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Institution versus the individual,[object Object],Studying the president,[object Object]
BarberThe Presidential Character, 1972,[object Object],A psychological approach that focuses on the ways that interpersonal experiences shape individual characteristics that then influence how the Presidents perform.,[object Object],Personality and President  ,[object Object],President’s personality is important for understanding Presidential behavior,[object Object],Best way to predict personality is to look at a President’s formative years,[object Object]
Dimensions Active- Passive -- how much energy does he invest in the Presidency ,[object Object], ,[object Object],Active,[object Object],Passive,[object Object], ,[object Object],Positive,[object Object],Active-Positive: much activity and an enjoyment of it.  High self-esteem and relative success in dealing with the environment. ,[object Object],Wants to achieve results,[object Object], ,[object Object],Passive-Positive: Very other-directed character, constantly searching for affection by trying to please everyone.  Superficial optimism.   ,[object Object],Wants love,[object Object], ,[object Object],Negative,[object Object],Active-Negative: intense effort with a low level of emotional reward for that effort.  ambitious and aggressive with a vague, discontinuous self-image. ,[object Object],Wants to get and keep power,[object Object],Passive-Negative: sees public service as a “duty” that he is called to fill, but is not happy about it. Stoic or martyr like. ,[object Object],Emphasize their civic virtue,[object Object], Positive-Negative-- whether or not he seems to enjoy his political office/ life,[object Object], ,[object Object], ,[object Object], ,[object Object]
Barber, Presidential Character,[object Object],"The danger is that Nixon will commit himself irrevocably to some disastrous course of action"  ,[object Object]
Presidential Power and the Modern Presidents: Neustadt,[object Object],All presidents are “clerks”: they accomplish a wide range of tasks, but clerkship is not leadership.,[object Object],The strength or weakness of a President is measured in his ability to influence or persuade the other individuals who are part of running the country,[object Object],Power=Influence,[object Object]
FDR as the ideal president,[object Object],				Should we compare Obama?,[object Object]
Going Public,[object Object],Engaging in intensive public relations to promote their policies to the voters and thereby induce cooperation from other elected office holders.,[object Object],Example– ,[object Object],Reagan and Iran-Contra,[object Object],Clinton and the government shut down,[object Object],tone of State of the Union,[object Object]
Past,[object Object],Press conferences,[object Object],Weekly radio addresses,[object Object],Present– the technology question,[object Object],Weekly web address,[object Object],The official White House MySpace page,[object Object],White House on Twitter,[object Object]
Presidency ii
Presidency ii
Thinking about institutional constraints,[object Object]
Institution versus person?,[object Object],Difference in method and variables,[object Object],Which better explains nuts and bolts of decision-making,[object Object],Two ways of assessing White House Organization.,[object Object]
Institutional pressures,[object Object],Expectations of president after FDR– president as the ultimate scape-goat,[object Object],Clinton and the economy,[object Object],Bush and the economy,[object Object],Expansion of the Executive Office of the President (EOP),[object Object]
Congress,[object Object],Prefers decentralized, insulated bureaucracy,[object Object],Preference guided by INSTITUTIONAL constraint of re-election pressure,[object Object],Because social fear of state, Congress goes along with their preferenc.,[object Object],Presidency,[object Object],Prefers centralized, unified, coordinated bureaucracy that they control from the top.,[object Object],Preference guided by the blame they receive. ,[object Object],“Presidents are held responsible by the public for virtually every aspect of national performance…”,[object Object]
Institutions also help…,[object Object],Constitutional and delegated powers allow for assertion of leadership through action.,[object Object],Action hard to reverse by Congress because of legislative difficulties.,[object Object]
Additional takes on constraints,[object Object],The Obama promise– to change politics in Washington as we know it,[object Object],Obama tries to follow through on promise.,[object Object],Partisanship raises its head.,[object Object]

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Presidency ii

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