD buildings, using beams with section I.
4.3. COMPONENTS The lights are covered with more beams of Y and
4.4. PRODUCTION PROCESSES V, which can reach 45m light.
(If you want to reduce the height of the beam
4.6. TECHNNIQUES
4.7.MATERIALS sections will be inverted T and L).
4.8.PROTECTION Image: Selfhor [www.selfhor.com].
CONCRETE
5.1. SYSTEMS
5.3.COMPONENTS -Slabs and ceiling tiles.
6. INDUSTRIALIZADE WOOD Normally such spaces are covered with light
STRUCTURE
6.1. SYSTEMS
elements, usually metal, but for reasons of
6.2. DEVELOPMENT AND USE FIELD maintenance and stability are also used to fire
6.3. COMPONENTS heavy covers.
6.4. PRODUCTION PROCESSES One of the areas most frequently used for
prefabricated structural elements is the active
7. MIRADOR HOUSING mass of the grandstands for shows, which are
8. WOOD ENGIRENING SCHOOL used for elements with sections L and Z.
9. BEIJING STADIUM

10.BIBLIOGRAFY Image: Selfhor [www.selfhor.com].

11.AUTHORS



-Beams triangulated.
2. EQUIPMENTS
3. CONPARATION They are little used by the requirement of the
process..
STRUCTURE -Vierendel beams and perforated.
4.1. SYSTEMS
4.3. COMPONENTS Allow for greater accessibility to its triangulated
4.4. PRODUCTION PROCESSES through the beams, although with poorer
4.5. TRANSPORT AND ASSEMBLY mechanical performance.
4.6. TECHNNIQUES
4.7.MATERIALS
4.8.PROTECTION -Elements vaulted.
CONCRETE
Triangulated beams. They have the advantage of good mechanical
5.1. SYSTEMS performance and the inconvenience of the
5.2. DEVELOPMENT AND USE FIELD greatest difficulty in all processes. The cylindrical
5.3.COMPONENTS configuration elements important-saving
lights, incorporating elements of lighting and
STRUCTURE ventilation without a second structural order.
6.1. SYSTEMS
6.3. COMPONENTS

7. MIRADOR HOUSING
9. BEIJING STADIUM

10.BIBLIOGRAFY

Benidorm, vaulted elements.



PRODUCTION PROCESSES
2. EQUIPMENTS The production system of prefabricated objects of reinforced and prestressed conrete suposes
3. CONPARATION always the moulding of a concrete mould with a steel framework and its compression by vibrating.
The supports and the beams are manufactured by steady metalic moulds,destachable or moulds
STRUCTURE that have an opening system to take the pieces out, provided with prestressed tolos in the edges
4.1. SYSTEMS of big beams’ moulds.
4.2. DEVELOPMENT AND USE FIELD The compaction of the concrete surface is produced by vibration applied to the walls of the
4.3. COMPONENTS molds. To accelerate curing of the parts can be used to heating circuits also applied to the mold.
The massive deck plates, and alveolar-TT-veined and straps section I, are made directly on the
4.6. TECHNNIQUES ground, on runways equipped with banks
4.7.MATERIALS prestress at the ends.
4.8.PROTECTION
CONCRETE
5.1. SYSTEMS
5.3.COMPONENTS
STRUCTURE
6.1. SYSTEMS
6.3. COMPONENTS

7. MIRADOR HOUSING
9. BEIJING STADIUM

10.BIBLIOGRAFY

11.AUTHORS



Triangulated beams and rafters are built Vierendel usually on the ground due to their large size.
1. INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS Flipping to the vertical position, the transport and assembly are delicate tasks.
2. EQUIPMENTS Implementation techniques used do not differ from those used directly in the work, but are
3. CONPARATION reached higher grades.
The biggest difference lies in the existence of joints between components. In most cases the
STRUCTURE answer together isostatic resistant mechanisms that do not produce shifts in the joints.
4.1. SYSTEMS The most common solution is a simple support with the interposition of a flexible piece elastic
4.2. DEVELOPMENT AND USE FIELD (rubber, neoprene). When the union is necessary hyperstatic steel fittings and union rigidities
4.3. COMPONENTS prevent the relative rotation of the pieces together.
The boards are large and apparent. In buildings of reinforced and prestressed hg boards have
4.6. TECHNNIQUES great relevance in the architectural space.
4.7.MATERIALS If meetings are closed to be used a paste of low modules of elasticity, adhesive compatible with
4.8.PROTECTION the hg and pre-cleaning the surface.
Structures exposed to aggressive environments can be coated with paint to allow exchange of
CONCRETE moisture with the environment.
5.1. SYSTEMS
5.3.COMPONENTS
STRUCTURE
6.1. SYSTEMS
6.3. COMPONENTS

7. MIRADOR HOUSING
9. BEIJING STADIUM

10.BIBLIOGRAFY

11.AUTHORS


6. INDUSTRIALIZADE WOOD STRUCTURE

Until the very end of the 20th century, the wooden structures were the most used for the covering
2. EQUIPMENTS
3. CONPARATION of big spaces. The bigger development of iron and concrete techonologies, the wrong
consideration of the fire’s affection left the wooden structures apart.
4. METALLIC INDUSTRIALIZED The biggest advanage of the wood is that gives the option the structure to be isostatic.
STRUCTURE Nevertheless, it is ought to be used with additives in case its performance is bad.
4.1. SYSTEMS
The most important principle of the wooden structure is that the elements are well linked together.
4.3. COMPONENTS Depending on the quality of these unions will be the quality of the structure.
4.5. TRANSPORT AND ASSEMBLY The joints shall be in two ways:
4.6. TECHNNIQUES
Joining metal parts with wood elements together.
4.7.MATERIALS
4.8.PROTECTION To fit the elements of wood, making shapes in them.
REINFORCED AND PRESTRESSED Plywood is a composite material composed of layers of wood glued together. Avoids the
CONCRETE drawbacks of wood wholehearted to cover large spans. Clearly what this material is reliable, since
5.1. SYSTEMS
it is a very elastic fiber work is totally reliable.
5.3.COMPONENTS
STRUCTURE
6.1. SYSTEMS
6.3. COMPONENTS

7. MIRADOR HOUSING
9. BEIJING STADIUM

10.BIBLIOGRAFY

11.AUTHORS

Image: AR Nevado [Book: Diseño estructural en Madera]



The dimensions of the pieces are determined by transport and characteristics of the tooling for the
manufacture, not by their mechanical properties.
2. EQUIPMENTS Advantages:
3. CONPARATION - In the manufacturing process eliminates many defects of the material, which increases their
safety.
4. METALLIC INDUSTRIALIZED - Are reduced to the maximum strains due to different causes.
STRUCTURE
4.1. SYSTEMS - Allows use of auxiliary elements with high mechanical union.
4.2. DEVELOPMENT AND USE FIELD - Good strength to weight ratio.
4.3. COMPONENTS - Greater energy efficiency and environmentally friendly.
4.6. TECHNNIQUES
Requirements:
4.7.MATERIALS - Due to the organic origin of wood is vulnerable to biological attacks, particularly in environments
4.8.PROTECTION constantly saturated with moisture.
5. 3. INDUSTRIALIZED STRUCTURE OF - In normal environments, requires the inspection of:
REINFORCED AND PRESTRESSED - Deformation and cracks
CONCRETE
5.1. SYSTEMS - Auxiliary elements binding
5.2. DEVELOPMENT AND USE FIELD - Fixed support and blind spots
5.3.COMPONENTS
STRUCTURE
6.1. SYSTEMS
6.3. COMPONENTS

7. MIRADOR HOUSING
9. BEIJING STADIUM

10.BIBLIOGRAFY

11.AUTHORS




1. INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS SYSTEMS
2. EQUIPMENTS
3. CONPARATION
The most currently used systems are:
STRUCTURE 1 - Structures formed by rigid frames made with
4.1. SYSTEMS pieces of variable section.
4.3. COMPONENTS
4.4. PRODUCTION PROCESSES The labor union of the pieces is made by steel
4.5. TRANSPORT AND ASSEMBLY supporting elements.
4.6. TECHNNIQUES The fastening is done by triangulating the
4.7.MATERIALS quadrilateral formed by the frames with belts
4.8.PROTECTION
and studs enclosures. In buildings of small and
REINFORCED AND PRESTRESSED moderate light.
CONCRETE
5.1. SYSTEMS
5.3.COMPONENTS
5.4. PRODUCTION PROCESSES 2 - Structures formed by porticos articulated
6. INDUSTRIALIZADE WOOD pieces Reliz variable section.
STRUCTURE
6.1. SYSTEMS
The joints are made by steel supporting
6.3. COMPONENTS elements. They are used for medium and large
6.4. PRODUCTION PROCESSES buildings with lights and high fire resistance.

7. MIRADOR HOUSING
9. BEIJING STADIUM

10.BIBLIOGRAFY

11.AUTHORS



2. EQUIPMENTS
3. CONPARATION 3 - Structures formed by arcs of constant or variable section, articulated or rigid.

4. METALLIC INDUSTRIALIZED The joints or seams are made by steel supporting elements. They are used for medium and large
STRUCTURE
buildings with lights.
4.1. SYSTEMS
4.3. COMPONENTS
4.6. TECHNNIQUES
4.7.MATERIALS
4.8.PROTECTION
CONCRETE
5.1. SYSTEMS
5.3.COMPONENTS
STRUCTURE
6.1. SYSTEMS
6.3. COMPONENTS

7. MIRADOR HOUSING
9. BEIJING STADIUM

10.BIBLIOGRAFY
11.AUTHORS



2. EQUIPMENTS
3. CONPARATION 4 - Structures formed by articulated or rigid frames of lattice planes.

4. METALLIC INDUSTRIALIZED They are used for medium and large lights. Bracing members are related to the distance
STRUCTURE
between frames and belts in terms of mechanical requirements.
4.1. SYSTEMS
4.3. COMPONENTS
4.6. TECHNNIQUES
4.7.MATERIALS
4.8.PROTECTION
CONCRETE
5.1. SYSTEMS
5.3.COMPONENTS
STRUCTURE
6.1. SYSTEMS
6.3. COMPONENTS

7. MIRADOR HOUSING
9. BEIJING STADIUM

10.BIBLIOGRAFY
11.AUTHORS



1. INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS 5 - Structures formed by triangulated meshes
2. EQUIPMENTS
3. CONPARATION flat space.

4. METALLIC INDUSTRIALIZED They are used to light large spaces. They are
STRUCTURE very rigid structures and do not require bracing
4.1. SYSTEMS
in the planes defined by the mesh.
4.3. COMPONENTS
4.6. TECHNNIQUES
4.7.MATERIALS
4.8.PROTECTION
REINFORCED AND PRESTRESSED Image: AR Nevado [Book: Diseño estructural en Madera]
CONCRETE
5.1. SYSTEMS
5.3.COMPONENTS
6. INDUSTRIALIZADE WOOD 6 - Structures formed by spatial meshes
STRUCTURE triangulated dome-shaped curves or
6.1. SYSTEMS compressed sheet.
6.3. COMPONENTS
6.4. PRODUCTION PROCESSES They are used for spaces with large spans. May
6.5. TRANSPORT AND ASSEMBLY consist of a single layer or sheet or two layers
with intermediate lattice.
7. MIRADOR HOUSING
9. BEIJING STADIUM

10.BIBLIOGRAFY

11.AUTHORS



2. EQUIPMENTS
7 - Spatial Structures formed by triangulated
3. CONPARATION mesh membrane-shaped curves.

4. METALLIC INDUSTRIALIZED They are used for spaces with large spans. They
STRUCTURE
consist of a single layer triangulated.
4.1. SYSTEMS
4.3. COMPONENTS 8 - not self-balancing tractocomprimided
structures (cable-stayed and suspension).
4.6. TECHNNIQUES
4.7.MATERIALS Are formed by a continuous subsystem pulled
4.8.PROTECTION anchored to the ground, supports compressed
5. 3. INDUSTRIALIZED STRUCTURE OF and beams or plates pulled subsystem
CONCRETE
suspended and supported in compressed
5.1. SYSTEMS media.
5.2. DEVELOPMENT AND USE FIELD The sub-traction can be formed by wires or
5.3.COMPONENTS rods. The advantage rigidification of these
structures essentially props and stiffening
STRUCTURE system between the supports and the
6.1. SYSTEMS anchoring in the ground.
6.3. COMPONENTS
Menbrana forma duen malla.
7. MIRADOR HOUSING
9. BEIJING STADIUM

10.BIBLIOGRAFY

11.AUTHORS



3.EVOLUTION AND USABLE PART
2. EQUIPMENTS
3. CONPARATION Soon, the iron structures took the place of the
wooden structures, because the setting
4. METALLIC INDUSTRIALIZED techniques were easier, more resistant and
STRUCTURE
4.1. SYSTEMS
secures.
4.2. DEVELOPMENT AND USE FIELD The development of the technology to
4.3. COMPONENTS produce metallic auxiliary pieces for
4.4. PRODUCTION PROCESSES connection was determinant to renew the
wooden structures’ technology.
4.6. TECHNNIQUES
4.7.MATERIALS The establishment of factories for medium-size
4.8.PROTECTION parts, competitive with steel or concrete, and
5. 3. INDUSTRIALIZED STRUCTURE OF social positioning on sustainability
REINFORCED AND PRESTRESSED edification, contribute to growth of such
CONCRETE
5.1. SYSTEMS
structures.
5.2. DEVELOPMENT AND USE FIELD It is broader than that of steel
5.3.COMPONENTS structures, although the existence of an initial
5.4. PRODUCTION PROCESSES investment cost of these exceed limits their use
to situations in which demands the use of steel
STRUCTURE
prevents or reduces their overall performance.
6.1. SYSTEMS COMPONENTS
6.2. EVOLUTION AND USABLE PART
6.3. COMPONENTS
6.4. PRODUCTION PROCESSES - Supports.
When not part of a rigid frame parts are
7. MIRADOR HOUSING formed by single or double square or
9. BEIJING STADIUM Image: AR Nevado [Book: Diseño estructural en Madera] rectangular base provided with a concrete or
steel that insulate the soil, which should never
10.BIBLIOGRAFY be built.
(Often the use of composite structures in which
11.AUTHORS the supports are made of reinforced concrete
and other armor of wood.)



- Beams.
2. EQUIPMENTS Laminated wood beams are usually slender rectangular section, since it is more efficient to
3. CONPARATION resolve the slenderness by stiffening the bracing. When the lights are large sections of the beams
meet the mechanical needs resulting in variable sections.
STRUCTURE Whether the beams are supported, articulated or rigidly attached to brackets or other structural
4.1. SYSTEMS elements, joints are metal and are attached to pieces of wood by mechanical fasteners
4.2. DEVELOPMENT AND USE FIELD (screws, perforated plates, toothed plates, rings, ball joints .. .). Often the union of pieces with
4.3. COMPONENTS lateral fixation instead of testa.
4.6. TECHNNIQUES
4.7.MATERIALS
4.8.PROTECTION
CONCRETE
5.1. SYSTEMS
5.3.COMPONENTS
STRUCTURE
6.1. SYSTEMS
6.3. COMPONENTS

7. MIRADOR HOUSING
9. BEIJING STADIUM

10.BIBLIOGRAFY

11.AUTHORS



2. EQUIPMENTS
3. CONPARATION

STRUCTURE - Portals.
4.1. SYSTEMS
4.2. DEVELOPMENT AND USE FIELD They consist of single or double elements of
4.3. COMPONENTS
variable section. In its basic configuration is the
4.5. TRANSPORT AND ASSEMBLY study of the transport system, although they
4.6. TECHNNIQUES have brought to manufacture parts up to 60m in
4.7.MATERIALS length.
4.8.PROTECTION
REINFORCED AND PRESTRESSED - Forging.
CONCRETE
5.1. SYSTEMS
Image: AR Nevado [Book: Diseño estructural en Madera] -Pieces are made with one-piece or laminated
5.3.COMPONENTS
rectangular uniform section. Usually joined
5.4. PRODUCTION PROCESSES laterally to the beams or frames instead of
6. INDUSTRIALIZADE WOOD supporting them. This will reduce the height of
STRUCTURE the truss and reduces the slenderness of the
6.1. SYSTEMS main element of soul.
6.3. COMPONENTS When the distance between major elements is
6.4. PRODUCTION PROCESSES reduced one-piece parts can be used directly
6.5. TRANSPORT AND ASSEMBLY supported on the main elements, thus avoiding
the use of expensive auxiliary elements.
7. MIRADOR HOUSING
9. BEIJING STADIUM

10.BIBLIOGRAFY

11.AUTHORS Image: AR Nevado [Book: Diseño estructural en Madera]



2. EQUIPMENTS
- Fastenings.
3. CONPARATION
Elements are used rectangular, square or
4. METALLIC INDUSTRIALIZED circular in response to mechanical
STRUCTURE
requirements of each case.
4.1. SYSTEMS
4.3. COMPONENTS
4.6. TECHNNIQUES
4.7.MATERIALS
4.8.PROTECTION
5. 3. INDUSTRIALIZED STRUCTURE OF Image: AR Nevado [Book: Diseño estructural en Madera]
CONCRETE
5.1. SYSTEMS - Arcos.
5.3.COMPONENTS
5.4. PRODUCTION PROCESSES Besides its guideline curve characteristics do
6. INDUSTRIALIZADE WOOD not differ significantly from those of beams or
STRUCTURE frames.
6.1. SYSTEMS
6.3. COMPONENTS

7. MIRADOR HOUSING
9. BEIJING STADIUM

10.BIBLIOGRAFY

11.AUTHORS


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