Jürgen Blaser, Intercooperation, Bern, Switzerland

1. The trouble with our times is that
the future is not what it used to be…
PrefacePreface
Paul Valéry
© Rockstrom2010
ВведениеВведение
Будущее уже не то, что было
раньше… Поль Валери

2. Overview ofOverview of
Global Forest Governance andGlobal Forest Governance and
Forest Law EnforcementForest Law Enforcement
focussed to the ENA Regionfocussed to the ENA Region
Europe and North Asia Forest Law Enforcement and GovernanceEurope and North Asia Forest Law Enforcement and Governance
Preparatory Committee Conference (PrepCom)Preparatory Committee Conference (PrepCom)
Moscow, June 6, 2005Moscow, June 6, 2005
Jürgen Blaser, Intercooperation, Bern, Switzerland
The present content does only commit the presenter, and none of the involved organizations
Photographic illustrations are not in direct relationship to the specific issue in the respective slide
© Juergen Blaser, with support by Kerstin Canby and Arnoldo Contreras. Photographs by J. Blaser

3. Обзор глобальных вопросовОбзор глобальных вопросов
управления в лесном секторе иуправления в лесном секторе и
специфических проблем в регионеспецифических проблем в регионе
ЕСАЕСА
«Международный процесс по вопросам правоприменения,«Международный процесс по вопросам правоприменения,
управления в лесном секторе (FLEG) в регионе Европы и Северной Азии»управления в лесном секторе (FLEG) в регионе Европы и Северной Азии»
Подготовительная конференцияПодготовительная конференция
Москва, 6-8 июня 2005 г.Москва, 6-8 июня 2005 г.
Юрген Блазер, Swiss Intercooperation
The present content does only commit the presenter, and none of the involved organizations
Photographic illustrations are not in direct relationship to the specific issue in the respective slide
© Juergen Blaser, with support by Kerstin Canby and Arnoldo Contreras. Photographs by J. Blaser

4. Overview of International Processes and ProgressOverview of International Processes and Progress
in Forest Governance since Saint Petersburg 2005in Forest Governance since Saint Petersburg 2005
Обзор международных процессов и вопросов развитияОбзор международных процессов и вопросов развития
рационального управления в лесном секторерационального управления в лесном секторе
в период с 2005 года, после провденияв период с 2005 года, после провдения
Конференции в г. Санкт-ПетербургКонференции в г. Санкт-Петербург
Juergen Blaser
Юрген Блазер
Bern University of Applied Sciences
Университет Верн, Швейцария
Tblisi, 8 July 2014

5. PROCESSESPROCESSES
ОБЗОР МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫХ ПРОЦЕССОВОБЗОР МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫХ ПРОЦЕССОВ
31% of the world’s land area is covered by forests31% of the world’s land area is covered by forests
31% территории Земли покрыто лесами31% территории Земли покрыто лесами
2,180 m2,180 m
haha
1,850 m1,850 m
haha
North Север
South Юг
Forests 2014Forests 2014 Лес 2014Лес 2014

6. Country Data Boreal Temperate Subtropical Tropical Global
Land Area
('000 ha)
2,659,547 2,894,298 1,985,421 5,386,567 13,010,510
20.4% 22.2% 15.3% 41.4% 100%
Forest Area
('000 ha)
1,179,682 671,003 342,035 1,839,303 4,033,063
29.3% 16.6% 8.5% 45.6% 100%
Relative proportion
of Forest
44.4% 23.2% 17.2% 34.1% 31.0%
Development of
Forest Area
increasing
slightly
increasing
increasing decreasing
slightly
decreasing
Change Rate 0.4% 0.2% 0.4% -0.4% -0.1%
Carbon in living
forest biomass
(Megatons)
48,890 38,171 8,563 179,535 275,207
17.8% 13.9% 3.1% 65.2% 100%
Population (million)
194,300 2,260,032 973,640 3,311,683 6,750,525
2.9% 33.5% 14.4% 49.1% 100%
Population
development
decreasing
slightly
increasing
slightly
increasing
strongly
increasing
increasing

7. Forest area (m ha)
Площадь лесов
(млн.га)
Forest cover %
В процентном
соотношении
Growing stock (m3/ha)
Выработка леса на
гектар
Balkans - Балканы 19 32 176
Eastern Europe
Восточная Европа
827 48 103
North and Central Asia
Северная и Центральная Азия
23 4 82
Caucasus - Кавказ 15 16 141
TOTAL Всего 884 37 105
Forests in ENA-RegionForests in ENA-Region 20142014 -- ЛесаЛеса ЕСА регион,ЕСА регион,
20142014

8. Felling as % of annual growth
Вырубка в % от ежегодного прироста
Nordics and Baltics 72%
Central Europe 61%
EU 27 60%
South-East Europe 45%
Russia 34%
(USA, Canada) (80%)
Forest resources ever increasing in ENA Region
Прирост лесов на Евразийском континенте

9.  Supply and demand for timber, paper, wood products, energySupply and demand for timber, paper, wood products, energy
Спрос и предложение в индустрии леса, бумажнойСпрос и предложение в индустрии леса, бумажной
промышленности, производстве товаров из древесиныпромышленности, производстве товаров из древесины
и секторе энергетикии секторе энергетики
 Increased demand for and competition between products;
 Global timber trade doubled over the last decade
(in spite of slow down 2008/2009)  China, emerging markets
 Increasing demand for transparency and production methods
Возрастающая потребность в открытой информации
о производстве и товарах
 Certified forests Dec. 2005: 272 m ha (91 m ha ENA region)
 Certified forests June 2014: 442 m ha (166 m ha ENA region)
 FLEG, FLEGT processes, also influenced behaviors (China…)
Global forest Challenges 2005 – 2014Global forest Challenges 2005 – 2014
Основные проблемы мирового леса 2005-Основные проблемы мирового леса 2005-
20142014

10.  Raise of global energy marketRaise of global energy market:: biofuel, wood pellets, wood chipsbiofuel, wood pellets, wood chips
Энергоресурсы: топливные пеллеты, щепаЭнергоресурсы: топливные пеллеты, щепа
40% raise of wood fuel from forests in ENA region 2005-201340% raise of wood fuel from forests in ENA region 2005-2013
(360 million m3 of wood)(360 million m3 of wood)
 Valuation of forest products and ecosystem servicesValuation of forest products and ecosystem services
Оценка лесных товаров и услугОценка лесных товаров и услуг
Timber, timber products and NTFP, water, carbon, biodiversity
 Changes in forest ownership, access to forest resourcesChanges in forest ownership, access to forest resources
Реформа форм собственности леса, реальный доступ кРеформа форм собственности леса, реальный доступ к
использованию лесных ресурсовиспользованию лесных ресурсов
From state to communities, user associations, private sector lease;
“land grabbing”: Increased demand for land: plantation wood
 Changes in national forest policyChanges in national forest policy
Изменения в политике управления лесами на государственнойИзменения в политике управления лесами на государственной
уровнеуровне
From forestry policies to wider forest policies

11. Global Forest GovernanceGlobal Forest Governance
Надлежащее управление лесамиНадлежащее управление лесами
 Forest and economic growth, trade policiesForest and economic growth, trade policies
 Forests and sustainable developmentForests and sustainable development
 Forests and climate changeForests and climate change
 Forests and biological diversityForests and biological diversity
 Forests and their social, cultural and « public-opinion» dimension.Forests and their social, cultural and « public-opinion» dimension.
 Transversal dimension: Forest GovernanceTransversal dimension: Forest Governance

12. Forest Governance 10 years afterForest Governance 10 years after
St. Petersburg: the broad issuesSt. Petersburg: the broad issues
 (1) Forest and Environmental Policy (global and regional)(1) Forest and Environmental Policy (global and regional)
Лесная политика и окружающая средаЛесная политика и окружающая среда
 (2) Trade Policies -(2) Trade Policies - Торговая политикаТорговая политика
 (3) Green Economy -(3) Green Economy - Зеленая экономикаЗеленая экономика
 (4) Institutions -(4) Institutions - ОрганизацииОрганизации
 (5) An overlying issue: climate change(5) An overlying issue: climate change
С учетом изменений климатаС учетом изменений климата

13. The Forest Instrument 2007; post-2015; Global Objectives on Forests:The Forest Instrument 2007; post-2015; Global Objectives on Forests:
Reverse the loss of forest cover worldwide…Reverse the loss of forest cover worldwide…
Enhance forest-based economic, social and environmental benefitsEnhance forest-based economic, social and environmental benefits
Increase significantly the area of protected forests worldwideIncrease significantly the area of protected forests worldwide
and other areas of sustainably managed forests…and other areas of sustainably managed forests…
Mobilize financial resources for sustainable forest managementMobilize financial resources for sustainable forest management ….….
CBD Aichi Targets (2011CBD Aichi Targets (2011):): 4 main targets, including:4 main targets, including:
“By 2020, at least 17% of terrestrial areas are conserved”
Climate changeClimate change:: REDD+ Challenges (since 2009)/NAMA/LULUCFREDD+ Challenges (since 2009)/NAMA/LULUCF
The missing element: carbon permanence (boreal and temperate forests)The missing element: carbon permanence (boreal and temperate forests)
Bonn Challenge (2012): 2 targets, includingBonn Challenge (2012): 2 targets, including ““Restore 150 million hectares of
the world's degraded and deforested lands by 2020»
Forests and SDG targets post 2015 (2014Forests and SDG targets post 2015 (2014): Forests under biodiversity, incl.): Forests under biodiversity, incl.
possible target: “By 2030 manage all the world’s forests sustainably”possible target: “By 2030 manage all the world’s forests sustainably”
Forest Governance: (1) Policy Dimension (global)Forest Governance: (1) Policy Dimension (global)

14. ““Forest Europe”Forest Europe”
Since 1990, 46 members, 6 Ministerial conferencesSince 1990, 46 members, 6 Ministerial conferences
Since 2011:Since 2011: Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee to develop a
legally binding agreement on forests in the pan-European region
Aims:
 consolidating tools for SFM;
 improving monitoring of and reporting on forests;
 combatting illegal logging;
 developing a common approach to the valuation of forests services;
 emphasizing the social aspects of forestry;
 the role of forests in the transition to a green economy.
Forest Governance: (1) Policy DimensionForest Governance: (1) Policy Dimension
(regional)(regional)

15.  European Union Timber Regulation (EUTR), March 2013:European Union Timber Regulation (EUTR), March 2013:
Prevents illegal logged wood in all the EU Member StatesPrevents illegal logged wood in all the EU Member States
 EU/US Transatlantic Free Trade Area NegotiationsEU/US Transatlantic Free Trade Area Negotiations::
Elimination of tariffs and non-tariffs barriers; standards & regulationsElimination of tariffs and non-tariffs barriers; standards & regulations
Lacey Act (1900) amendment of 2008: trafficking of wood and wood productsLacey Act (1900) amendment of 2008: trafficking of wood and wood products
 Investment: Russian Federation Investment Project:Investment: Russian Federation Investment Project:
EEarmarked 400 billion rubles to finance
priority projects in the country’s forestry
industry “to make the sector attractive
for investment and address its long-term
problems”
Forest Governance: (2) Trade PoliciesForest Governance: (2) Trade Policies

16. Forest Governance: (3) Green EconomyForest Governance: (3) Green Economy
Управление лесами в зеленой экономикеУправление лесами в зеленой экономике
 The forest sector in a green economy:The forest sector in a green economy:
IImproving human well-being and social equity whilemproving human well-being and social equity while
significantly reducing environmental risks and ecologicalsignificantly reducing environmental risks and ecological
scarcities.scarcities.
 10 key messages of the L’viv Forum 201210 key messages of the L’viv Forum 2012
10 ключевых рекомендаций Львовского Форума10 ключевых рекомендаций Львовского Форума
 Action Plan for the Forest Sector in a Green EconomyAction Plan for the Forest Sector in a Green Economy
in the ECE regionin the ECE region
План действий по лесу в Зеленой экономикеПлан действий по лесу в Зеленой экономике
ЕСА-региона.ЕСА-региона.

17. Forest Governance: (4) InstitutionsForest Governance: (4) Institutions
Управление лесами: интернациональные организацииУправление лесами: интернациональные организации

18. Forest Governance: (5) Climate change:Forest Governance: (5) Climate change:
Forest-based adaptation and carbon sinksForest-based adaptation and carbon sinks
Адаптация лесов к изменению климата вАдаптация лесов к изменению климата в
планировании лесного хозяйствапланировании лесного хозяйства
Map: the world 4°C warmerMap: the world 4°C warmer
Карта: повышение температуры на 4 градусаКарта: повышение температуры на 4 градуса

19. (2) PROGRESS(2) PROGRESS
IN FOREST GOVERNANCE SINCEIN FOREST GOVERNANCE SINCE
SAINT PETERSBURG 2005SAINT PETERSBURG 2005
Развитие рационального управленияРазвитие рационального управления
в лесном секторе в период с 2005в лесном секторе в период с 2005
годагода

20. St. PetersburgSt. Petersburg
Declaration, Nov. 2005Declaration, Nov. 2005
 Expression of commitment
«выражение доброй воли» by 43
governments (+EU) from the ENA region
and other participating countries to take
action to address illegal logging and
associated forest crimes.
Ministerial St. Petersburg Declaration, contents:
Содержание министерской Декларации, г. Санкт-Петербург
 National action fields “commitments” (7)
 International action fields “commitments” (4)
 Indicative list of possible actions (возможные действия)

21. Criteria to assess progress of implementation of theCriteria to assess progress of implementation of the
St. Petersburg DeclarationSt. Petersburg Declaration
Критерии осуществления Санкт-ПетербургскойКритерии осуществления Санкт-Петербургской
декларации:декларации:
National level
High level political commitment for FLEG
Review forest legislation, harmonize with intern. agreements
Strengthen interagency cooperation
Formulate concrete actions under clearly defined targets
Recognize the rights of forest-dependent communities and
stakeholder participation
Develop anti-corruption tools
Disseminate transparent information

22. Criteria to assess progress of StP
(cont.)
Критерии осуществления Санкт-
Петербургской декларации
International level
Promote and develop cooperation, partnerships,
human capacity
Enhance awareness of information about the legality
of products
Cooperate with civil society to inform consumers
of the problems of FLEG

23. Measures to improve forest governanceMeasures to improve forest governance
Меры по совершенствованию управления в лесномМеры по совершенствованию управления в лесном
секторесекторе
Reform Laws and NormsReform Laws and Norms
Изменение законов иИзменение законов и
нормативных актовнормативных актов
PreventionPrevention DetectionDetection SupressionSupression
ПрофилактикаПрофилактика ВыявлениеВыявление ПресечениеПресечение
Reform tenureReform tenure
РеформированиеРеформирование
прав лесовладенияправ лесовладения
Strengthen civil serviceStrengthen civil service
Укрепление системыУкрепление системы
госслужбыгосслужбы
Increase transparencyIncrease transparency
ПовышениеПовышение
прозрачностипрозрачности
Reduce monopoly powerReduce monopoly power
УменьшениеУменьшение
монопольной властимонопольной власти
Knowledge & CooperationKnowledge & Cooperation
Управление знаниями иУправление знаниями и
развитие сотрудничестваразвитие сотрудничества
СовершенстСовершенст
вованиевование
управленияуправления
в лесномв лесном
секторесекторе

24. Resistance to change: Willing to give up privileges?Resistance to change: Willing to give up privileges?
Сопротивлением переменам: Нежелание расставаться сСопротивлением переменам: Нежелание расставаться с
привилегиямипривилегиями
Difficulties to separate government functions versus privateDifficulties to separate government functions versus private
sector functionssector functions
Трудности разграничения государственных функцийТрудности разграничения государственных функций
и функций частного сектораи функций частного сектора
Regulatory role often not separated from production activitiesRegulatory role often not separated from production activities
Роль государственного регулирования зачастуюРоль государственного регулирования зачастую
не отделена от производственной деятельностине отделена от производственной деятельности
Weak means for monitoring and controlWeak means for monitoring and control
Недостаточное финансирование мероприятий поНедостаточное финансирование мероприятий по
мониторингу и контролюмониторингу и контролю
Institutions: what has changed since 10 years?Institutions: what has changed since 10 years?
Институты:Институты: экономика переходного периодаэкономика переходного периода

25. In Summary:In Summary:
St. Petersburg Declaration - post-2015St. Petersburg Declaration - post-2015
 Green economy: Good forest governance as a prerequisite
 Enabling environment for private investment in forests
 Protection of critical forest habitats and ecosystems;
define the role of forests in climate change
 Broaden the issues: capture the true value of forests
 Review national and international commitments, adapt and link
a post-2015 St.D. commitment to current international processes.
Implement effective policies, tenure and institutional reform:
Проведение эффективной лесной политики, реформы на
всех уровнях, в т.ч. государственном и частном