CHIANG MAI COURSE - Doi Mae Salong lesson / Tawatchai Rattanasorn

Forest Landscape Restoration
at Doi Mae Salong

REGIONAL FOREST RESTORATION TRAINING
Chiang Mai University

Tawatchai Rattanasorn
26 November 2010

International Union for Conservation of Nature


Landscape: Location- Doi Mae
Salong, Chiangrai, Northern Thailand



Geographic 20°11'42.00"N 99°34'27.00"E to
coordinates 99°40'12.00"E and 20° 6'12.00"N
99°34'27.00"E to 99°40'12.00"E
Major land use/ Agriculture, mono-culture tea plantations,
cover corn, upland rice, smaller areas of young
rubber tree plantations, highly disturbed
primary forest, some natural secondary
regeneration,
Major forest Seasonally dry evergreen forest +/- bamboo
vegetation and pine
Elevation 900 – 1,500 m
Annual rainfall 1,800-2,000 mm
(mm)
Area and 335 sq.km, Mekong river basin, 35,000 people
population in 33 villages in 2 sub-districts
Ethnic groups Akha, Chinese, Lisu, Lahu, Shan, Lawa, Local
Thai

Major threats to Deforestation for shifting cultivation, tea,
biodiversity corn, rubber, fire, pesticides



The Landscape : Place

•  Place:
–  Rural, mountainous
–  Headwater of Mekong
–  Elevation 1200 – 1800 m a.s.l.
–  Various ethnic backgrounds,
e.g. hill tribes and Chinese
Kuomintang
•  Land use:
–  agriculture, forest patches
–  heavily degraded landscape Akha woman with child on her terrace (Lawyo village) © IUCN

–  very complex and fragmented
land use pattern



Landscape: place and stakeholders
•  Tenure:
–  National Reserve Forest
–  Military reserve area under control of the Royal Thai Armed
Forces (RTAF)
–  No legal land rights, but tolerated
•  Stakeholders:
–  RTAF
–  Local NGOs, e.g. HDAF
–  Local government
–  Villages – mainly hill tribe communities
–  Forest Restoration Research Unit (FORRU) of Chiang Mai
University
–  Royal project


SITUATIONS: Chaos,
Complex and Dynamic
• Migrant labor(5,000
Corn people) cause
Shifting unexpected population
Rubber growth demanding more
Cult.
land
DMS
• Price of land increased
Tourism Tea
• Over use of agro-
Cash
crops chemicals
• Land tenure


Background: Environmental degradation

–  Watershed highly degraded:
•  water quality and quantity affected
•  erosion, loss of soil fertility
•  Downstream communities complained about degradation
of water resources
–  Significant deforestation
–  High population pressure
–  Slash and burn practices
–  RTAF started to reforest an area where there was already
agriculture and faced protests, top-down approach, therefore
asked IUCN for advice



SECTION A: THE LANDSCAPE

Goals
–  “Good forest, good water, good food, good
income, good life”
–  participatory multi-stakeholder land use planning
–  Set up a vision of what people want to achieve
–  Reforestation
–  Watershed rehabilitation
–  Soil conservation
–  Agroforestry
–  Off-farm income generation for poverty reduction
–  Promote cooperation btw. upstream and
downstream water users


Good Forests, Good Water,
Good Income, Good Food,
Good Life

Thailand LLS site: Doi Mae Salong



Driven by the Need for Pragmatic Approaches to Rehabilitation

Remnant Forest

Remnant Forest

Slope Agriculture
Rice and Corn

Degraded Land

Slope Agriculture
Rice and Corn

Beginning Land Use Planning

•  Agreements on priority
areas
-Steep slope areas
-headwaters
•  Negotiating other Land
Uses
-Avoid reforesting land
used for agriculture
-Increase productivity of
agricultural land to
reduce encroachment
and generate income


What have been doing
•  Planted over 800,000 trees in 3 years total area
of 4,000 rai (640 ha). 40 species
•  Framework species approach demonstration
plot
•  School and community nursery
•  Participatory land use planning and zoning of
forest – agriculture land, participatory formation
of land use criteria



Livelihoods/Poverty
Reduction

•  Agro-Forestry Practices. Arabica coffee-
Macadamia-Bamboo-Rattan-and multi-purpose
fast growing species. Trial plots
•  Soil and water conservation measure, improve
soil fertilities-biofertilizer
•  Improvement of small scale irrigation system
•  Paddy terrace initiative
•  Community-based ecotourism
•  Fruit, vegetable ,flower crops promotion



Participatory Land use
planning/land use
classification



Other Agricultural Use

Integrated Poverty

Approach
Degradation

Lack of Land Tenure
Migration

Negotiating and Finding Pragmatic Solutions
for Conservation of Nature
International Union


Framework species
demonstration plot



Negotiation of Agricultural Use

Learning
Nurseries


DemonstrationUnion for Conservation of Nature
International Sites

Terrace paddy field expansion-small
scale irrigation



Coffee-Macadamia-Bamboo-Rattan-Medicinal
plants-Fast growing species/Agro-forestry
practices

•  120 farmer / 120 rai
established coffee and
Macadamia nut trial plot
(400 arabica coffee and
16 Macadamia nut per
rai)
•  SWC measure 500 rai



Multi purpose/fast growing
species trial plots
•  20,000 seedlings of
Griffith’s Ash (Fraxinus
griffithii), Sweet gum
(Liquidambar
formosana), Camphor
Wood (Cinnamomum
Camphora) and Taiwan
Acacia were planted in
the area of about 100 rai
(200 tree per rai) for
future benefits.



Participatory Approach
Addressed within a negotiated framework
The FLR Approach



Land use planning /
classification



Creating various Demonstration Sites to Learn From
(Learning through actions)


Livelihoods and Landscape
Strategy (LLS) Principles
•  Livelihoods and landscape is an approach to
poverty reduction that seeks to enable the
rural poor to expand their economic
opportunities while sustaining and enhancing
forest and other biological resources. By
working together, a shared understanding of
the value of forests for improving local
livelihoods can be built, with a view to
influencing policies that can reduce poverty
and conserve forest
•  Better Forest better life = good forest, good
water, good food, good income, good life.


The Ecosystem Approach

•  The ecosystem approach is a strategy for
the integrated management of land,water
and living resources that promotes
conservation and sustainable use in an
equitable way.



The 12 Principles
1.  The objectives of management of land, water and living
resources are a matter of societal choice
2.  Management should be decentralised to the lowest
appropriate level
3.  Managers should consider the effects of their activities
on adjacent and other ecosystems
4.  Recognising potential gains from management, there is
usually a need to understand and manage the
ecosystem in an economic context
5.  Conservation of ecosystem structure and functioning, in
order to maintain ecosystem services, should be a
priority target
6.  Ecosystems must be managed within the limits of their
functioning


The 12 Principles
7.  Action should be undertaken at the appropriate spatial
and temporal scales
8.  Objectives for ecosystem management should be set
for the long term
9.  Management must recognise that change is inevitable
10.  Action should seek the appropriate balance between,
and integration of, conservation and use of biological
diversity
11.  Action should consider all forms of relevant
information, including scientific and indigenous and
local knowledge, innovations and practices
12.  The approach should involve all relevant stakeholders
of society and scientific disciplines



Biodiversity and landscape components
•  Significant areas of
reforestation through
FORRU

•  Some reforestation
through agroforestry
–  effective in addressing
ecosystem functions as
well as income
generation Tree planting action, June 2010 © IUCN



Socio-economic components
•  No measureable increases to income
–  its too early to measure
•  Coffee and macadamia trees take several years to
mature
•  Elements in place for income benefits in future
•  Benefits will be there in a couple of year’s time
•  Emphasis has been on developing a better fruit tree
and crop variety and better farming practices



Market analysis
•  Very good markets exist,
expertise exists
–  No need to develop the
market, reasonable
infrastructure, no major
policy barriers
–  But: need to develop high
quality goods, emphasis
on quality of products

Hill tribe woman weaving a bag for sale © IUCN



Forest and ecosystem
governance / Institutions
•  Multi stakeholder platform is a means of

–  making land use plans and

–  negotiating land use and

–  trade-offs about land



Major lessons (1)
•  Importance of bringing stakeholders
together for land use decisions

–  Confirmed value of multi-stakeholder
processes for land use planning
–  New institutional/governance arrangements
added to people’s confidence about access
to resources
–   key to all changes: institutional innovation



Major lessons (2)
•  Unexpected partners (RTAF)
•  Military has been highly flexible and open for bottom-up approach
•  Success often depends on individual leadership (RTAF commander
sopen to radically rethink their approach)
•  Small investments can achieve a great deal
•  Landscape approach also useful where there are existing markets
•  Agroforestry species for reforestation
•  Enthusiasm is infectious (multi-stakeholder process)
•  Adaptive learning was essential to the evolution of the project, no
grand plan from the beginning
•  Learning, training and study tours are very valuable in creating interest
and to stimulate action
  Innovations in farming practices



SECTION C: IMPACT

Challenges:

•  How do we make the operation
sustainable?

–  RTAF may hand it over to the Royal Forest
Department



Challenges
•  Balancing the needs of difference stakeholders-
forest-land-water users (Up and down stream)-
River Basin Organization - Integrated Basin
Management ?
•  Developing alternative livelihoods that make a
meaningful reduction in poverty while improving
conservation of the area
•  Holistic approach. Participatory Action
Research- Can research leads development ?



Challenges
–  Big gap between the poor and the better off
–  Migrant workers/Human rights and national security
–  Land use planning model (growth vs. stability)
–  Marketing and Production model
–  Soil and water conservation and agricultural model
(good practices in high slope areas, encroachment
of forest reserves
–  Forest restoration model (FORRU model, King’s
Model, AgroForestry Model). Finding the right mix
and convincing people to learn from these practices.
–  Water governance and complex regulatory
frameworks (law, policy, institutions, process)



The National Hydrological Board divides Thailand
into 25 major river basins and 254 sub-basins

แม่น้ํา
โขง
ลุ่มน้ํากก (MaeKok)
8.ลุ่มน้ํากก (เขตจังหวัด
เชียงราย) แม่น้ํา ลุ่มน้ําโขง (MaeKong)
9.ลุ่มน้ําแม่กรณ์กก 1.ลุ่มน้ํามะ
2. ลุ่มน้ําบริเวณดอยหลวง
10.ลุ่มน้ําแม่ลาว
แปรเมือง
3.ลุ่มน้ําแม่คํ
4.ลุ่มน้ําแม่จัน
5.ลุ่มน้ําอิง(ที่อยู่ในจังหวัด
เชียงราย)
6.ลุ่มน้ํางาว
7.ลุ่มน้ําพุง


ลุ่มน้ํา
จัน น้ําแม่
คํ
ไปอําเภอ
แม่สาย

ฝายป่า
ฝายฮ่า ยาง ไปอําเภอ
งต่ํ
ฝายแม่ เชียงแสน
คี
4
3
2 1

แนวทางการระบาย
น้ําฝั่งซ้าย แนวทางการระบาย
อ.แม่จั น้ําฝั่งขวา
อ่างฯ น
อ่างฯบ้าน ห้วยปู
สันติคีรี
อ่างฯแม่จัน ฝาย
หลวง ฝายน้ํา ฝาย ประปา
โป่งน้ําร้อน อ่างฯป่ยปู
ห้ว า ไปอําเภอเมือง
อ่างฯ กุ่ม เชียงราย
จะผือ


ลุ่มน้ําแม่
คํ น้ํา
อ่างฯพญา โขง
ไพรลิทู่ ไปอําเภอ
แม่สาย
อ่างฯบ้าน
ผาจิ ฝายป่า
อ่างฯแม่ อ่างฯบ้าน ถ่อน
คําตอนบน เทอดไทย 2 ฝายร่อง
อ่างฯบ้านหิน อ่างฯบ้าน ธาตุ
แตก 1 เทอดไทย 1
อ่างฯบ้าน
อ่างฯแม่
อ่างฯบ้านหิน เทอดไทย 3
คํ
แตก 2 อ่างฯ
ห้วย ฝาย ฝายกล้วย
ห้วยหยวก หยวก ปตร.ปากเหมือง
ผาม้า คํ อุดม
อ่างฯบ้าน บ้านแม่ 4
3
ห้วยผึ้ง อ่างฯห้วย คํ 2
1

อ่างฯบ้านสาม หมาก
สูง บ้านแม่คํา
หลักเจ็ด
ไปอําเภอเมือง
น้ําแม่สล
อง เชียงราย


LANDSCAPE APPROACH
Learning – Participation – Adaptation

Mul2‐
stakeholder 
plaAorm 
Civil society 
Reﬂec2on/ 
Working with local  engagement 
Adapta2on 
partners  • PRA 
• Empowerment  • Visualisa+on 
• Governance  • Indicators 
• Capacity building  • Scenarios 
• Modeling 
Par2cipatory 
monitoring 
Interven2ons  Theory of 
• Applying rules   change 
• Micro‐projects 
• Community management 
• Ins+tu+onal support 



Th ank you!



CHIANG MAI COURSE - Doi Mae Salong lesson / Tawatchai Rattanasorn

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