A disaster is --- the set of failures that overwhelm the capability of a community to respond without external help  when three continuums: 1)  people, 2) community (i.e., a set of habitats, livelihoods, and social constructs), and 3) complex events (e.g., earthquakes, landslides,..) intersect at a point in space and time. Presentation courtesy of Dr. Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction

1. SEISMICITY MAP SINCE 1900:
KAMCHATKA HAS THE MOST SEISMIC ACTIVITY

2. LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST
NOTABLE DISASTERS
RUSSIA
PART 3: EARTHQUAKES

3. NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED
DISASTERS IN RUSSIA
FLOODS
GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE
AND COMMUNITIES WINDSTORMS
HIGH BENEFIT/COST EARTHQUAKES
PROGRAMS FOR
BECOMING DISASTER WILDFIRES
RESILIENT
ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

4. TECTONIC PLATES

5. Natural Phenomena that Cause
Disasters
Planet Earth’s
Restlessness
Causes
Movement of
Tectonic Plates,
which leads to:
Earthquakes

6. KURIL-KAMCHATKA TRENCH
• Many earthquakes and
tsunamis originate from
Kamchatka as a result of
subduction of the Pacific Plate
under the Okhotsk Plate at the
Kuril-Kamchatka Trench

7. SEISMICITY MAP SINCE 1900:
KAMCHATKA HAS THE MOST SEISMIC ACTIVITY

8. FORTUNATELY, THE
REGION IS SPARSELY
POPULATED

9. ELEMENTS OF RISK AND
DISASTER

10. ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE
RISK
HAZARDS EXPOSURE
RISK
VULNERABILITY LOCATION

11. A DISASTER CAN HAPPEN
WHEN THE
POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS
OF AN EARTHQUAKE INTERACT
WITH THE VULNERABLE BUILT
ENVIRONMENTS OF NEW
ZEALAND’S COMMUNITIES

12. EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS:
ARE POTENTIAL DISASTER
AGENTS

13. TSUNAMI DAMAGE/ LOSS
FAULT RUPTURE
TECTONIC
DAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/LOSS DEFORMATION
FOUNDATION
DAMAGE/ LOSS
EARTHQUAKE FAILURE
SITE
DAMAGE/ LOSS
AMPLIFICATION
GROUND
LIQUEFACTION DAMAGE/ LOSS
SHAKING
LANDSLIDES DAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/LOSS
AFTERSHOCKS DAMAGE/ LOSS
SEICHE DAMAGE/ LOSS

14. LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT
DISASTER RESILIENCE
ALL EARTH-
QUAKES
PREPAREDNESS
FOR THE LIKELY
GROUND SHAKING
AND GROUND
FAILURE IS
ESSENTIAL FOR
DISASTER
RESILIENCE

15. VULNERABILITY TO
GROUND SHAKING

16. CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS HAVE
DIFFERENT VULNERABILITIES TO
GROUND SHAKING
35
% OF REPLACEMENT VALUE
30
MEAN DAMAGE RATIO,
25
20
15
10
5
0
V VI VII VIII IX
INTENSITY

17. CAUSES
OF
DAMAGE
INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO
HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING
SOIL AMPLIFICATION
PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT
(SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND
FAILURE)
IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION
EARTHQUAKES AND PLAN
“DISASTER FIRE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF
LABORATORIES” UTILITIES
LACK OF DETAILING AND
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
INATTENTION TO NON-
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

18. A DISASTER is ---
--- the set of failures that overwhelm the
capability of a community to respond
without external help when three
continuums: 1) people, 2) community
(i.e., a set of habitats, livelihoods, and
social constructs), and 3) complex
events (e.g., earthquakes, landslides,..)
intersect at a point in space and time.

19. Disasters are caused by
single- or multiple-event
natural hazards that, (for
various reasons), cause
extreme levels of mortality,
morbidity, homelessness,
joblessness, economic losses,
or environmental impacts.

20. THE REASONS ARE . . .
• When it does happen, the
functions of the community’s
buildings and infrastructure will be
LOST because they are
UNPROTECTED with the
appropriate codes and standards.

21. THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community is UN-
PREPARED for what will likely
happen, not to mention the
low-probability of occurrence—
high-probability of adverse
consequences event.

22. THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community has NO DISASTER
PLANNING SCENARIO or
WARNING SYSTEM in place as a
strategic framework for concerted
local, national, regional, and
international countermeasures.

23. THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community LACKS THE
CAPACITY TO RESPOND in a
timely manner to the full
spectrum of expected and
unexpected emergency
situations.

24. THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community is INEFFICIENT
during recovery and
reconstruction because it HAS
NOT LEARNED from either the
current experience or the
cumulative prior experiences.

25. THE ALTERNATIVE TO
DISASTER IS
EARTHQUAKE DISASTER
RESILIENCE

26. EARTHQUAKE RISK
ACCEPTABLE RISK
• QUAKE HAZARDS
•INVENTORY RISK
•VULNERABILITY UNACCEPTABLE RISK
•LOCATION
QUAKE DISASTER
RESILIENCE
DATA BASES RUSSIA’S
AND INFORMATION COMMINITIES
POLICY OPTIONS
•PREPAREDNESS
HAZARDS: •PROTECTION
GROUND SHAKING
GROUND FAILURE •FORECASTS/SCENARIOS
SURFACE FAULTING
TECTONIC DEFORMATION
•EMERGENCY RESPONSE
TSUNAMI RUN UP •RECOVERY and
AFTERSHOCKS
RECONSTRUCTION

27. LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT
DISASTER RESILIENCE
ALL EARTH-
QUAKES
PREPAREDNESS
FOR THE LIKELY
GROUND SHAKING
AND GROUND
FAILURE IS
ESSENTIAL FOR
DISASTER
RESILIENCE

28. LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT
DISASTER RESILIENCE
ALL EARTH-
QUAKES
BUILDING CODES
AND LIFELINE
STANDARDS ARE
ESSENTIAL FOR
DISASTER
RESILIENCE

29. LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT
DISASTER RESILIENCE
ALL EARTH-
QUAKES
TIMELY
EMERGENCY
RESPONSE IS
ESSENTIAL FOR
DISASTER
RESILIENCE

30. THE NEFTEGORSK EARTHQUAKE–
ONE OF RUSSIA’S NOTABLE
EARTHQUAKES
11:03 pm; May 27, 1995
Mw7.1; Ms7.6
Depth: 9 km (5.4 miles)

31. THE NEFTEGORSK
EARTHQUAKE: MAY 27, 1995
• A ―BULLS EYE EARTHQUAKE: The 40-
kn-long rupture of the right-lateral
strike-slip fault passed directly under
Neftegorsk

32. THE NEFTEGORSK
EARTHQUAKE: MAY 27, 1995
• Neftegorsk was nearly completely
destroyed by the earthquake, and
approximately 2,000 of the 3,176
residents in the town were killed.

33. THE NEFTEGORSK
EARTHQUAKE: MAY 27, 1995
• 406 person were rescued alive
from under the rubble, but 37 of
them died in a hospital
following rescue

34. THE NEFTEGORSK
EARTHQUAKE: MAY 27, 1995
• The settlement was not
rebuilt after the earthquake.
• Most of the 1,144 survivors
were relocated.

35. TWO OF KAMCHATKA’S MANY
EARTHQUAKES
April 20, 2006
April 29, 2006

36. APRIL 20, 2006 KAMCHATKA
EARTHQUAKE
• The April 20, 2006 Kamchatka
earthquake was a M7.6 shock
located near the coast of
Koryak Autonomous Okrug at
an estimated depth of 22 km.

37. APRIL 20, 2006 KAMCHATKA
EARTHQUAKE
• The April 20, 2006 Kamchatka
earthquake was a M7.6 shock located
near the coast of Koryak Autonomous
Okrug at an estimated depth of 22 km.
• This major quake and the aftershock
sequence that followed damaged
buildings and infrastructure in three
villages.

38. APRIL 29, 2006 KAMCHATKA
EARTHQUAKE
• The M6.6 earthquake, which
struck on Saturday, April 29,
was followed by a number of
strong and medium
aftershocks.

39. APRIL 29, 2006 KAMCHATKA
EARTHQUAKE
• 1,000 people were evacuated,
40 people were injured, but no
deaths.

40. APRIL 29, 2006 KAMCHATKA
EARTHQUAKE
• Several diesel electric power
stations were damaged.

41. RUSSIA’S NEXT EARTHQUAKE IN
KAMCHATKA IS INEVITABLE
• ---SO, DON’T WAIT FOR
ANOTHER REMINDER
FROM A M4.4 OR
LARGER EARTH-
QUAKE OF THE
IMPORTANCE OF
EARTHQUAKE
DISASTER
RESILIENCE.