1. Emily Schuvart

2. Table of contents
Table of contents
• 1)Nationalities
• 2)Stem changing
•
• 3)Para
1)Nationalities
• 4)Indirect object pronouns
• 2)Stem changing
• 5)Object pronoun placement
•
• 3)Para
6)Gustar
•
• 4)Indirect object pronouns
7)Affirmative and negative words
•
• 8)Superlative verbs placement
5)Object pronoun
•
• 9)Reflexives
6)Gustar
• 10)Affirmative tú commands/irregulars/pronoun placement
•
• 7)Affirmativecommands
11)Negative tú and negative words
•
• 8)Superlative verbs
12)Sequencing events
• 9)Reflexives
13)Trigger words
•
• 14)Car, Gar, Zar tu commands/irregulars/pronoun placement
10)Affirmative
• 15)Deber + infinitive
• 11)Negative tu commands
• 16)Modal verbs
•
• 12)Sequencing events
17)Present Progressive
• 18)Adverbs

3. Nationalities

4. Stem Changing

5. Para
Use para to indicate the recipient of items
In order too
to, in order to, so as to, in order not to, so as not to.
Intended for
for, for the purpose of, intended for

6. Indirect Object Pronouns
The IO tells us where the DO is going.
The IO answers the question "to whom?" or "for whom" the action of the verb is
performed.
me compra le compra
buys (for) me buys (for) her
te compra nos compra
buys (for) you buys (for) us
les compra os compra
buys (for) them buys (for) you-all

7. Object pronoun placement
• Attach the pronoun to the infinitive
• Attach the pronoun to a progressive tense
• Attach the pronoun to an affirmative
command
• Place the pronoun before a conjugated verb

8. Gustar means to like. Gustar is not
conjugated like other verbs, gustar in
conjuated depending on the object.
Gustar

9. Affirmative and negative words
Nada Nothing
Nadie No one
Ninguno Not any, none
Tampoco Neither, either
Algo Something
Alguien Someone
Alguno Some
Tambien Also

10. Superlatives
Malo Malisimo
Muchas Muchisimas
Facil Facilisimo
• Superlatives are added to adjectives or
adverbs
• Used to mean very or extremely

11. Reflexives
• Used with reflexive verbs to indicate the
subject receives the action of the verb.
• When using the reflexive verb, you must use
an indirect object pronoun.
Me- to me Nos-to us
Te-to you
Le-to him/to her Les-to them

12. Affirmative
commands/irregular/pronoun
placement
Common commands
Di
Haz Use affirmative commands to
Ve
tell someone what to do.
Pon
Sal
Se
Ten
Ven

13. Negative tu
commands/irregular/pronoun
placement
• Used to tell what not to do.
Examples:
Negative TÚ command
No hables mucho Don’t talk a lot
No contestes las preguntas Don’t answer questions
Negative TÚ command
No tomes Don’t drink
No trabajes Don’t work

14. Sequencing Events
First Primero
then entonces
Used to transition
before antes
between different
events or describe
after despues
when you do
Finally finalmente
something.
Later luego

15. Preterits
Ar Er and Ir
é amos í imos
aste iste
ó aron ió ieron

16. Trigger words
last night anoche
this morning esta mañana
this afternoon esta tarde
last week semana pasada
this week esta semana
one time una vez
the other day el otro día
last weekend fin de semana pasado

17. Car, Gar, Zar
Tocar Jugar Comenzar
Toqué Jugué Comencé
Tocaste Jugaste Comenzaste
Tocó Jugó Comenzó
Tocamos Jugamos Comemzamos
Tocaron jugaron comenzaron
The only form that changes is the “yo” form.

18. Deber means ought to or
should
Deber
infinitive
Conjugate deber and add the
not conjugated infinitive

19. Modal Verbs
• Deber-should to, ought Normal verbs
to which have past /
present / future
• Necesitar-to need tenses and
• Querer-to want "aspects.“
• Desear-to desire Sometimes known
as auxiliary verbs.
• Saber-to know
• Poder-can, could, be
able to
• Soler-used to, usually

20. Present Progressive
• Steps to use a present progressive
1)add estar and conjugate it according to the
subject.
ex: Yo estoy
2)change the ending of the verb to
ando/iendo/yendo. When the stem of an er/ir
verb ends in a vowel, change the iendo to yendo.
• Keep in mind some verbs have irregular present
participial forms.

21. Adverbs
When the adjective When the adjective
ends in e, l, or z Fácilmente ends in o
Felizmente
Just add mente to the Replace o with an a
ending. and add mente.
Lenatmenta
Rapidementa
Tranquilamente
Frecuentemente
Especialmente
When using two adverbs, only add the mente to the second one.