SlideShare ist ein Scribd-Unternehmen logo
1 von 21
Downloaden Sie, um offline zu lesen
HISTORICAL AND
DOCUMENTARY RESEARCH
IN EDUCATION
© LOUIS COHEN, LAWRENCE
MANION & KEITH MORRISON
STRUCTURE OF THE CHAPTER
• What is a document?
• Primary documents
• In the archive
• Documentary analysis
• Ethical and legal issues
WHAT IS A DOCUMENT?
• A record of an event or process, which may be produced
by individuals or groups.
• Types of documents:
– Created by private individuals and family groups in their
everyday lives or records produced by local, national and
international authorities and small or large organizations.
– Based on written text or produced through other means.
– Produced independently of the researcher or produced by
researchers themselves as data for their research.
– Primary documents (produced as a direct record of an event or
process by a witness or subject involved in it) and secondary
documents (formed through an analysis of primary documents to
provide an account of the event or process in question).
– Documents which combine primary and secondary sources.
– Hybrid documents (edited and collected versions of diaries,
letters and autobiographies).
– Virtual documents (from internet).
WRITTEN SOURCES OF DATA
• Some social worlds, cultures and events are
literate (documents are part of their everyday world
and activities); others are non-literate; others are
mixed. This affects the status of documents and
narratives;
• Some written data are deliberately written for
research; others (the majority) are not;
• Data deliberately written for research can be by the
researcher and/or the researched (e.g. diaries) –
insiders and outsiders;
• If data were written for a purpose, agenda and
audience other than research(ers) then there are
problems of validity and reliability;
WRITTEN SOURCES OF DATA
• Documents are ‘social products; they must be
examined not simply used as a resource. . . . To
treat them as a resource and not a topic’ betrays
‘the interpretive and interactional work that went
into their production’;
• Documents do not often record everything about
literal events; they are selective;
• Records are ‘contractual’ rather than ‘actuarial’,
e.g. police records may record that an officer was
present rather than what took place.
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SOURCES
• Books, textbooks, articles;
• Contemporary reports and
proceedings;
• Minutes of meetings;
• Census data;
• Newspapers/media sources;
• Works of fiction;
• Personal documents, e.g.:
diaries, journals, letters;
• School
magazines/prospectuses;
• Field notes;
• Records (formal and
informal);
• Biographies/autobiographies;
• Timesheets/timetables;
• Technical documents;
• Memos and e-mails;
• Reports and statistics;
• Correspondence;
• Plans;
• Stories (oral);
• Annals and chronicles;
• Photographs & artifacts;
• Conversations & speeches;
• Policy documents;
• Newspaper articles;
• Public records and archives.
ARCHIVE DOCUMENTS
• Public records (public record offices)
• Census data and cabinet minutes
• National and local archives
• Special collections in libraries
• Newspapers
• Government papers, laws and acts of parliament
WRITTEN SOURCES OF DATA
Consider:
• The original intention of the document;
• The reasons for/causes of the documents;
• The intended outcomes of the document;
• The interests of the writer;
• The original agenda of the document;
• The original audience(s) of the document;
• The status of the document;
• The original context of the document;
• The style/register of the document;
WRITTEN SOURCES OF DATA
Consider:
• How reliable/biased is the record?
• The ownership of the document (e.g. the
researcher, others’);
• Does the researcher personally know the author(s)
of the document (i.e. relationships)?;
• Was the researcher present in the events reported
(i.e. researcher effects)?
• How close to/detached from the participants is the
researcher?
• What do we need to know in order to make fullest
sense of the document?
• How to analyze and use the document.
WRITTEN SOURCES OF DATA
(Hammersley and Atkinson, 1983)
• What does the document say about the writer?
• How are the documents written?
• How are they read?
• Who writes them?
• What is included?
• What is omitted?
• What is taken for granted about the readership?
• What do readers need to know to make sense of
them?
• Validity and reliability are significant problems in
many documents.
CONSIDERATIONS IN WRITTEN
SOURCES OF DATA
• Formal/official → informal/lay documents;
• Published → unpublished documents;
• Public domain → private papers;
• Anonymous → authored;
• Anonymity ≠ objectivity;
• Facts → beliefs or opinions;
• Lay → professional;
• For circulation → not for circulation.
WRITTEN SOURCES OF DATA
• Biographies and autobiographies risk over-
presenting the story of successes, the famous,
the unusual, and the views of the powerful;
• Is a biography or autobiography ‘research’?
• Is a newspaper report/journalism ‘research’?
• Is a piece of fiction ‘research’?
• Documents are maybe to be used as
background data or to provide ‘sensitizing
concepts’.
THE DOUBLE HERMENEUTIC
• Documents record live events, so written data on social
events by definition become second hand because they
interpret the world; the researcher then interprets the
already-interpreted world, i.e. there is a ‘double
hermeneutic’;
• Social actors interpret social research and social behaviour,
i.e. they act in a pre-interpreted world; this is a form of
‘double hermeneutic’;
• ‘Sociology deals with a universe which is already
constituted within frames of meaning by social actors
themselves, and reinterprets these within its own theoretical
schemes’;
• the human subject is always involved in self-interpretation,
and this interpretation is then subjected to a second-level
interpretation by the ‘professional’ interpreter (researcher).
THE TRIPLE AND QUADRUPLE
HERMENEUTIC
• A research report is written, not live, i.e. it is a
written – interpreted – record of the writer’s
interpretation of the actors’ interpretations – a triply
interpreted world;
• The reader then puts her/his own interpretation on
the report – a quadruply interpreted world.
THREE GENERAL TRADITIONS IN
DOCUMENTARY ANALYSIS
• Positivist
– objective, systematic, rational and quantitative
nature of the study
• Interpretive
– Regards social phenomena such as documents
as having been socially constructed
• Critical
– emphasize social conflict, power, control and
ideology, with ideology critique such as Marxist,
feminist or critical discourse theory
ANALYZING DOCUMENTS
• Locate the document in its contextual setting;
• Address the preceding questions;
• Decide whether to opt for pre-ordinate or responsive
analysis;
• Decide how to ‘read’ the document, e.g. as objective
text, as subjective representation, as signification;
• Consider the facts, themes, patterns, beliefs, opinions,
statements in the documents;
• Consider similarities/differences between documents
which comment on the same issues;
• What are the readers’/researchers’ roles in producing
and analyzing the document?
• Is it possible to ‘factorize’ the document(s)?
NARRATIVE ENQUIRY
(Connelly and Clandinin, 1997)
• Involves field, texts on field experience, research
texts (which incorporate field and text);
• Converting field text to research text is a process
of increasing interpretation;
• ‘Field texts tend to be close to experience,
descriptive and shaped around particular events.
Research texts . . . tend to be at a distance from
the field and from field texts . . . . Research texts
tend to be patterned. Field texts are shaped into
research texts by the underlying narrative threads
and themes that constitute the driving force of the
inquiry.’
NARRATIVE ENQUIRY
(Connelly and Clandinin, 1997)
• ‘The researcher’s presence needs to be
acknowledged.’
• Discovering the researcher’s presence is no
grounds for dismissing the research text as
subjective; on the contrary, not to declare this is
deception.’
• The researcher has to set out the criteria that
govern the study and by which it might be judged.
QUESTIONS IN USING DOCUMENTS
1. Where has the document come from?
2. What is the document?
3. What kind of document is it?
4. What is the document about?
5. What are the intentions/purposes of the document?
6. What are the reasons for/causes of the document?
7. What were the intended outcomes of the document?
8. What were the focuses of the document?
9. Who was/were the writer(s)?
10. What was the agenda for the document?
11. How are documents similar to/different from other relevant
documents?
12. Who were the audiences of the document? For whom
was it written?
QUESTIONS IN USING DOCUMENTS
13. What is the status of the document?
14. What is the context of the document?
15. What else do you need to know in order to make sense of
the document?
16. Was the researcher present when the data were collected?
17. How close to/detached from the participants was the writer
of the document?
18. How can you analyze the document?
19. What can you infer about the writer of the document?
20. In reading the document what does it tell you about yourself
as a reader of it?
21. What are you doing in trying to make sense of the
document? What are you bringing to the analysis?
22. What are the problems of reliability and validity in the
document itself and in your reading of the document?
ETHICAL AND LEGAL MATTERS
• Insider research based on documentary sources
where the material appears likely to cast an
unfavourable light upon the institution which may
have commissioned it in the first place.
• Laws of copyright, freedom of information and
data protection as they operate in different
countries.

Weitere ähnliche Inhalte

Was ist angesagt?

Historical inquiry
Historical inquiryHistorical inquiry
Historical inquiryDawn Bartz
 
historical research
historical researchhistorical research
historical researchhagiecorotan
 
Historical method (written report)
Historical method (written report)Historical method (written report)
Historical method (written report)Chine Mari
 
Historical research 1
Historical research 1Historical research 1
Historical research 1tanzilaashraf
 
Science Research: Historical Research
Science Research: Historical ResearchScience Research: Historical Research
Science Research: Historical ResearchLarry Sultiz
 
Primary vs Secondary Sources by Dana Chandler, Archivist, Tuskegee University
Primary vs Secondary Sources by Dana Chandler, Archivist, Tuskegee UniversityPrimary vs Secondary Sources by Dana Chandler, Archivist, Tuskegee University
Primary vs Secondary Sources by Dana Chandler, Archivist, Tuskegee UniversityJonathan Underwood
 
Historical Research
Historical ResearchHistorical Research
Historical Researchjames duco
 
13 Questions in Historical Research Method & Oral History
13 Questions in Historical Research Method &  Oral History 13 Questions in Historical Research Method &  Oral History
13 Questions in Historical Research Method & Oral History Fatma Tuba Aydın
 
Research paper
Research paperResearch paper
Research paperkatakat99
 
Defining History and Its Importance.
Defining History and Its Importance.Defining History and Its Importance.
Defining History and Its Importance.Snethemba Buthelezi
 
Primary and Secondary Sources
Primary and Secondary SourcesPrimary and Secondary Sources
Primary and Secondary SourcesJane Stimpson
 
Historical sources and how to write a historical text analysis
Historical sources and how to write a historical text analysisHistorical sources and how to write a historical text analysis
Historical sources and how to write a historical text analysispapefons Fons
 
Overview of primary sources
Overview of primary sourcesOverview of primary sources
Overview of primary sourcesdigiadvisors
 
Source Selection
Source SelectionSource Selection
Source Selectionmputerba
 
Primary sources secondary sources ppt
Primary sources   secondary sources pptPrimary sources   secondary sources ppt
Primary sources secondary sources pptRoxane La'O
 

Was ist angesagt? (20)

Historical research
Historical researchHistorical research
Historical research
 
Primary and secondary sources
Primary and secondary sourcesPrimary and secondary sources
Primary and secondary sources
 
Data and its types
Data and its typesData and its types
Data and its types
 
Historical inquiry
Historical inquiryHistorical inquiry
Historical inquiry
 
historical research
historical researchhistorical research
historical research
 
Historical method (written report)
Historical method (written report)Historical method (written report)
Historical method (written report)
 
Historical research 1
Historical research 1Historical research 1
Historical research 1
 
Historical Research
Historical ResearchHistorical Research
Historical Research
 
Historical
HistoricalHistorical
Historical
 
Science Research: Historical Research
Science Research: Historical ResearchScience Research: Historical Research
Science Research: Historical Research
 
Primary vs Secondary Sources by Dana Chandler, Archivist, Tuskegee University
Primary vs Secondary Sources by Dana Chandler, Archivist, Tuskegee UniversityPrimary vs Secondary Sources by Dana Chandler, Archivist, Tuskegee University
Primary vs Secondary Sources by Dana Chandler, Archivist, Tuskegee University
 
Historical Research
Historical ResearchHistorical Research
Historical Research
 
13 Questions in Historical Research Method & Oral History
13 Questions in Historical Research Method &  Oral History 13 Questions in Historical Research Method &  Oral History
13 Questions in Historical Research Method & Oral History
 
Research paper
Research paperResearch paper
Research paper
 
Defining History and Its Importance.
Defining History and Its Importance.Defining History and Its Importance.
Defining History and Its Importance.
 
Primary and Secondary Sources
Primary and Secondary SourcesPrimary and Secondary Sources
Primary and Secondary Sources
 
Historical sources and how to write a historical text analysis
Historical sources and how to write a historical text analysisHistorical sources and how to write a historical text analysis
Historical sources and how to write a historical text analysis
 
Overview of primary sources
Overview of primary sourcesOverview of primary sources
Overview of primary sources
 
Source Selection
Source SelectionSource Selection
Source Selection
 
Primary sources secondary sources ppt
Primary sources   secondary sources pptPrimary sources   secondary sources ppt
Primary sources secondary sources ppt
 

Andere mochten auch

Documentary Research
Documentary ResearchDocumentary Research
Documentary Researchsandi97
 
Documentary research
Documentary researchDocumentary research
Documentary researchTajmina Ali
 
Documentary research
Documentary researchDocumentary research
Documentary researchsamuelnolan
 
Documentary research.
Documentary research.Documentary research.
Documentary research.Fatima Khan
 
Theo.st.peter's
Theo.st.peter'sTheo.st.peter's
Theo.st.peter'sdemirobles
 
Historical Research
Historical ResearchHistorical Research
Historical ResearchChine Mari
 
Historical Research in Education
Historical Research in EducationHistorical Research in Education
Historical Research in EducationAsif Bayezid
 
Historical method in Research
Historical method in ResearchHistorical method in Research
Historical method in ResearchManu K M
 

Andere mochten auch (13)

Documentary Research
Documentary ResearchDocumentary Research
Documentary Research
 
Documentary research
Documentary researchDocumentary research
Documentary research
 
Historical Documentary
Historical Documentary Historical Documentary
Historical Documentary
 
Documentary research
Documentary researchDocumentary research
Documentary research
 
Historical Research
Historical ResearchHistorical Research
Historical Research
 
Documentary research.
Documentary research.Documentary research.
Documentary research.
 
Modes Of Documentary[1]
Modes Of Documentary[1]Modes Of Documentary[1]
Modes Of Documentary[1]
 
Ethnography and Historical Research
Ethnography and Historical ResearchEthnography and Historical Research
Ethnography and Historical Research
 
Theo.st.peter's
Theo.st.peter'sTheo.st.peter's
Theo.st.peter's
 
Historical Research
Historical ResearchHistorical Research
Historical Research
 
Historical Research in Education
Historical Research in EducationHistorical Research in Education
Historical Research in Education
 
Historical method in Research
Historical method in ResearchHistorical method in Research
Historical method in Research
 
Historical research
Historical researchHistorical research
Historical research
 

Ähnlich wie Chapter12

Cj 3901 transnational crime
Cj 3901 transnational crimeCj 3901 transnational crime
Cj 3901 transnational crimeTraciwm
 
Lesson 3 - Historical Research.pptx
Lesson 3 - Historical Research.pptxLesson 3 - Historical Research.pptx
Lesson 3 - Historical Research.pptxKevinDRSumba
 
PrimaryandSecondarySources.ppt
PrimaryandSecondarySources.pptPrimaryandSecondarySources.ppt
PrimaryandSecondarySources.pptRAEB6
 
Basics of Information Sources in Reference Services
Basics of Information Sources in Reference ServicesBasics of Information Sources in Reference Services
Basics of Information Sources in Reference ServicesAllana Delgado
 
What is history intro to ap
What is history intro to ap What is history intro to ap
What is history intro to ap Jonah Howard
 
Researching for Sources & Gathering Supporting Material for a Public Speech
Researching for Sources & Gathering Supporting Material for a Public SpeechResearching for Sources & Gathering Supporting Material for a Public Speech
Researching for Sources & Gathering Supporting Material for a Public SpeechWafi Badji
 
The Facts of Fiction MPLA 2013
The Facts of Fiction MPLA 2013The Facts of Fiction MPLA 2013
The Facts of Fiction MPLA 2013Melissa Clark
 
Obtaining-information-from-various-sources.pptx
Obtaining-information-from-various-sources.pptxObtaining-information-from-various-sources.pptx
Obtaining-information-from-various-sources.pptxHazelDiscar
 
Voices from the Past: Enhancing Your Research with Primary Sources
Voices from the Past: Enhancing Your Research with Primary SourcesVoices from the Past: Enhancing Your Research with Primary Sources
Voices from the Past: Enhancing Your Research with Primary Sourcesaldenlibrary
 
Freedom in America Paper Assignment Step 1 Pick a topic. Wh
Freedom in America Paper Assignment Step 1 Pick a topic. WhFreedom in America Paper Assignment Step 1 Pick a topic. Wh
Freedom in America Paper Assignment Step 1 Pick a topic. WhSusanaFurman449
 
Ulrich-SchlumbohmHistory (ALL CLASSES)CRITIQUE AND REVIEW SHEE.docx
Ulrich-SchlumbohmHistory (ALL CLASSES)CRITIQUE AND REVIEW SHEE.docxUlrich-SchlumbohmHistory (ALL CLASSES)CRITIQUE AND REVIEW SHEE.docx
Ulrich-SchlumbohmHistory (ALL CLASSES)CRITIQUE AND REVIEW SHEE.docxwillcoxjanay
 
Sources of information
Sources of informationSources of information
Sources of informationmcarrwmcc
 
Writing The Research Paper A Handbook (7th ed) - Ch 6 doing the research
Writing The Research Paper A Handbook (7th ed) - Ch 6 doing the researchWriting The Research Paper A Handbook (7th ed) - Ch 6 doing the research
Writing The Research Paper A Handbook (7th ed) - Ch 6 doing the researchtedster777
 
Week-1-n-2_Lessons-1-and-2-in-Readings-in (1).pptx
Week-1-n-2_Lessons-1-and-2-in-Readings-in (1).pptxWeek-1-n-2_Lessons-1-and-2-in-Readings-in (1).pptx
Week-1-n-2_Lessons-1-and-2-in-Readings-in (1).pptxCarlosDavid168
 
Bangladesh studies lec 1 historical methods
Bangladesh studies lec 1 historical methodsBangladesh studies lec 1 historical methods
Bangladesh studies lec 1 historical methodsAnika Rifat
 

Ähnlich wie Chapter12 (20)

Cj 3901 transnational crime
Cj 3901 transnational crimeCj 3901 transnational crime
Cj 3901 transnational crime
 
Evaluating tips
Evaluating tipsEvaluating tips
Evaluating tips
 
Lesson 3 - Historical Research.pptx
Lesson 3 - Historical Research.pptxLesson 3 - Historical Research.pptx
Lesson 3 - Historical Research.pptx
 
PrimaryandSecondarySources.ppt
PrimaryandSecondarySources.pptPrimaryandSecondarySources.ppt
PrimaryandSecondarySources.ppt
 
Basics of Information Sources in Reference Services
Basics of Information Sources in Reference ServicesBasics of Information Sources in Reference Services
Basics of Information Sources in Reference Services
 
What is history intro to ap
What is history intro to ap What is history intro to ap
What is history intro to ap
 
What is History?
What is History?What is History?
What is History?
 
Researching for Sources & Gathering Supporting Material for a Public Speech
Researching for Sources & Gathering Supporting Material for a Public SpeechResearching for Sources & Gathering Supporting Material for a Public Speech
Researching for Sources & Gathering Supporting Material for a Public Speech
 
Info sources mass com
Info sources mass comInfo sources mass com
Info sources mass com
 
The Facts of Fiction MPLA 2013
The Facts of Fiction MPLA 2013The Facts of Fiction MPLA 2013
The Facts of Fiction MPLA 2013
 
Obtaining-information-from-various-sources.pptx
Obtaining-information-from-various-sources.pptxObtaining-information-from-various-sources.pptx
Obtaining-information-from-various-sources.pptx
 
Voices from the Past: Enhancing Your Research with Primary Sources
Voices from the Past: Enhancing Your Research with Primary SourcesVoices from the Past: Enhancing Your Research with Primary Sources
Voices from the Past: Enhancing Your Research with Primary Sources
 
Freedom in America Paper Assignment Step 1 Pick a topic. Wh
Freedom in America Paper Assignment Step 1 Pick a topic. WhFreedom in America Paper Assignment Step 1 Pick a topic. Wh
Freedom in America Paper Assignment Step 1 Pick a topic. Wh
 
Ulrich-SchlumbohmHistory (ALL CLASSES)CRITIQUE AND REVIEW SHEE.docx
Ulrich-SchlumbohmHistory (ALL CLASSES)CRITIQUE AND REVIEW SHEE.docxUlrich-SchlumbohmHistory (ALL CLASSES)CRITIQUE AND REVIEW SHEE.docx
Ulrich-SchlumbohmHistory (ALL CLASSES)CRITIQUE AND REVIEW SHEE.docx
 
Sources of information
Sources of informationSources of information
Sources of information
 
Writing The Research Paper A Handbook (7th ed) - Ch 6 doing the research
Writing The Research Paper A Handbook (7th ed) - Ch 6 doing the researchWriting The Research Paper A Handbook (7th ed) - Ch 6 doing the research
Writing The Research Paper A Handbook (7th ed) - Ch 6 doing the research
 
Week-1-n-2_Lessons-1-and-2-in-Readings-in (1).pptx
Week-1-n-2_Lessons-1-and-2-in-Readings-in (1).pptxWeek-1-n-2_Lessons-1-and-2-in-Readings-in (1).pptx
Week-1-n-2_Lessons-1-and-2-in-Readings-in (1).pptx
 
Bangladesh studies lec 1 historical methods
Bangladesh studies lec 1 historical methodsBangladesh studies lec 1 historical methods
Bangladesh studies lec 1 historical methods
 
Chapter11
Chapter11Chapter11
Chapter11
 
1 becoming a_historian
1 becoming a_historian1 becoming a_historian
1 becoming a_historian
 

Mehr von Ying Liu

首尔大韩国语语法Topik考试语法合集 刘赢整理
首尔大韩国语语法Topik考试语法合集 刘赢整理首尔大韩国语语法Topik考试语法合集 刘赢整理
首尔大韩国语语法Topik考试语法合集 刘赢整理Ying Liu
 
Chapter36b
Chapter36bChapter36b
Chapter36bYing Liu
 
Chapter36a
Chapter36aChapter36a
Chapter36aYing Liu
 

Mehr von Ying Liu (20)

首尔大韩国语语法Topik考试语法合集 刘赢整理
首尔大韩国语语法Topik考试语法合集 刘赢整理首尔大韩国语语法Topik考试语法合集 刘赢整理
首尔大韩国语语法Topik考试语法合集 刘赢整理
 
Chapter38
Chapter38Chapter38
Chapter38
 
Chapter36b
Chapter36bChapter36b
Chapter36b
 
Chapter36a
Chapter36aChapter36a
Chapter36a
 
Chapter35
Chapter35Chapter35
Chapter35
 
Chapter34
Chapter34Chapter34
Chapter34
 
Chapter33
Chapter33Chapter33
Chapter33
 
Chapter32
Chapter32Chapter32
Chapter32
 
Chapter31
Chapter31Chapter31
Chapter31
 
Chapter30
Chapter30Chapter30
Chapter30
 
Chapter29
Chapter29Chapter29
Chapter29
 
Chapter28
Chapter28Chapter28
Chapter28
 
Chapter27
Chapter27Chapter27
Chapter27
 
Chapter26
Chapter26Chapter26
Chapter26
 
Chapter25
Chapter25Chapter25
Chapter25
 
Chapter24
Chapter24Chapter24
Chapter24
 
Chapter23
Chapter23Chapter23
Chapter23
 
Chapter22
Chapter22Chapter22
Chapter22
 
Chapter21
Chapter21Chapter21
Chapter21
 
Chapter20
Chapter20Chapter20
Chapter20
 

Kürzlich hochgeladen

Boat Trailers Market PPT: Growth, Outlook, Demand, Keyplayer Analysis and Opp...
Boat Trailers Market PPT: Growth, Outlook, Demand, Keyplayer Analysis and Opp...Boat Trailers Market PPT: Growth, Outlook, Demand, Keyplayer Analysis and Opp...
Boat Trailers Market PPT: Growth, Outlook, Demand, Keyplayer Analysis and Opp...IMARC Group
 
Tata Kelola Bisnis perushaan yang bergerak
Tata Kelola Bisnis perushaan yang bergerakTata Kelola Bisnis perushaan yang bergerak
Tata Kelola Bisnis perushaan yang bergerakEditores1
 
Entrepreneurship & organisations: influences and organizations
Entrepreneurship & organisations: influences and organizationsEntrepreneurship & organisations: influences and organizations
Entrepreneurship & organisations: influences and organizationsP&CO
 
Slicing Work on Business Agility Meetup Berlin
Slicing Work on Business Agility Meetup BerlinSlicing Work on Business Agility Meetup Berlin
Slicing Work on Business Agility Meetup BerlinAnton Skornyakov
 
Talent Management research intelligence_13 paradigm shifts_20 March 2024.pdf
Talent Management research intelligence_13 paradigm shifts_20 March 2024.pdfTalent Management research intelligence_13 paradigm shifts_20 March 2024.pdf
Talent Management research intelligence_13 paradigm shifts_20 March 2024.pdfCharles Cotter, PhD
 
NASA CoCEI Scaling Strategy - November 2023
NASA CoCEI Scaling Strategy - November 2023NASA CoCEI Scaling Strategy - November 2023
NASA CoCEI Scaling Strategy - November 2023Steve Rader
 
NewBase 25 March 2024 Energy News issue - 1710 by Khaled Al Awadi_compress...
NewBase  25 March  2024  Energy News issue - 1710 by Khaled Al Awadi_compress...NewBase  25 March  2024  Energy News issue - 1710 by Khaled Al Awadi_compress...
NewBase 25 March 2024 Energy News issue - 1710 by Khaled Al Awadi_compress...Khaled Al Awadi
 
Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024
Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024
Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024Borderless Access
 
The Vietnam Believer Newsletter_MARCH 25, 2024_EN_Vol. 003
The Vietnam Believer Newsletter_MARCH 25, 2024_EN_Vol. 003The Vietnam Believer Newsletter_MARCH 25, 2024_EN_Vol. 003
The Vietnam Believer Newsletter_MARCH 25, 2024_EN_Vol. 003believeminhh
 
Live-Streaming in the Music Industry Webinar
Live-Streaming in the Music Industry WebinarLive-Streaming in the Music Industry Webinar
Live-Streaming in the Music Industry WebinarNathanielSchmuck
 
The End of Business as Usual: Rewire the Way You Work to Succeed in the Consu...
The End of Business as Usual: Rewire the Way You Work to Succeed in the Consu...The End of Business as Usual: Rewire the Way You Work to Succeed in the Consu...
The End of Business as Usual: Rewire the Way You Work to Succeed in the Consu...Brian Solis
 
IIBA® Melbourne - Navigating Business Analysis - Excellence for Career Growth...
IIBA® Melbourne - Navigating Business Analysis - Excellence for Career Growth...IIBA® Melbourne - Navigating Business Analysis - Excellence for Career Growth...
IIBA® Melbourne - Navigating Business Analysis - Excellence for Career Growth...AustraliaChapterIIBA
 
Lecture_6.pptx English speaking easyb to
Lecture_6.pptx English speaking easyb toLecture_6.pptx English speaking easyb to
Lecture_6.pptx English speaking easyb toumarfarooquejamali32
 
TalentView Webinar: Empowering the Modern Workforce_ Redefininig Success from...
TalentView Webinar: Empowering the Modern Workforce_ Redefininig Success from...TalentView Webinar: Empowering the Modern Workforce_ Redefininig Success from...
TalentView Webinar: Empowering the Modern Workforce_ Redefininig Success from...TalentView
 
Ethical stalking by Mark Williams. UpliftLive 2024
Ethical stalking by Mark Williams. UpliftLive 2024Ethical stalking by Mark Williams. UpliftLive 2024
Ethical stalking by Mark Williams. UpliftLive 2024Winbusinessin
 
Borderless Access - Global Panel book-unlock 2024
Borderless Access - Global Panel book-unlock 2024Borderless Access - Global Panel book-unlock 2024
Borderless Access - Global Panel book-unlock 2024Borderless Access
 
Michael Vidyakin: Introduction to PMO (UA)
Michael Vidyakin: Introduction to PMO (UA)Michael Vidyakin: Introduction to PMO (UA)
Michael Vidyakin: Introduction to PMO (UA)Lviv Startup Club
 
Data skills for Agile Teams- Killing story points
Data skills for Agile Teams- Killing story pointsData skills for Agile Teams- Killing story points
Data skills for Agile Teams- Killing story pointsyasinnathani
 
Team B Mind Map for Organizational Chg..
Team B Mind Map for Organizational Chg..Team B Mind Map for Organizational Chg..
Team B Mind Map for Organizational Chg..dlewis191
 
HELENE HECKROTTE'S PROFESSIONAL PORTFOLIO.pptx
HELENE HECKROTTE'S PROFESSIONAL PORTFOLIO.pptxHELENE HECKROTTE'S PROFESSIONAL PORTFOLIO.pptx
HELENE HECKROTTE'S PROFESSIONAL PORTFOLIO.pptxHelene Heckrotte
 

Kürzlich hochgeladen (20)

Boat Trailers Market PPT: Growth, Outlook, Demand, Keyplayer Analysis and Opp...
Boat Trailers Market PPT: Growth, Outlook, Demand, Keyplayer Analysis and Opp...Boat Trailers Market PPT: Growth, Outlook, Demand, Keyplayer Analysis and Opp...
Boat Trailers Market PPT: Growth, Outlook, Demand, Keyplayer Analysis and Opp...
 
Tata Kelola Bisnis perushaan yang bergerak
Tata Kelola Bisnis perushaan yang bergerakTata Kelola Bisnis perushaan yang bergerak
Tata Kelola Bisnis perushaan yang bergerak
 
Entrepreneurship & organisations: influences and organizations
Entrepreneurship & organisations: influences and organizationsEntrepreneurship & organisations: influences and organizations
Entrepreneurship & organisations: influences and organizations
 
Slicing Work on Business Agility Meetup Berlin
Slicing Work on Business Agility Meetup BerlinSlicing Work on Business Agility Meetup Berlin
Slicing Work on Business Agility Meetup Berlin
 
Talent Management research intelligence_13 paradigm shifts_20 March 2024.pdf
Talent Management research intelligence_13 paradigm shifts_20 March 2024.pdfTalent Management research intelligence_13 paradigm shifts_20 March 2024.pdf
Talent Management research intelligence_13 paradigm shifts_20 March 2024.pdf
 
NASA CoCEI Scaling Strategy - November 2023
NASA CoCEI Scaling Strategy - November 2023NASA CoCEI Scaling Strategy - November 2023
NASA CoCEI Scaling Strategy - November 2023
 
NewBase 25 March 2024 Energy News issue - 1710 by Khaled Al Awadi_compress...
NewBase  25 March  2024  Energy News issue - 1710 by Khaled Al Awadi_compress...NewBase  25 March  2024  Energy News issue - 1710 by Khaled Al Awadi_compress...
NewBase 25 March 2024 Energy News issue - 1710 by Khaled Al Awadi_compress...
 
Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024
Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024
Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024
 
The Vietnam Believer Newsletter_MARCH 25, 2024_EN_Vol. 003
The Vietnam Believer Newsletter_MARCH 25, 2024_EN_Vol. 003The Vietnam Believer Newsletter_MARCH 25, 2024_EN_Vol. 003
The Vietnam Believer Newsletter_MARCH 25, 2024_EN_Vol. 003
 
Live-Streaming in the Music Industry Webinar
Live-Streaming in the Music Industry WebinarLive-Streaming in the Music Industry Webinar
Live-Streaming in the Music Industry Webinar
 
The End of Business as Usual: Rewire the Way You Work to Succeed in the Consu...
The End of Business as Usual: Rewire the Way You Work to Succeed in the Consu...The End of Business as Usual: Rewire the Way You Work to Succeed in the Consu...
The End of Business as Usual: Rewire the Way You Work to Succeed in the Consu...
 
IIBA® Melbourne - Navigating Business Analysis - Excellence for Career Growth...
IIBA® Melbourne - Navigating Business Analysis - Excellence for Career Growth...IIBA® Melbourne - Navigating Business Analysis - Excellence for Career Growth...
IIBA® Melbourne - Navigating Business Analysis - Excellence for Career Growth...
 
Lecture_6.pptx English speaking easyb to
Lecture_6.pptx English speaking easyb toLecture_6.pptx English speaking easyb to
Lecture_6.pptx English speaking easyb to
 
TalentView Webinar: Empowering the Modern Workforce_ Redefininig Success from...
TalentView Webinar: Empowering the Modern Workforce_ Redefininig Success from...TalentView Webinar: Empowering the Modern Workforce_ Redefininig Success from...
TalentView Webinar: Empowering the Modern Workforce_ Redefininig Success from...
 
Ethical stalking by Mark Williams. UpliftLive 2024
Ethical stalking by Mark Williams. UpliftLive 2024Ethical stalking by Mark Williams. UpliftLive 2024
Ethical stalking by Mark Williams. UpliftLive 2024
 
Borderless Access - Global Panel book-unlock 2024
Borderless Access - Global Panel book-unlock 2024Borderless Access - Global Panel book-unlock 2024
Borderless Access - Global Panel book-unlock 2024
 
Michael Vidyakin: Introduction to PMO (UA)
Michael Vidyakin: Introduction to PMO (UA)Michael Vidyakin: Introduction to PMO (UA)
Michael Vidyakin: Introduction to PMO (UA)
 
Data skills for Agile Teams- Killing story points
Data skills for Agile Teams- Killing story pointsData skills for Agile Teams- Killing story points
Data skills for Agile Teams- Killing story points
 
Team B Mind Map for Organizational Chg..
Team B Mind Map for Organizational Chg..Team B Mind Map for Organizational Chg..
Team B Mind Map for Organizational Chg..
 
HELENE HECKROTTE'S PROFESSIONAL PORTFOLIO.pptx
HELENE HECKROTTE'S PROFESSIONAL PORTFOLIO.pptxHELENE HECKROTTE'S PROFESSIONAL PORTFOLIO.pptx
HELENE HECKROTTE'S PROFESSIONAL PORTFOLIO.pptx
 

Chapter12

  • 1. HISTORICAL AND DOCUMENTARY RESEARCH IN EDUCATION © LOUIS COHEN, LAWRENCE MANION & KEITH MORRISON
  • 2. STRUCTURE OF THE CHAPTER • What is a document? • Primary documents • In the archive • Documentary analysis • Ethical and legal issues
  • 3. WHAT IS A DOCUMENT? • A record of an event or process, which may be produced by individuals or groups. • Types of documents: – Created by private individuals and family groups in their everyday lives or records produced by local, national and international authorities and small or large organizations. – Based on written text or produced through other means. – Produced independently of the researcher or produced by researchers themselves as data for their research. – Primary documents (produced as a direct record of an event or process by a witness or subject involved in it) and secondary documents (formed through an analysis of primary documents to provide an account of the event or process in question). – Documents which combine primary and secondary sources. – Hybrid documents (edited and collected versions of diaries, letters and autobiographies). – Virtual documents (from internet).
  • 4. WRITTEN SOURCES OF DATA • Some social worlds, cultures and events are literate (documents are part of their everyday world and activities); others are non-literate; others are mixed. This affects the status of documents and narratives; • Some written data are deliberately written for research; others (the majority) are not; • Data deliberately written for research can be by the researcher and/or the researched (e.g. diaries) – insiders and outsiders; • If data were written for a purpose, agenda and audience other than research(ers) then there are problems of validity and reliability;
  • 5. WRITTEN SOURCES OF DATA • Documents are ‘social products; they must be examined not simply used as a resource. . . . To treat them as a resource and not a topic’ betrays ‘the interpretive and interactional work that went into their production’; • Documents do not often record everything about literal events; they are selective; • Records are ‘contractual’ rather than ‘actuarial’, e.g. police records may record that an officer was present rather than what took place.
  • 6. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SOURCES • Books, textbooks, articles; • Contemporary reports and proceedings; • Minutes of meetings; • Census data; • Newspapers/media sources; • Works of fiction; • Personal documents, e.g.: diaries, journals, letters; • School magazines/prospectuses; • Field notes; • Records (formal and informal); • Biographies/autobiographies; • Timesheets/timetables; • Technical documents; • Memos and e-mails; • Reports and statistics; • Correspondence; • Plans; • Stories (oral); • Annals and chronicles; • Photographs & artifacts; • Conversations & speeches; • Policy documents; • Newspaper articles; • Public records and archives.
  • 7. ARCHIVE DOCUMENTS • Public records (public record offices) • Census data and cabinet minutes • National and local archives • Special collections in libraries • Newspapers • Government papers, laws and acts of parliament
  • 8. WRITTEN SOURCES OF DATA Consider: • The original intention of the document; • The reasons for/causes of the documents; • The intended outcomes of the document; • The interests of the writer; • The original agenda of the document; • The original audience(s) of the document; • The status of the document; • The original context of the document; • The style/register of the document;
  • 9. WRITTEN SOURCES OF DATA Consider: • How reliable/biased is the record? • The ownership of the document (e.g. the researcher, others’); • Does the researcher personally know the author(s) of the document (i.e. relationships)?; • Was the researcher present in the events reported (i.e. researcher effects)? • How close to/detached from the participants is the researcher? • What do we need to know in order to make fullest sense of the document? • How to analyze and use the document.
  • 10. WRITTEN SOURCES OF DATA (Hammersley and Atkinson, 1983) • What does the document say about the writer? • How are the documents written? • How are they read? • Who writes them? • What is included? • What is omitted? • What is taken for granted about the readership? • What do readers need to know to make sense of them? • Validity and reliability are significant problems in many documents.
  • 11. CONSIDERATIONS IN WRITTEN SOURCES OF DATA • Formal/official → informal/lay documents; • Published → unpublished documents; • Public domain → private papers; • Anonymous → authored; • Anonymity ≠ objectivity; • Facts → beliefs or opinions; • Lay → professional; • For circulation → not for circulation.
  • 12. WRITTEN SOURCES OF DATA • Biographies and autobiographies risk over- presenting the story of successes, the famous, the unusual, and the views of the powerful; • Is a biography or autobiography ‘research’? • Is a newspaper report/journalism ‘research’? • Is a piece of fiction ‘research’? • Documents are maybe to be used as background data or to provide ‘sensitizing concepts’.
  • 13. THE DOUBLE HERMENEUTIC • Documents record live events, so written data on social events by definition become second hand because they interpret the world; the researcher then interprets the already-interpreted world, i.e. there is a ‘double hermeneutic’; • Social actors interpret social research and social behaviour, i.e. they act in a pre-interpreted world; this is a form of ‘double hermeneutic’; • ‘Sociology deals with a universe which is already constituted within frames of meaning by social actors themselves, and reinterprets these within its own theoretical schemes’; • the human subject is always involved in self-interpretation, and this interpretation is then subjected to a second-level interpretation by the ‘professional’ interpreter (researcher).
  • 14. THE TRIPLE AND QUADRUPLE HERMENEUTIC • A research report is written, not live, i.e. it is a written – interpreted – record of the writer’s interpretation of the actors’ interpretations – a triply interpreted world; • The reader then puts her/his own interpretation on the report – a quadruply interpreted world.
  • 15. THREE GENERAL TRADITIONS IN DOCUMENTARY ANALYSIS • Positivist – objective, systematic, rational and quantitative nature of the study • Interpretive – Regards social phenomena such as documents as having been socially constructed • Critical – emphasize social conflict, power, control and ideology, with ideology critique such as Marxist, feminist or critical discourse theory
  • 16. ANALYZING DOCUMENTS • Locate the document in its contextual setting; • Address the preceding questions; • Decide whether to opt for pre-ordinate or responsive analysis; • Decide how to ‘read’ the document, e.g. as objective text, as subjective representation, as signification; • Consider the facts, themes, patterns, beliefs, opinions, statements in the documents; • Consider similarities/differences between documents which comment on the same issues; • What are the readers’/researchers’ roles in producing and analyzing the document? • Is it possible to ‘factorize’ the document(s)?
  • 17. NARRATIVE ENQUIRY (Connelly and Clandinin, 1997) • Involves field, texts on field experience, research texts (which incorporate field and text); • Converting field text to research text is a process of increasing interpretation; • ‘Field texts tend to be close to experience, descriptive and shaped around particular events. Research texts . . . tend to be at a distance from the field and from field texts . . . . Research texts tend to be patterned. Field texts are shaped into research texts by the underlying narrative threads and themes that constitute the driving force of the inquiry.’
  • 18. NARRATIVE ENQUIRY (Connelly and Clandinin, 1997) • ‘The researcher’s presence needs to be acknowledged.’ • Discovering the researcher’s presence is no grounds for dismissing the research text as subjective; on the contrary, not to declare this is deception.’ • The researcher has to set out the criteria that govern the study and by which it might be judged.
  • 19. QUESTIONS IN USING DOCUMENTS 1. Where has the document come from? 2. What is the document? 3. What kind of document is it? 4. What is the document about? 5. What are the intentions/purposes of the document? 6. What are the reasons for/causes of the document? 7. What were the intended outcomes of the document? 8. What were the focuses of the document? 9. Who was/were the writer(s)? 10. What was the agenda for the document? 11. How are documents similar to/different from other relevant documents? 12. Who were the audiences of the document? For whom was it written?
  • 20. QUESTIONS IN USING DOCUMENTS 13. What is the status of the document? 14. What is the context of the document? 15. What else do you need to know in order to make sense of the document? 16. Was the researcher present when the data were collected? 17. How close to/detached from the participants was the writer of the document? 18. How can you analyze the document? 19. What can you infer about the writer of the document? 20. In reading the document what does it tell you about yourself as a reader of it? 21. What are you doing in trying to make sense of the document? What are you bringing to the analysis? 22. What are the problems of reliability and validity in the document itself and in your reading of the document?
  • 21. ETHICAL AND LEGAL MATTERS • Insider research based on documentary sources where the material appears likely to cast an unfavourable light upon the institution which may have commissioned it in the first place. • Laws of copyright, freedom of information and data protection as they operate in different countries.