1) In 1800, England had a population of 10-12 million people with 1 million living in London. Other major cities included Liverpool, Birmingham, and Manchester which grew due to industries like mining, textiles, and manufacturing. 2) Coal and cotton were major exports and imports, powering England's economy. The population shift to cities after 1800 as factories replaced cottage industries. 3) In 1800, 75% of the population was illiterate. Factory work created a domestic servant class with very low wages to support the rising middle class. Lower classes faced poverty and oppression.

1. Nineteenth Century History and Culture