This study evaluated lung cancer mortality in two areas of La Spezia, Italy exposed to pollution from industrial plants including a coal-fired power station and waste incinerator. The researchers found an increased risk of lung cancer mortality among females living in the two exposed areas, even after controlling for potential confounding factors. However, no increased risk was found among males, possibly due to confounding from occupational exposures and smoking. While an association was found, the ecological nature of the study prevented determining a causal relationship between the industrial pollution and increased lung cancer risk observed in females.