3. Location موقعها
On a plateau in Khaleel • وسط فلسطٌن، على هضبة
Mountains. .من هضاب جبال الخلٌل
Neighboring towns: Bethlehem • البلدات المجاورة: بٌت لحم
and Beit Jala to the south, Abu وبٌت جاال جنوبًا، أبو دٌس
Dis and Ma'ale Adumim
ومستوطنة معالٌه أدومٌم
settlement to the east,
ً
شرقا، مڤاسرت صهٌون
Mevaseret Zion to the west,
غربًا، ورام هللا ومستوطنة
and Ramallah and Giv'at Ze'ev
.ًگفعات زئٌف شماال
settlement to the north.
4. منظر لبلدة القدس القدٌمة من جبل المشارف.
The Outlook from a Nearby
.Mountain
5. Name اسمها
Urusalim is the first name. "أوّ ل اسم "أورسالم
Also Jebus. ً
."ثم وفقا للتوراة، "ٌبوس
Yerushalayim (Jerusalem) first appears in book ثم "أورشلٌم” وأطلق العبرانٌون على
of Joshua. Israelites named settled ”األقسام المؤهولة "مدٌنة داود
neighborhood “City of David”. "Zion" .و"صهٌون" ثم صارت ألقابا
referred to part of the city, later signified the "خالل العصر الهٌلٌنً: "هٌروسلٌما
whole. ."سماها الرومان "إٌلٌا الكاپٌتولٌنٌّة
In Greek transliterated Hierosolym فً العهدة العمرٌة تذكر باسم
Renamed Aelia Capitolina by the Romans. .""إلٌاء
In Arabic, al-Quds "The Holy“. .“ثم "بٌت المقدس” و“القدس
6. Why Mainly Palestine? لماذا فلسطٌن
Islam doesn't distinguish • اإلسالم ال
between people based on their ٌفرق بٌن
ethnic, racial or national .الناس
background. • لٌست فلسطٌن
Palestine is not the only bleeding .وحدها تنزف
wound in our body.
7. Why Mainly Palestine? لماذا فلسطٌن
a- Because of what this land • لما تعنٌه القدس
means to us Muslims. .ونواحٌها لنا
• Ceuta and Melilla are two
Moroccan cities that are
occupied by Spain. Have you
ever heard about them?
8. Blessed and Holy مباركة ومقدسة
“Glorified be He Who took His slave :وصفها هللا بؤنها مباركة
for a journey by night from Al- (سبحان الذي أسرى بعبده
Masjid Al-Haraam to Al-Masjid Al- لٌالً من المسجد الحرام إلى
Aqsaa, the neighborhood whereof المسجد األقصى الذي باركنا
We have blessed…” *al-Israa’ 17:1].
)1/حوله) (اإلسراء
وأنها مقدسة (على لسان
Moses: “O my people! Enter the holy
موسى): (ٌا قوم ادخلوا
ِ
land which Allah assigned to
األرض المقدسة التً كتب
you”*al-Ma’idah 5:21]
) 21/ هللا لكم) (المائدة
9. In It there is al-Aqsaa فٌها األقصى
• Abu Dharr said: we were discussing, in the عن أبً ذر: تذاكرنا ونحن عند •
presence of the Prophet, which of them was رسول هللا أٌهما أفضل مسجد
more virtuous, the mosque of the Messenger or رسول هللا أم بٌت المقدس؟ فقال
Bayt al-Maqdis. The Messenger of Allah said: One رسول هللا: صالة فً مسجدي
prayer in my mosque is better than four prayers أفضل من أربع صلوات فٌه ولنعم
there, but it is still a great place of prayer. Soon المصلى هو، ولٌوشكن أن ٌكون
there will come a time when if a man has a spot للرجل م ْثل شطن فرسه من
َ ِ
of land as big as his horse’s rope from which he األرض حٌث ٌَرى منه بٌت
can see Bayt al-Maqdis, that will be better for him "ً المقدس خٌر له من الدنٌا جمٌعا
than the whole world. Narrated & classed saheeh .رواه الحاكم وصححه
by al-Haakim.
10. Protected from ad-Dajjal محفوظة من الدجال
The Dajjaal will not enter it: • الدجال ال ٌدخلها: "وإنه
“He will prevail over all the earth, apart سٌظهر على األرض كلها إال
from al-Haram [in Makkah] and Bayt al- الحرم وبٌت المقدس" رواه
Maqdis.” [Saheeh. Narrated by Ahmad.] أحمد وصححه ابن خزٌمة
The Dajjaal will be killed close to al-Quds: • وٌقتل قرٌبا ً من هناك: " ٌَقتل
“The son of Maryam will kill the Dajjaal at "ابنُ مرٌم الدجال بباب لُد
ّ َ
the gates of Ludd.” (Muslim, from al- .مسلم عن النواس بن سمعان
Nawwaas ibn Sam’aan). Ludd (Lod): town ّ
.و"لد" قرب بٌت المقدس
near al-Quds.
11. The First Qiblah قبلة المسلمٌن األولى
• Al-Baraa’: the Messenger of • عن البراء أن رسول هللا
Allaah prayed toward Bayt صلى إلى بٌت المقدس
al-Maqdis for sixteen or ستة عشر شهراً أو سبعة
seventeen months. (Ag). )عشر شهراً. )ق
12. Cradle of Wahy, and مهبط الوحً وموطن
homeland of Prophets. .األنبٌاء
• The Messenger led the ً• أم الرسول األنبٌاء فٌه ف
ّ
Prophets in it: “Then the صالة واحدة: ".. فحانت
time for prayer came, and I الصالة فؤممتهم " مسلم
led them in prayer.” (M from .عن أبً هرٌرة
Abu Hurayrah).
13. Al-Aqsa is one of the ُ
تشد الرحال إلى
three mosques to
which people travel.
األقصى
• Abu Hurayrah: the Prophet: • عن أبً هرٌرة عن
“No journey should be النبً: " ال تشد الرحال
made except to three إال إلى ثالثة مساجد
mosques, al-Masjid al- المسجد الحرام ومسجد
Haraam, Masjid al-Rasool, الرسول ومسجد األقصى
Masjid al-Aqsaa.” (Ag) )". )ق
14. Al-Masjid al-Aqsa المسجد األقصى
•Rebuilt by Sulaymaan, as stated in Sunan al- بناه سلٌمان، كما ثبت فً سنن
Nasaa’I, however existed before him based on النسائً، وكان موجوداً قبله علٌه
السالم وبناء سلٌمان له كان
al-Saheehayn from Abu Dharr: “I said, ‘O
ًتجدٌداً ففً الصحٌحٌن عن أب
Messenger of Allaah, which mosque was built
ذر: قلت ٌا رسول هللا أي مسجد
on earth first?’ He said, ‘Al-Masjid al-Haraam .’ I
:وضع فً األرض أول؟ قال
said, ‘Then which?’ He said, ‘Al-Masjid al-Aqsa.’ I المسجد الحرام قال قلت ثم أي؟
said, ‘How much time was there between قال المسجد األقصى قلت كم كان
them?’ He said, ‘Forty years. So wherever you بٌنهما؟ قال أربعون سنة ثم أٌنما
are when the time for prayer comes, pray, for أدركتك الصالة بعد فصله فإن
"الفضل فٌه
that is the best thing to do.’
15. Location and Borders of al-Aqsa مكان المسجد وحده
•Al-Mawsoo’ah al-Filasteeniyyah (4/203): “The • الموسوعة الفلسطٌنٌة 302/4 (كان
name al-Masjid al-Aqsa was historically applied اسم المسجد األقصى ٌطلق على
to the entire sanctuary and the buildings in it, الحرم القدسً الشرٌف كله وما فٌه
most important of which is the Dome of the ًمن منشآت أهمها قبة الصخرة الت
Rock built by ‘Abd al-Malik ibn Marwaan in 72 72 بناها عبد الملك بن مروان سنة
AH/691 CE. Today the name is applied to the هـ/196م. وأما الٌوم فٌطلق على
great mosque in the southern part of the .)المسجد الكبٌر جنوبً ساحة الحرم
sanctuary.” Also (3/23): “The Dome of the Rock وفٌها أٌضا (32/3): (قبة الصخرة
is in the middle of the plateau of al-Aqsa, which ًفً وسط ساحة المسجد األقصى، ف
is in the southeastern part of the city of al-Quds. )القسم الجنوبً الشرقً من القدس
16. This concurrs with what ٌؤكد هذا ما قاله شٌخ
Shaykh al-Islam Ibn اإلسالم ابن تٌمٌة
Taymiyah said
• “Al-Masjid al-Aqsa is the name for the • “فالمسجد األقصى اسم لجمٌع
whole of the place of worship built by المسجد الذي بناه سلٌمان علٌه
السالم، وقد صار بعض الناس
Sulaymaan (peace be upon him).
ٌسمً األقصى المصلى الذي
• Some people started to give the name of
ًبناه عمر بن الخطاب ف
al-Aqsa to the prayer-place built by ‘Umar
مقدمته... والصالة فً هذا
ibn al-Khattab in front of it… المصلى الذي بناه عمر
• Praying in this place which ‘Umar built for ًللمسلمٌن أفضل من الصالة ف
the Muslims is better than praying in the ”.سائر المسجد
rest of the mosque”
17. Why Mainly Palestine? لماذا فلسطٌن
• بسبب حجم
b- Because of the magnitude and
.الجرٌمة ومدتها
the duration of the crime. This
is not a simple occupation; this
is a crime of erasing a nation off
the map and denying a people
their identity.
22. Expropriation and Destruction of Land
Demolition of houses
• Since 1967, Israel expropriated 79% of WB.
(Betselem, 2002)
• From October 2001 to January 2005, Israel
demolished 675 homes in the Occupied Territories as
punishment. Betselem
• 3000 houses destroyed by Israel during current
intifada – (Haaretz, Aug, 2003)
Al-Awda and American Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee (ADC-SF) - June 2002
23. I m p r i s o n m e n t & To r t u r e
• Since 1967, over 600,000 Palestinians have been held in
Israeli jails for periods ranging from one week to life.
(Palestine times, no. 83, May 1998)
• During the first Intifada Israel arrested 175,000
Palestinians – (Passia)
• Minors in detention (January 2005): 382 Betselem
• Torture: 85% of detainees tortured during interrogation
Betselem / Passia
Al-Awda and American Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee (ADC-SF) - June 2002
24. Destruction of economy
Movement More than
• Checkpoints &Road blocks 11,000 olive
• Control Towers trees
• Forbidden Roads [decades to
• Permits
mature] have
• Closures & Sieges
• Curfew
been
• No Airports uprooted
Al-Awda and American Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee (ADC-SF) - June 2002
25. Water
• 80% water aquifers in West Bank.
• Illegal settlements placed on top of water aquifers & mountains and
get priority access.
• Settlers attack Palestinians' water supply, severing pipes and switching
off valves.
• They dump sewage on Palestinian land, polluting wells and aquifers.
• Israeli army routinely destroyed water supplies, a war crime.
Al-Awda and American Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee (ADC-SF) - June 2002
26. Why Mainly Palestine? لماذا فلسطٌن
c- Because of the type of enemy. • طغٌان األعداء
.وتآمرهم
• UN resolutions from the G.A., like
194, practically meaningless.
• Whenever the S.C. decides to pass a
resolution, like 242 or 338, it is under
chapter XI, not XII, ‘non-enforceable’!
27. Jewish … Arrive at airport & be a citizen!
1948: Resolution 194: ".. refugees wishing to return to
their homes and live at peace with their neighbors should
be permitted to do so at the earliest practicable date.."
1974: Resolution 3236: "the inalienable right of the
Palestinians to return to their homes and property …"
1997: UN Resolution 52/62: “Reaffirms that the Palestine
Arab refugees are entitled to their property ...."
Reaffirmed 110 times with universal consensus, except for Israel & U.S.
June 2002
Al-Awda and American Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee (ADC-SF)
28. Why Mainly Palestine? لماذا فلسطٌن
e- Because of the rapid
.• لسرعة تطور األحداث
progress of the case.
• Israel continues to build
settlements and annex land.
30. 1.Surrounds 100,000 people in 42 towns
2.Reduces water supply by 1 billion gallons
3.Confiscates hundreds of thousands of acres
4.Harshly limits travel to jobs hospitals &
schools
5.Adversely affects 4 out of 10 Palestinians
Al-Awda and American Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee (ADC-SF) - June 2002
32. Why Mainly Palestine? لماذا فلسطٌن
• تقطٌع أوصال
f- The interruption of the land
األمة
continuity of this ummah. • خنجر فً قلبها
An enemy within the heartland
with easy access to many
regions, including the sacred
precincts.
33. Why Not Maccah لماذا القدس ولٌس مكة
• Because of its significance • تعتبر القدس مدٌنة مقدسة
to Judaism, Christianity, and عند أتباع الدٌانات
.Islam السماوٌة الثالث:
• Because Allah is most الٌهودٌة، المسٌحٌة،
.merciful واإلسالم.
• رحمة من هللا بنا.
34. Why History
التارٌخ لماذا
“Indeed in their stories, there ٌ(لَقد كان فً قصصهم عبْرة
َ ِ ْ ِ ِ َ َ ِ َ َ َْ
is a lesson for men of ).ألُولًِ األَ ْل َباب
ِ ْ ِ
understanding.” )111:(ٌوسف
36. Jebusites الٌبوسٌون
• According to the Bible, the Jebusites عرب من الكنعانٌٌن نزحوا من
were a Canaanite tribe.
شبة الجزٌرة إلى الشام خالل
• They built Jerusalem prior to its conquest
.األلف الثالث ق.م
by Prophet David.
استقروا فً منطقة القدس وسائر
• Melchisedech, in the Old Testament, was
king and priest, connected with .الكنعانٌٌن عند الساحل
Jerusalem, revered by Abraham. "بنوا القدس بقٌادة "ملكً صادق
• Books of Kings state that Jerusalem was وأسموها "شالٌم" وكانت
known as Jebus prior to this event.
.”تسمى أٌضا "ٌبوس
37. Jebusites الٌبوسٌون
• According to some استقروا فً المنطقة حتى استولى اإلسرائٌلٌون
على المدٌنة فً القرن الثانً عشر ق.م.
,Biblical chronologies
بقٌادة نبً هللا داود.
the city was conquered
3001 by King David in
BC, or according to
.other sources 869 BC
أحذ الجذران الحجرية الضخمة لمذينة يبىس قبل وصىل داود إليها.
39. Unified Kingdom المملكة الموحدة
• Later, according to the biblical 40 حكم داود علٌه السالم إسرائٌل •
.عامًا حتى 079 ق.م
narrative, King Solomon built a more
خلفه سلٌمان 33 عامًا، وفً عهده •
substantive temple, the Temple of
،تم تشٌٌد هٌكل سلٌمان الشهٌر
ّ
Solomon. الذي ٌمثل المستودع الذي حُفظ فٌه
ً
.تابوت العهد وفقا للمعتقد الٌهودي
• When the Kingdom of Judah split from
بعد وفاة سلٌمان انقسمت المملكة •
the larger Kingdom of Israel (which the
ًإلى قسمٌن. سُمً القسم الجنوب
Bible places near the end of the reign
مملكة ٌهوذا، وأصبحت القدس
of Solomon, Jerusalem became the عاصمة لها تحت قٌادة رحبعام بن
capital of the Kingdom of Judah. .سلٌمان
40. Babylonians البابلٌون
• Jerusalem was capital of Judah for 400 • 785 ق.م، احتل
years. It survived an Assyrian siege in الملك البابلً "نبوخذ
701 BC by Sennacherib, unlike Samaria,
نصّر الثانً" القدس
the capital of the northern Kingdom.
ونقل من فٌها من
• The siege of 597 BC led to the city being
الٌهود أسرى إلى
overcome by the Babylonians, who took
بابل ودمر هٌكل
the young King and aristocracy into
captivity … burnt the temple, destroyed
سلٌمان، مما أنهى
the city's walls. .""عهد الهٌكل األول
41. Cyrus II of Persia الكبٌر المل قور
• After several decades of captivity in • 835 ق.م وبعد 05 سنة من
ًالسبً، سمح الملك الفارس
Babylon and the Persian conquest of
قورش الكبٌر لمن أراد من
Babylonia, Cyrus II of Persia allowed the
،الٌهود بالعودة وبناء الهٌكل
Jews to return to Judah and rebuild the
فعاد عدد وشرعوا ببناء
Temple. The construction was finished in الهٌكل الثانً، وانتهوا سنة
516 BC. .615 ق.م
• Jerusalem was once again the capital of • استمرت المدٌنة عاصمة
لمملكة ٌهوذا طٌلة العقود
Judah, and the center of Jewish worship.
.التً تلت
42. Alexander the Great اإلسكندر األكبر
• 333 B.C. Alexander the
• 333 ق.م فقدت فارس
Great conquered the
القدس لإلسكندر األكبر
Persian Empire, Jerusalem
وبعد وفاته حكمها
and Judea fell under Greek
خلفاإه المقدونٌون
control and Hellenic
.والبطالمة
influence.
43. Greek era (312–164 BC) اإلغرٌق
• following Alexander's death,
• 323 ق.م استولى علٌها
Jerusalem and Judea fell under
بطلٌموس األول وضمها مع
Ptolemaic control under
ًفلسطٌن إلى مملكته ف
Ptolemy I.
.مصر
• In 198 BC, as a result of the • 891 ق.م، خسر بطلٌموس
Battle of Panium, Ptolemy V الخامس مملكة ٌهوذا
lost Jerusalem and Judea to the للسلوقٌٌن فً سورٌا، بقٌادة
Seleucids under Antiochus the .أنطٌوخوس الثالث الكبٌر
Great.
44. Hasmonean Kingdom المملكة
(164 BC – 35 BC) الحشمونا ٌمٌة
• Under the Seleucids many Jews became • 861 ق.م. قام المكابٌون
Hellenized, culminating in the Maccabean بثورة على الحاكم
rebellion by Matisyahu the High Priest and أنطٌوخوس الرابع، ونجحوا
his five sons. As a result, Jerusalem بتؤسٌس المملكة
became capital of independent
الحشمونائٌمٌة وعاصمتها
Hasmonean Kingdom which lasted 103
.القدس سنة 251 ق.م
years; the only independent Jewish state in
the four centuries after the Kingdom of • استولى الرومان على القدس
Judah was destroyed. .عام 36 ق.م
45. Herodian Dynasty (35 BC – 96 AD) الحٌرودٌون
• The Romans installed Herod as a Jewish ً
نصب الرومان حٌرود األول ملكا •
على الٌهود، فكرّ س حٌرود عهده
client king around 19 BC.
،لتجمٌل المدٌنة وتطوٌر مرافقها
• As king of the Province of Judea, Herod .ًوبنى المعبد الثان
بعد وفاة حٌرود األول، خلفه حٌرود •
rebuilt the Second Temple.
الثانً فً حكم القدس من عام 4 قبل
• After Herod's death in 4 BC, Judea and the المٌالد حتى 6 بعده وعندها أخضع
city of Jerusalem came under direct Roman الرومان مملكة ٌهوذا للحكم
ُ
الرومانً المباشر، فؤصبحت تعرف
rule in 6 AD through Roman prefects,
بمقاطعة الٌهودٌة، على الرغم من
procurators, and legates but Herod's أن خلفاء حٌرود األول استمروا
بحكم المناطق المجاورة بوصفهم
descendants were nominal kings of Judaea
.96 ملوك تابعٌن لروما حتى
Province until 96.
46. Roman rule (6 AD – 6( ًالحكم الرومان
638 AD) ).638 – .ق.م
• In 66 AD the Jewish population rebelled against the شهد الحكم الرومانً للقدس •
Roman Empire in what is now known as the First حوادث كثٌرة، أولها الثورة
Jewish–Roman War. Roman legions under future الٌهودٌة الكبرى، من سنة
emperor Titus re-conquered and subsequently 66 إلى 07م، وقمعها
destroyed much of Jerusalem and the Second "الحاكم الرومانً "تٌطس
Temple in 70 AD. The Second Temple was burnt and ًفؤحرق المدٌنة وأسر كثٌرا
all that remained was the great external (retaining) ُ
من الٌهود ودمّر المعبد
walls supporting the Esplanade on which the Temple للمرة الثانٌة، وعادت
had stood, a portion of which has become known as .األمور إلى طبٌعتها
the Western Wall; also known as the Wailing Wall.
47. Sack of Jerusalem تدمٌر القدس
• Inside wall from the Arch of ً• نقش على قوس تٌتوس ف
Titus, Rome. The Menorah
روما ٌُظهر الجنود الرومان
from the Temple is seen being
ً
وهم ٌحملون كنوزا غنموها
carried in the victory
procession. .بعد تدمٌرهم القدس
48. More Rebellion تمرد آخر
• In 130 Roman Emperor Hadrian rebuilt the city, ،132 عاود الٌهود التمرد فً 511 و •
renaming it Aelia Capitolina. واألخٌرة عُرفت بثورة شمعون بن
كوكبة، وتمكنوا من السٌطرة على
• Built a large temple to the goddess Venus,
"المدٌنة، إال أن اإلمبراطور "هادرٌان
later, Church of the Holy Sepulcher. تعامل مع الثوّ ار بعنف ودمر القدس
• Restrictions on some Jewish practices caused a ّ
للمرة الثانٌة، وأخرج الٌهود، ومن شدة
نقمته علٌهم غٌر اسم المدٌنة إلى
revolt led by Simon Bar Kokhba.
"مستعمرة إٌلٌا الكاپٌتولٌنٌّة" واشترط
• Hadrian killed about a half million. Jews were أال ٌسكنها ٌهودي، بل جعل اسم
forbidden from the city but for a single day of مقاطعة الٌهودٌة "مقاطعة سورٌا
تٌم ًناSyria Palaestina "الفلسطٌنٌة
the year, Tisha B'Av, (the Ninth of Av), fast day
.بالفلستٌنٌٌن
to mourn the destruction of both Temples.
49. Roman/ Byzantine Rule ًالحكم الرومانً/ البٌزنط
• For the next 150 years, the city remained a انقسمت اإلمبراطورٌة الرومانٌة عام 593م •
إلى: غربٌة عاصمتها روما وشرقٌة أو بٌزنطٌة
relatively unimportant pagan Roman town.
عاصمتها القسطنطٌنٌة، وخضعت القدس إلى
• Byzantine Emperor Constantine, however, rebuilt .األخٌرة
خضعت المدٌنة لسٌطرة الرومان ثم البٌزنطٌٌن •
Jerusalem as a Christian center of worship,
خالل القرون الخمسة التً تلت ثورة شمعون بن
building the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in 335. .كوكبة
بعد أن نقل قسطنطٌن األول عاصمة •
• Jerusalem received special recognition in
اإلمبراطورٌة الرومانٌة إلى بٌزنطة، وأعلن
Canon VII of the First Council of Nicaea in 325; المسٌحٌة دٌانة رسمٌة، أمر بتشٌٌد كنٌسة القٌامة
became home to one of the five Patriarchates of .326
ً
بعد مجمع نٌقٌة، أصبحت القدس مركزا •
the Christian Church.
لبطرٌركٌة من الخمس الكبرى: اإلسكندرٌة
• Jews were still banned from the city, except during .وروما والقسطنطٌنٌة وأنطاكٌة والقدس
استمر حظر دخول الٌهود حتى القرن السابع •
a brief period of Persian rule from 614 to 629 AD.
.المٌالدي
50. The Persians Again فارس ثانٌة
The Jews joined Sassanid Persia in the invasion احتل الفرس القدس بعد أن ساعدهم •
.الٌهود الناقمون على البٌزنطٌٌن
of Byzantine Empire to liberate Jerusalem.
فتح الفرس المدٌنة 416م، بعد •
The city fell to the combined forces after a 20-
حصار 12 ٌومًا. تنص السجالت
day siege. Christians of Jerusalem were البٌزنطٌة أن الفرس والٌهود ذبحوا
massacred. آالف المسٌحٌٌن، وما زال هذا
.موضع جدل
Jews were given permission to run the city and
استمرت المدٌنة خاضعة للفرس •
effectively did for five years.
51 سنة، إلى أن استعادها الروم
In 628, after the defeat and death of Khosrau II, 926م تحت قٌادة هرقل، وظلت
Heraclius came as victor into Jerusalem. ًبؤٌدٌهم حتى الفتح اإلسالم
.636م
51. فً عهد عمر، أًرسل عمرو بن العاص وأبا
عبٌدة لفتح فلسطٌن، لكن القدس عصٌت
علٌهم لمناعة أسوارها. وعندما طال
حصار المسلمٌن، طلب رئٌس البطاركة،
"صفرونٌوس” أال ٌسلم القدس إال لعمر.
فؤرسل عمرو بن العاص ٌخبر عمر
فاستشار فقال علً: "إنً أرى أنك إن
سرت إلٌهم فتح هللا هذه المدٌنة على
ٌدٌك وكان فً مسٌرك األجر العظٌم".
Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab
م ذنة مسجد عمر بن الخطاب personally went to the city to
فً القدس سنة 5291. receive its submission
52. Caliphates (638–1300s) )+1300–638( الخالفة
• The city was one of the Arab Caliphate's first قام عمر رضً هللا عنه بعد فتح •
conquests in 638 AD. المدٌنة بالبحث عن األقصى واضعً ا
• Omar entered it and looked for the site of the نصب عٌنٌه الرواٌة التً سمعها
Masjid according to the description of the من رسول هللا، وسؤل الصحابة
Messenger of Allah (blessings and peace be upon ،وكعب األحبار وصفرونٌوس
him), then he found it under layers of soil and وكان ٌراجعهم قائالً: "لقد وصف
garbage. He ordered the cleaning of the place, the لً رسول هللا صلّى هللا علٌه وسلم
building of a mosque, and a wooden canopy over ."المسجد بصفة ما هً علٌه هذه
the rock. ًوعثر على المكان، وكان مطمورا
• Umar ibn al-Khattab also allowed the Jews back باألتربة. فؤمر بإقامة مسجد وإقامة
into the city and freedom to live and worship after .ظلة من الخشب فوق الصخرة
four hundred years.
53. Caliphates (638–1300s) )+1300–638( الخالفة
• Sixty years later the Dome of the • عبد الملك بن
Rock was built by Abdul-Malik ibn مروان بنى قبة
Marwaan. (The octagonal and gold- الصخرة عام
sheeted Dome is not the same .691
thing as the Al-Aqsa Mosque beside • الولٌد بن عبد الملك
it, the latest version of which was بنى المسجد
built more than three centuries األقصى عام
later). .709
54. Caliphates (638–1300s) )+1300–638( الخالفة
• Under the early centuries of Muslim rule, • اهتم األموٌون
especially during the Umayyad (650–750) and والعباسٌون بالمدٌنة
Abbasid (750–969) dynasties, the city ًفشهدت نهضة علمٌة ف
prospered; the geographers Ibn Hawqal and
مختلف المٌادٌن، لكن
al-Istakhri (10th century) describe it as "the
شهرتها سرعان ما
most fertile province of Palestine", while its
تضعضعت بسبب عدم
native son the geographer al-Maqdisiy (born
946) devoted many pages to its praises in his االستقرار الذي شهدته
most famous work, The Best Divisions in the الدولة العباسٌة وانقسامها
Knowledge of the Climes. .إلى دوٌالت
55. Weakness and Division ضعف الدولة وتفككها
• The early Arab period was ّ
• أدى تفكك الدولة العباسٌة إلى ضعف العمل
بالشرٌعة، فلقً المسٌحٌون نوعًؤ من
also one of religious
االضطهاد، وهُدمت كنٌسة القٌامة فً
.tolerance
القدس خالل عهد الخلٌفة الفاطمً، أبو علً
• However, in the early 11th منصور الحاكم بؤمر هللا، وتعرّ ضت حٌاة
century, the Egyptian الحجاج األوروبٌٌن للخطر.
• عندما سقطت القدس بقبضة األتراك
-Fatimid Caliph Al-Hakim bi
السالجقة سنة 6701، إزدادت الحالة سوءًا
Amr Allah ordered the
وكثر التعدي على الحجاج األوروبٌٌن،
.destruction of all churches فكانت تلك إحدى أسباب الحروب الصلٌبٌة.
56. Crusaders الصلٌبٌون
The crusaders besieged Jerusalem for a ً• انطلق الصلٌبٌون ف
1095 حملتهم األولى سنة
month before they captured it. Upon
،متوجهٌن إلى القدس
entry, they killed about 70,000 Muslims
1099 فوصلوها سنة
and Jews. وضربوا الحصار علٌها
Jews were among the most vigorous .فسقطت بعد شهر
defenders of Jerusalem. When the city • قتل الصلٌبٌون فور دخولهم
ً
قرابة 07 ألفا من المسلمٌن
fell, the Crusaders placed all of them
.والٌهود وانتهكوا مقدساتهم
inside the city's synagogue and burned it
down.
57. Crusaders الصلٌبٌون
• Jerusalem became the capital of the •قامت فً القدس منذ
Kingdom of Jerusalem. Godfrey of ذلك التارٌخ مملكة
Bouillon, was elected Lord of
ُ
التٌنٌة تحكم من قبل
Jerusalem on July 22, 1099, but did
ملك كاثولٌكً فرض
not assume the royal crown and died
الشعائر الكاثولٌكٌة
a year later.
على المسٌحٌٌن
• The Catholics initially imposed their
rites on the Orthodox, which caused األرثوذكس مما أثار
their anger. .غضبهم
58. Ayyubides األٌوبٌون
• استطاع صالح الدٌن
• The Kingdom of Jerusalem
1187 استرداد القدس عام
lasted until 1291; however,
Jerusalem itself was بعد معركة حطٌن، وعامل
recaptured by Saladin in أهلها معاملة طٌبة، ودعا
1187, who permitted الٌهود والمسلمٌن لٌعودوا
worship of all religions. إلى المدٌنة، واهتم بعمارتها
.وتحصٌنها
59. Ayyubides األٌوبٌون
• In 1229, by treaty with Egypt's ولكن الصلٌبٌٌن نجحوا فً السٌطرة •
ruler al-Kamil, Jerusalem came على المدٌنة بعد وفاة صالح الدٌن
into the hands of Frederick II فً عهد فرٌدرٌش األول إمبراطور
.of Germany
اإلمبراطورٌة الرومانٌة المقدسة،
• In 1243 Jerusalem came again
وكانت القدس قد أفل نجمها بسبب
into the power of the
انهماك أوالد صالح الدٌن بالنزاع
.Christians
فٌما بٌنهم.
• In 1244 al-Malik as-Salih
Najm-ud-Deen Ayyoob ظلت القدس بؤٌدي الصلٌبٌٌن 11 •
recaptured it for the last time عامًا إلى أن استردها نهائٌا ً الملك
.from the medieval crusaders الصالح نجم الدٌن أٌوب عام 4421.
60. Mamluks العهد المملوكً
• The Khwarezmian Tatars took 4421 تعرضت المدٌنة لغزو •
التتار، الذٌن قضوا على أكثر
.4421 the city in
المسٌحٌٌن وطردوا الٌهود.
• They in turn were driven out هُزم التتار على ٌد الممالٌك بقٌادة •
by the Mamluks under the سٌف الدٌن قطز والظاهر بٌبرس فً
معركة عٌن جالوت عام 9521.
leadership of Qutuz and
ضمت فلسطٌن إلى السلطنة •
.7421 Baybars in
المملوكٌة التً حكمت مصر والشام
• Palestine remained under the بعد الدولة األٌوبٌة حتى 7151.
.7151 Mamluks until
61. Muslim Tolerance or Collection of Abominations
1482, visiting Dominican priest Felix Fabri described Jerusalem:
“.. dwelling place of diverse nations of the world, and is, as it
were, a collection of all manner of abominations". As
"abominations" he listed Saracens, Greeks, Syrians,
Jacobites, Abyssinians, Nestorians, Armenians, Gregorians,
Maronites, Turcomans, Bedouins, Assassins, a possibly Druze
sect, Mamluks, and "the most accursed of all", Jews.”
62. )7191–7151( Ottomans العثمانٌون (7151-7191)
• In 1517, it was taken over by • 7151دخل العثمانٌون
the Ottoman Empire under فلسطٌن بقٌادة سلٌم
األول بعد مرج دابق.
.Salim I
• أصبحت القدس تابعة
• Al-Quds remained ottoman for
للدولة العثمانٌة 004
400 years until it fell to the سنة حتى سقوطها بٌد
.7191 British in الحلفاء فً الحرب
العالمٌة األولى سنة
7191.
63. Ottomans (1517–1917) )1917-1517( العثمانٌون
• Renewal and peace under Suleiman the Magnificent – • االزدهار خالل عهد
rebuilding the walls of the Old City and the Dome. سلٌمان األول
• Ottomans brought peace; Jew, Christian and Muslim
"القانونً"، خلٌفة سلٌم
األول، حٌث أعاد بناء
enjoyed freedom of religion. In 1700, Judah he-Hasid
أسوار المدٌنة وقبة
led the largest organized group of Jewish immigrants to
. الصخرة
the Land of Israel in centuries.
• خالل معظم العهد
• By mid 19th century, the city had a population that did
العثمانً مدٌنة محلٌّة ولم
not exceed 8,000. Nevertheless, extremely
،ٌعلوا شؤنها التجاري
heterogeneous.
لكن بقٌت مهمة لمكانتها
. الدٌنٌة
64. )7191–7151( Ottomans العثمانٌون (7151-7191)
-• Modern utilities came to al تطوّ رت الحٌاة المقدسٌّة خالل القرن •
التاسع عشر بعد أن أنشؤت السلطات
Quds in the middle of he
العثمانٌة المرافق الحدٌثة، فافتتح مركز
.19th century للبرٌد وخطوط سٌر نظامٌة لمركبات
• Post offices, Public horse الجٌاد العمومٌة، وأُنٌرت الشوارع
بالمصابٌح الزٌتٌّة، وفً أواسط القرن
carriages and a railroad
أنشؤ العثمانٌون أوّ ل طرٌق معبّدة بٌن
connecting it to Hijaaz and القدس وٌافا، وبحلول 2981، كانت
rest of the neighboring المدٌنة موصولة بغٌرها من المدن
الشامٌّة والحجازٌة بسكة حدٌدٌة.
.2981 cities by
65. Ottomans (1517–1917) )1917-1517( العثمانٌون
4 major communities: Jewish, Christian, Muslim, and
Armenian. Further divided into subgroups, based on
precise religious affiliation or country of origin.
Church of the Holy Sepulcher was partitioned between
Greek Orthodox, Catholic, Armenian, Coptic, and
Ethiopian churches. Tensions deep, the keys to the
shrine were left with a 'neutral' Muslim family.
66. Old picture of Jerusalem
from the mount of olives
Jews in Jerusalem 1895
67. )!Egyptian Rule (Albanian الحكم المصري (األلبانً!)
من 1381 حتى 0481 أصبحت فلسطٌن •
From 1831 to 1840, Palestine was part of
جزءا من الدولة المصرٌة التً أقامها محمد
ً
the Egyptian state under Muhammad علً باشا وفً 6381 سمح إبراهٌم باشا
Ali. His son Ibrahim allowed the Jews to بن محمد علً للٌهود أن ٌعٌدوا إنشاء أربعة
معابد ر ٌسٌة ومن ضمنها كنٌس الخراب .
ّ
.rebuild 4 major synagogues
ثار الشوام على الحكم المصري ألسباب •
The locals rebelled against the Egyptian مختلفة منها زٌادة الضرا ب والتجنٌد وكان
من ضمن هذه ثورة فً 4381 بقٌادة "قاسم
rule and Qasim al-Ahmad from Nablus
ً
األحمد" الذي قاد جٌشا من انابلس تعاونه
was able to capture Jerusalem May of وهاجم القدس عشا ر بلدة أبو غو
ودخلها 13 ماٌو 4381 لكن الجٌ
1834, but the Egyptian army defeated
المصري رد الثوار فً الشهر التالً .
ّ
.them
68. Back under the Ottomans ًعودة إلى الحكم العثمان
• The Egyptians were defeated by the combined بعد هزٌمة المصرٌٌن أمام الجٌو •
1840 العثمانٌة واألوروبٌة سنة
Ottoman and European forces in 1840.
ًإال أن كثٌرا من المصرٌٌن بق
ً
• In mid-19th century, a trickle of Jewish immigrants بالمدٌنة وفً نفس الفترة قدمت
وفود من الٌهود والمسلمٌن
from the Middle East and Eastern Europe.
. المغاربة واستقرت فٌها
• Many churches sent missionaries to proselytize أخذت المنازل تظهر خارج أسوار •
among Muslims and Jews, to “speed the Second القدس خالل الستٌنات من القرن
. التاسع عشر
Coming of Christ.”
قدرت إحدس إحصا ٌات إرسالٌة
ّ •
• By 1860s, the city, with an area of only one square أمرٌكٌة عدد سكان القدس سنة
kilometer, was already overcrowded. Thus began the 15,000 "7681 "بأكثر من
نسمة 000,6 منهم مسلمٌن وما
construction outside of the city walls.
.بٌن 000,4 إلى 000,5 ٌهود
69. British Mandate period (1917–1948) ًاالنتداب البرٌطان
The British were victorious over the ًالفرٌق أول إدموند ألنب
ٌدخل بلدة القدس
Turks in World War I. 11 القدٌمة بتارٌخ
General Sir Edmund Allenby, .1917 دٌسمبر سنة
commander-in-chief of the Egyptian
Expeditionary Force entered
Jerusalem on foot, “out of respect
for the Holy City, on December 11,
1917.”
70. Jewish Legion soldiers
at the Western Wall after
taking part in 1917
British conquest of
The Ottoman surrender
of Jerusalem to the Jerusalem
British, December 9,
1917
71. Under the Mandate تحت االنتداب
• Arab resentment at British rule and the influx زادت أعداد المهاجرٌن الٌهود خاصة •
.بعد وعد بلفور
of Jewish immigrants boiled over in anti-Jewish
سكان المدٌنة من 000,25 نسمة •
riots in Jerusalem in 1920, 1929, and the 1930s.
2291 إلى 000,561 نسمة
• During the 1930s, Hebrew University founded . 1948
on Jerusalem's Mount Scopus. ازداد استٌاء المقدسٌٌن من مسلمٌن •
1920 ًومسٌحٌٌن فقامت ثورة ف
• In July 1946 members of the underground
و9291 عرفت األخٌرة بثورة
Zionist group Irgun blew up a part of the King
. البراق
David Hotel, where the British forces were
عمل البرٌطانٌون على جعل الٌهود •
temporarily located, an act which led to the ًٌستقرون عن طرٌق بناء أحٌاء ف
death of many civilians. شمال وغرب المدٌنة ومؤسسات
تعلٌم عالً كالجامعة العبرٌة على
"."جبل المشهد
72. • On November 29, 1947, the United Nations General
Assembly approved a plan which partitioned the British
Mandate of Palestine into two states: one Jewish and
one Arab.
• Each state would be composed of three major sections,
linked by extraterritorial crossroads, plus an Arab
enclave at Jaffa.
• The Greater Jerusalem area would fall under
international control.
73. International Jerusalem? تدوٌل؟
أحٌلت قضٌة القدس إلى األمم المتحدة فأصدرت فً 92 نوفمبر 7491 قرارا بتدوٌل
.القدس تحت رعاٌتها 01 سنوات بعدها ٌتم استفتاء لتحدٌد نظام الحكم
تطبٌق القرار لم ٌتم فبعد أن أعلنت برٌطانٌا 8491 إنهاء االنتداب أعلنت العصابات
.الٌهودٌة قٌام الدولة اإلسرا ٌلٌة فثار العرب وأعلنوا الحرب
The United Nations proposed, in its 1947 plan
for the partition of Palestine, for Jerusalem to be
a city under international administration. The
city was to be completely surrounded by the
Arab state, with only a highway to connect
international Jerusalem to the Jewish state.
76. • Following the 1948 Arab-Israeli قُسمت القدس إلى: الجزء الغربً الخاضع •
إلسرا ٌل والشرقً الخاضع لألردن.
.War, Jerusalem was divided
قابل قا د القوات اإلسرا ٌلٌة فً القدس
ّ •
• The Western half of the New City
داٌان نظٌره األردنً عبد هللا التل وقاما
became part of the newly بتعلٌم الحدود ”غٌر الرسمٌة“ لكنها
ّ
formed state of Israel, while the أخذت بعٌن االعتبار عند الهدنة بٌن
eastern half, along with the Old إسرا ٌل ولبنان ومصر واألردن وسورٌا
9491.
.City, was annexed by Jordan
أعلن بن جورٌون فً 3 دٌسمبر 8491 •
• On January 23, 1950, the Knesset
أن القدس الغربٌة عاصمة إلسرا ٌل وفً
passed a resolution that stated 0591 أعلن األردن خضوع الشرقٌة
Jerusalem was the capital of للسٌادة األردنٌة.
.Israel
77. • The comparatively populous Arab village of Lifta (today within the bounds
of Jerusalem) was captured by Israeli troops in 1948, and its residents
were loaded on trucks and taken to East Jerusalem.
• The villages of Deir Yassin, Ein Karem and Malcha, as well as
neighborhoods to the west of Jerusalem's Old City such as Talbiya,
Katamon, Baka, Mamilla and Abu Tor, also came under Israeli control, and
their residents were forcibly displaced; in some cases, as documented by
Israeli historian Benny Morris and Palestinian historian Walid Khalidi,
among others, expulsions and massacres occurred.
• In May 1948 the US Consul, Thomas C. Wasson, was assassinated outside
the YMCA building. Four months later the UN mediator, Count Bernadotte,
was also shot dead in the Katamon district of Jerusalem by the Jewish
Stern Group.
78.
79. • East Jerusalem was captured. قامت إسرا ٌل بالسٌطرة على القدس •
الشرقٌة أما األقصى وقبة الصخرة
• Moroccan Quarter containing several hundred
.فاستمرا خاضعٌن لألوقاف
homes demolished and inhabitants expelled. هدمت إسرا ٌل حارة المغاربة التً تواجه •
• The Waqf (Islamic trust) granted .حا ط البراق لٌجعلوا الموقع ساحة صالة
قامت ببناء أحٌاء سكنٌة ومستعمرات •
administration of the al-Aqsa.
ًٌهودٌة شرق الخط األخضر وشرعت ف
• Security Council Res. 478 declared the .تهوٌد المناطق التً احتلتها
Knesset's 1980 "Jerusalem Law" declaring أصدرت قانون أساس اعتبرت فٌه القدس •
الموحدة عاصمة أبدٌة فأصدر مجلس
Jerusalem as Israel's "eternal and indivisible"
األمن قرار 874 لٌنص على خرقها
capital "null and void". Advised member states
للقانون الدولً وٌطالب الدول بسحب ما
to withdraw diplomatic representation from .تبقى من سفاراتها من القدس
the city.
80. ّافات إس ائيمية تزيل ركام ة المغاربة
حار ر جر
بعد هدمها في يوليو 7691
81. "Judaization" of East تهوٌد القدس
Jerusalem ّ
تتبع إسرا ٌل سٌاسٌة دمج المستوطنات الستٌعاب أكبر عدد ممكن من الٌهود داخل القدس. كما بنت 241 ألف شقة
فً القطاع الٌهودي لزٌادة حجم السكان فٌها .
• Since Israel gained تفٌد إحدس تقارٌر البن الدولً أن عدد مخالفات البناء فً الفترة الممتدة بٌن عامً 6991 و 0002 كان أكبر
ّ
control over East بأربع مرات ونصف فً األحٌاء الٌهودٌة وأن عملٌات الهدم فً القدس الغربٌة كانت أقل بأربع مرات من تل
ّ ّ
ً
الحاصلة فً القدس الشرقٌة؛ كذل أفاد التقرٌر أن السلطات اإلسرا ٌلٌة كانت تمنح الفلسطٌنٌٌن أذونا بالبناء
,7691 Jerusalem in ُ
أقل بكثٌر من األذون التً تمنحها للٌهود وأن المخالفٌن الفلسطٌنٌٌن تزال مخالفاتهم بنسبة أكبر من مخالفات
الٌهود.
Jewish settler
حصلت بعض المؤسسات الٌهودٌة على
organizations have
إذن من الحكومة خالل السنوات
sought to establish الماضٌة ٌسمح بتشٌٌد المبانً والمعالم
a Jewish presence على األراضً المتنازع علٌها من
شاكلة "حدٌقة المل سلٌمان" المخطط
in neighborhoods
إنشاؤها فً قرٌة سلوان والتً ٌشكل
ُ
.such as Silwan العرب 06% من سكانها
82. East Jerusalem
Statistics on land expropriation in East Jerusalem from
1967 to 2002:
• Amount of land taken (in dunams): 23378
• Size of neighborhood (in dunams): 22571
• Number of housing units 2002: 44610
• Number of residents 2002: 176647
• Revocation of Residency Rights!!!: 6396
Betselem
84. Lessons from دروس من
the Crusades الحروب الصلٌبٌة
85. The Opposite View Survives
The Catholic Encyclopedia:
Knight, K. Volume IV, Online ed. 2003
• “The Crusades were expeditions undertaken, in
fulfillment of a solemn vow, to deliver the Holy
Places from Mohammedan tyranny.”
86. The Opposite View Survives
Thomas F. Madden: “Whether we admire the Crusaders or
not, it is a fact that the world we know today would not exist
without their efforts. The ancient faith of Christianity, with
its respect for women and antipathy toward slavery, not only
survived but flourished. Without the Crusades, it might well
have followed Zoroastrianism, another of Islam’s rivals, into
extinction…”
Associate professor and Chairman of the Department of History
at Saint Louis University.
88. Not Only the Muslims
• “The wars waged by the Spaniards against the Moors
constituted a continual crusade from the eleventh to
the sixteenth century; in the north of Europe
crusades were organized against the Prussians and
Lithuanians; the extermination of the Albigensian
heresy was due to a crusade, and, in the thirteenth
century the popes preached crusades against John
Lackland and Frederick II.”
89. The Claim
• “The Council of Clermont
convoked by Urban II on
November 18, 1095, was
attended largely by bishops
of southern France as well as
a few representatives from
northern France and
elsewhere.”
90. Intolerance
In the Preaching of Islam by Thomas Arnold pp 54,55:
• " Michael the Elder, Jacobite Patriarch of Antioch, writing in the latter half
of the twelfth century, could approve the decision of his co-religionists and
see the finger og God in the Arab conquests even after the Eastern churches
had experience of five centuries of Muhammadan rule. After recounting the
persecution of Heraclius, he writes: "This is why the God of vengeance.
Who alone is all powerful , and changes the empire of mortals as He will,
giving it to whomsoever He will and uplifting the humble beholding the
wickedness of the Romans who, throughout their dominions, cruelly
plundered our churches and our monasteries and condened us without
pity-brought from the region of the south the sons of Ishmael, to deliver us
through them from the hands of the Romans.”
91. Intolerance
• “ And if in truth, we have suffered some loss, because the catholic
churches, that had been taken a way from us and given to the
Chalcedonians remained in their possession; for when the cities
submitted to the Arabs, they assigned to each denomination the
churches which they found it to be in possession of (and at that time
the great church of Emessa and that of Harran had been taken away
from us); never theless it was no slight advantage for us to be
delivered from the cruelty of the Romans, their wickedness, their
wrath and crule zeal against us, and to find aourselves at peace.”
92. Intolerance
• “When the Muslim army reached the valley of the Jordan and Adu
Ubaygah pitched his camp at Fihl, the Christian inhabitants of the
country wrote to the Arabs, saying : ’O, Muslims, we prefer you to the
Byzantines, though they are of our own faith, because you keep better
faith with us and are more merciful to us and refrain from doing us
injustice and your rule over us is better than theirs, for they have
robbed us of our goods and our homes’. The people of Emessa closed
the gates of their city against the army of Heraclius and told the
Muslims that they preferred their government and justice to the
injustice and oppression of the Greeks.”
93. Intolerance
• “Such was the state of feeling in Syria during the campa pf 633 – 639 in which the
Arabs gradually drove the Romans army out of the province. And when Damascus,
in 637set the example of making terms with the Arabs, and thus secured immunity
from plunder and other unfavourable condition, the rest of the cities of Syria were
not slow to follow Emessa, Arethusa, Hieropolis and other towns entered into
treaties whereby they became tributary to the Arabs. Even the patriarch of
Jerusalem surrendered the city on similar terms. The fear of religious compulsion
on the part of the heretical emperor made the promise of Muslim toleration
appear more attractive than the connection with the Roman Empire and a Christian
government , and after the first terrors caused by the passage of an invading army,
there succeeded a profound, revulsion of feeling in favour of the Arab conquerors.”
94. What Made My Ancestors Accept The Religion Of The Conquerors
• The Columbia History of The World, 1st Ed., pp. 264:
“For the conquered peoples, the task of shifting from old to new rulers
was not difficult. Most of them had long been alienated by cruel and
corrupt Persian and Byzantine bureaucratic administrations. Moreover,
in Egypt and Syria the Christian population was strongly opposed to the
centralizing and Hellenizing tendencies of the Byzantine bureaucracy and
the Orthodox Church. Umar’s organizational abilities also contributed
greatly to the Arabs’ success. He regularized the legal position of the
millions of non-Muslim subjects in his domain and set up an efficient
administrative system for the empire. Muhammad established the
precedent of ‘tolerance’ for the ‘People of the Book,’ the Jewish and
Christian communities in the northern Hijaz.”
95. What Made My Ancestors Accept The Religion Of The Conquerors
“Umar left these communities undistributed except for the payment of an annual
tribute in the form of poll tax (jizya); indeed, he extended the principle of toleration
to cover not only all Christians and Jews in the empire, but also the Zoroastrians of
Persia. Non-Muslims groups formed their own self-administered communities,
lived under their own civil codes, and were governed by their own religious leaders.
This system prevailed throughout Islam until the end of the Ottoman period and
still exists in a restricted way in parts of the Middle East that have not yet been
thoroughly secularized. European Christian claimed that the Muslims gave
unbelievers, mainly Christian and Jews, the choice of conversion to Islam or death
by sword, but this was not the case. From a practical point of view, mass
conversions to Islam would have meant abandoning the jizya, a considerable source
of revenue.”
97. Do They Care?
• Britannica: “On October 2 Jerusalem, then defended by
only a handful under the command of Balian of Ibelin,
capitulated to Saladin, who agreed to allow the
inhabitants to leave once they had paid a ransom.
Though Saladin's offer included the poor, several
thousand apparently were not redeemed and probably
were sold into slavery ... Somewhat later Saladin
permitted a number of Jews to settle in the city.”
98. Stages
• “After Philip returned to France, he preyed upon Richard's
lands; Richard … had been in constant communication with
Saladin and his brother al-'Adil, and various peace proposals
were made … Finally, on September 2, 1192, the two signed
a three-year peace treaty. The coast from Jaffa north
remained in Christian hands, but Ascalon was to be restored
to Saladin after Richard's men demolished the fortifications
that they had painstakingly built.”
99. We Keep the Peace
• Encyclopædia Britannica: “Forced by the
Crusaders to convert or die, many Jews
chose death. There are accounts of Jews'
committing suicide and even killing their
children rather than converting or
submitting to execution by the Crusaders.”
100. Intolerance of Own
• “Antioch had not been returned to the emperor, and
Bohemond had consolidated his position there. The
city was predominantly Greek in population, though
there were also Syrians and Armenians, and the latent
Greek-Latin friction was intensified when Bohemond
replaced the Greek patriarch with a Latin one.”
101. Intolerance
• “Tancred and Raymond entered, and the Muslim governor
surrendered to the latter in the Tower of David. The governor, along
with his bodyguard, was escorted out of the city. Tancred promised
protection in the Aqsa Mosque, but his orders were disobeyed.
Hundreds of men, women, and children, both Muslim and Jewish,
perished in the general slaughter that followed. [Runciman[1]: no one
can tell, yet he agreed it was a huge massacre and Raymond had to
walk through the bodies whose flesh and blood reached his knees;
Ibn al-Atheer: 70,000+”*2]
102. Which Version is Closer to the Truth?
• The pillage of Jerusalem according to Raymond d'Aguilers:
“ Now that our men had possession of the walls and towers,
wonderful sights were to be seen. Some of our men (and this
was merciful) cut off the heads of their enemies; others shot
them with arrows, so that they fell from the towers; others
tortured them longer by casting them into the flames. Piles of
heads, hands and feet were to be seen in the streets of the
city. It was necessary to pick one's way over the bodies of men
and horses.”
103. “But these were small matters compared with what happened in
the Temple of Solomon, a place where religious services are
normally chanted. What happened there? If I tell the truth, you
would not believe it. Suffice to say that, in the Temple and Porch
of Solomon, men rode in blood up to their knees and bridle
reins. Indeed, it was a just and splendid judgment of God that
this place should be filled with the blood of the unbelievers,
since it had suffered so long from their blasphemies. The city
was filled with corpses and blood.”
104. Intolerance
• “In the midst of near civil war, Reginald of Châtillon,
lord of Kerak and Montréal, broke the truce with the
Muslims by attacking a caravan. Saladin replied by
proclaiming jihad against the Latin kingdom. In 1187
he left Egypt, crossed the Jordan south of the Sea of
Galilee, and took up a position close to the river.”*1]
105. Intolerance
• “When Saladin failed to pay the first installment of the
ransom for the prisoners on schedule, Richard flew into a
rage. He ordered that all 2,700 members of the Muslim
garrison be marched outside the city and executed in
view of Saladin and his army [The Encyclopedia fails to
mention that their women and children were slaughtered
with them, Runciman 3/53+.”
106. Intolerance
• “Most mosques were appropriated during the
conquest, but some were restored, and no
attempt was made to restrict Muslim religious
observance ... The tolerance of the Franks, noted
by Arab visitors, often surprised and disturbed
newcomers from the West.”
107. Does It End?
• King Peter I of Cyprus finally organized an expedition
that in 1365 succeeded in the temporary occupation
of Alexandria. After a horrible sack and massacre, the
unruly Crusaders returned to Cyprus with immense
booty. Peter planned to return, but no European aid
was forthcoming, and after his murder in 1369 a
peace treaty was signed.
108. Expansion of The Muslim State & The Protection of Pilgrims
• The Seljuq Turks, one of several tribes on the
northeastern frontier of the Muslim world who had
embraced Islam in the 11th century, were beginning
to move south and west into Iran and beyond with
all the enthusiasm of a new convert.”*1]
109. Expansion of Muslim State & Protection of Pilgrims
• ‘By the middle of the 11th century, the Seljuq Turks had
wrested political authority from the 'Abbasid caliphs of
Baghdad. Seljuq policy, originally directed southward
against the Fatimids of Egypt, was increasingly diverted by
the pressure of Turkmen raids into Anatolia and Byzantine
Armenia. A Byzantine army was defeated and Emperor
Romanus IV Diogenes was captured at Manzikert in 1071,
and Christian Asia Minor was thereby opened to eventual
Turkish occupation.”*1]
111. The Most Fanatic Can Still Be Deterred
• Encyclopædia Britannica: “The situation seemed so
hopeless [i.e.,the siege of Antioch] that some
Crusaders deserted and attempted to return home.
Among these was Peter the Hermit, who was
caught and returned to the host, where he was
quietly forgiven.”
112. WHO WERE THE CRUSADERS?
• “Moreover, by 1304 rumours (probably false) of
irreligious practices and blasphemies committed by the
Templars during their secret rites of initiation had
begun to circulate through Europe. At this juncture,
King Philip IV the Fair of France had every Templar in
France arrested on Oct. 13, 1307, and sequestered all
the Templars' property in France.”
113. Where Does It Stop?
• Encyclopædia Britannica: “King Louis once again took
up the cross, but his second venture, the Eighth
Crusade, never reached the East. The expedition
instead went to Tunis, probably because of the
influence of Louis's brother....
114. Motives: Diverting Problems from Europe!
• Encyclopædia Britannica: “… he apparently stressed
the plight of Eastern Christians, the molestation of
pilgrims, and the desecration of the holy places. He
urged those who were guilty of disturbing the peace
to turn their warlike energies toward a holy cause. He
emphasized the need for penance along with the
acceptance of suffering.”
115. Motives: Population Growth in Europe
• Encyclopædia Britannica: “Although still backward
when compared with the other civilizations of the
Mediterranean basin, western Europe had become a
significant power by the end of the 11th century … At
the same time, Europe was feeling the effects of
population growth that had begun toward the end of
the 10th century.”
116. Apocalyptic Motives!
• Encyclopædia Britannica: “Yet another element in the popular
religious consciousness of the 11th century … was the belief that
the end of the world was imminent. Some scholars have
discovered evidence of apocalyptic expectations around the
years 1000 and 1033 (the millennium of the birth and Passion of
Jesus, respectively)... Moreover, in certain late 11th-century
portrayals…, the “last emperor,” … the final successor of
Charlemagne, was to lead the faithful to Jerusalem to await the
Second Coming of Christ.”
117. Apocalyptic Motives!
• “After having allegedly received divine instruction, Nicholas set
out to rescue Jerusalem from the Muslims. He believed that
when he reached the Mediterranean, God would dry up the
waters so that he could walk across to Palestine. Hundreds and
then thousands of children, adolescents, women, the elderly,
the poor, parish clergy, and the occasional thief joined him in
his march south. In every town the people hailed the
“Crusaders” as heroes, although the educated clergy ridiculed
them as deranged or deceived.”
118. Apocalyptic Motives!
• Encyclopædia Britannica: “ ... Nicholas himself arrived with a
large gathering at Genoa on August 25. To the great
disappointment of the “Crusaders,” the sea did not open for
them, nor did it allow them to walk across its waves. At this
point many probably returned home, while others remained in
Genoa. It was said that some marched to Rome, where
Innocent III praised their zeal but released them from their
“vows.”
119. Some Were Sincere, but Misguided.
• Extract from a letter sent during the siege [of Antioch] by Stephen,
Count of Blois, to his wife, Adele – March 29, 1098
“We found the city of Antioch very extensive, fortified with incredible
strength and almost impregnable. In addition, more than 5,000 bold
Turkish soldiers had entered the city, not counting the Saracens,
Publicans, Arabs, Turcopolitans, Syrians, Armenians and other different
races .... In fighting against these enemies of God and of our own we
have, by God's grace, endured many sufferings and innumerable evils up
to the present time. Many also have already exhausted all their
resources in this very holy passion ... “
120. Crusades Vs. Islamic Expansion
• Britannica: “European settlers in
the Crusader states, however,
were only a small minority of the
population….
• Muslims who had not fled were
captured and put to menial tasks.
Some, it is true, appeared in Italian Krak Des Chavaliers, Where They Lived
slave marts, but royal and
ecclesiastical ordinances at least Baptism brought with it immediate
restricted slave owners' actions. freedom.
121. They Were Convinced the Inhabitants of the Land Don’t
Deserve Better Treatment
• 1: Samuel, 18-27: “David and his men went out and
killed two hundred Philistines. He brought their
foreskins and presented the full number to the king so
that he might become the king's son-in-law. Then Saul
gave him his daughter Michal in marriage.”
122. Think!
• Crusaders
accepting
the
surrender of
Arabs.
(Notice the
sizes)
123. THE WORK OF THE MEDIA
• Muslim soldiers
besieging
Crusaders in a
tower.
All the sudden
Muslims are much
bigger.
125. Not About Talking Only - Short Term:
1) Do not do anything hasty and irresponsible.
2) Visit the masjids; be around your brethren if you feel too frustrated. Listen to
news in moderation; stay in touch; don't allow yourself to get overwhelmed.
Prophet Musa was harmed by Pharaoh and Prophet Yahya’s head was given as a
gift to a prostitute.
3) Do not despair. Put your trust in Allah.
4) Supplicate, but first repent; seek waseelah (means).
5) Donate through legal channels. Harm will not touch you inshallah. But, if it did,
then let it be.
6) Protest and be vocal, but, learn the facts and commit the most important to
memory, to communicate an intelligible argument to the people of conscience.
126. Not About Talking Only – Long Term:
We must feel angry at ourselves
without acquitting the
victimizers of their crimes. Help
revive the ummah – Starting
with yourself.
