The document discusses circulations and metabolisms in hybrid natures and cyborg cities. It covers socio-natural metabolisms, the invention of circulation, hybrid natures in cities, and flows of power using the case study of Guayaquil, Ecuador's waters. Historical materialist perspectives view metabolism as a central metaphor involving the transformation and maintenance of the relationship between humans and nature through labor.

1. CIRCULATIONS AND METABOLISMS: HYBRID NATURES AND CYBORG CITIES Erik Swyngedouw Geography – School of Environment and Development, University of Manchester Environmental Conflicts Summer School ICTA-AUB, 26 June – 10 July 2010

13. CITIES AND THE WATER PROBLEM

14. Table 3.3. Percentage of houses with indoor piped water and sewerage connections, selected Latin American cities. Source: (1) UNCHS (2001: 323); (2) The World Bank (1998: 278-279); (3) INEC, Census 1990; (4) Crespo (2002). City Year Percentage water % Sewerage Cochabamba, Bolivia 1997 2000 80.7 57 20 Barranquilia, Colombia 1993 93.4 Santo Domingo, Dom. Rep. 1993 86.8 Managua, Nicaragua 1998 58.4 Panama, Panama 1990 81.7 Guatamala City, Guatamala 1993 52 Recife, Brazil 1993 79 38 San Salvador, El Salvador 1993 86 80 La Paz, Bolivia 1993 55 58 Lima, Peru 1993 70 69 Asuncion, Paraguay 1993 58 10 Guayaquil, Ecuador 1990 1993 64.0 80 55.2 55

15. Blame it on nature! The Myth of Scarcity

22. Houses % Inhabitants % Total 349176 100 1643207 100 in-house 163183 47 743978 45 outdoor 43696 13 202476 12 quarter 18887 5 92129 6 no-water 123369 35 604624 37 public net 219439 63 1007574 61 priv. vendor 121257 35 593731 36 Water accessibility and water provision in the metropolitan area of Guayaquil (City of Guayaquil plus Duran)

24. Sector Norte Central Sur Number of inhabitants 421214 422985 272393 Water sup. (m 3 /day) 272471 99500 16000 water/inhabitant/day 307 160 43 Average hours of service 24 10 4 Geographical Distribution of water supply and consu m ption through the official network (1990)

32. Price multiples and water prices charged by water vendors, mid 1970s-1980s and 2001 City Country Multiples of Water price b water charged U.S.$/m 3 Tegucigalpa Honduras 16-34 Lima Peru 17 20-50 intis Barranquilla Colombia 28 2.00 Mexico City Mexico 40-114 400 pesos Guayaquil Ecuador 200-300 2.11-3.16 Quito Ecuador 27 1.70-2.00 Data for 2001 Baranquilla Colombia 10-12 5.50-6.40 Guatamala City Guatamala 7-10 2.70-4.50 Lima Peru 8-10 2.40 Guayaquil Ecuador 3.20 Cochabamba Bolivia 5 2.40 El Alto Bolivia 16 3.30

38. Source: www.thewaterpage.com (5 September 2002) Proportion of Water and Sanitation Services Privatised 1997 and 2010 projected REGION % Privatised, 1997 % Privatised, 2010 Value of privatised market (bUS$) Western Europe 20 35 10 Central and East Europe 4 20 4 North America 5 15 9 Latin America 4 60 9 Africa 3 33 3 Asia 1 20 10

39. Whose Water? Whose Nature? Whose City? What kind of urban socio-natural metabolism and for whom?