2. He was an American
medical researcher
and a virologist who
is known as a
developer of the first
successful vaccine
against poliomyelitis.
3. Full Name Jonas Edward Salk
Birthdate October 28, 1914
Birthplace East Harlem, New York
Father’s Name Daniel B Salk
Occupation Garment worker
Mother’s Name Dora Press
Religion Orthodox Jewish - Polish
Name of Spouse Donna Lindsay
Occupation Social Worker
Children Peter Salk
Darrel Salk
Jonathan Salk
4. HIGH SCHOOL
Townsend Harris High School
COLLEGE
City College of New York
MEDICAL SCHOOL
Dr Salk with his mentor Dr Thomas Francis
New York University
School of Medicine
"As a child I was not interested in science. I was
INTERNSHIP merely interested in things human, the human side of
nature, if you like, and I continue to be interested in
Mt Sinai Hospital that.”
-Jonas Salk, MD
courtesy of his interview in Academy of Achievement
5. “. . .it was the laboratory work, in particular, which gave new direction to his
life.”
- Oshinsky
He moved to the University of Michigan to join Dr. Francis and
worked on an army-commissioned project in Michigan to
develop an influenza vaccine in which it is a formalin-killed-
virus vaccine
He accepted an offer from William McEllroy, dean of the
University of Pittsburg Medical School, to be an associate
research professor of bacteriology where he continued his
research on flu vaccines
6. "Paralytic poliomyelitis (its formal name) was, if not the
most serious, easily the most frightening public health
problem of the postwar era.”
- William O’Neill, American Historian
A girl infected by the virus
Jonas Salk talks to children with polio
“…scientists were in a In 1952 58,000 cases of polio
frantic race to find a
Parents carry a stricken child was reported with 3, 145
cure.” during the polio scare.
- O’neill people dying
7. Polio Myelitis causes
permanent paralysis in
those it strikes or chronic
Polio patients in an Iron Lungs in 1952 shortness or breath often
leads to death
He used a killed- virus vaccine, in By 1951, Salk was able to
which it was killed with formaldehyde classify the polio viruses
in 13 days. into 3 types
The first people to be inoculated with
Salk’s vaccine were his wife and 3
children.
8. Salk and the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis
conducted the first field trial of Salk’s vaccine in 1952 involving
20,000 physicians and public health officers, 64,000 school
personnel and 220,000 volunteers with over 1, 800, 000
children in trial
9. In April 12, 1955, Dr Francis who monitor the
results, declared that. . .
10. The success brought Salk to instant stardom:
He received offers from Hollywood; Pleas from top
manufacturers to endorse their products; He was awarded
with a congressional medal for great ahievement and was
nominated for a Nobel Prize.
In 1957, he became a professor in Experimental Medicine in
University of Pittsburg.
He began to work on vaccines against viral infections in the
central nervous system.
Salk also conducted important research on the prevention and
treatment of influenza, multiple sclerosis, cancer, and
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome.
11. In the same year as Salk
developed the killed-virus
vaccine. He developed the
live-virus vaccine against
polio which is taken orally
rather than intravenously
in the same year as Salk
developed the killed-virus
vaccine.
US did not permitted him
to make a field trial in the
country, and Sabin did it
in Europe which was
effective too.
Dr Albert Sabin
12. Although Jonas Salk is credited
with ending the scourge of polio
because his killed-virus vaccine
was first to market, Albert
Sabin’s sweet-tasting and
inexpensive oral vaccine are
commonly used worldwide.
"The live virus vaccine is highly
effective in developed countries ...”
-Dr Salk in his press conference in 1980
13. By 1963, Salk opened an institute called Salk
Institute for Biological Studies under his
leadership.
"I thought how nice it would be if a
place like this existed and I was
invited to work there.“
- Dr Salk in 1963
14. 1956, awarded the Lasker Award
1957, the Municipal Hospital building is renamed Jonas
Salk Hall and is home to the University's School of
Pharmacy and Dentistry
1958, awarded the James D. Bruce Memorial Award
1975, awarded the Jawaharlal Nehru Award and the
Congressional Gold Medal
1976, Jonas Salk received the Academy of Achievement's
Golden Plate Award
1976, named the Humanist of the Year by the American
Humanist Association
15. 1977, awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom from
President Jimmy Carter
2006, the United States Postal Service issued a 63 cent
Distinguished Americans series postage stamp in his honor.
2007, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First
Lady Maria Shriver inducted Salk into the California Hall of
Fame
2009, BBYO boys chapter chartered in his honor in
Scottsdale, Arizona, named "Jonas Salk AZA #2357"
Schools in Mesa, Arizona; Spokane, Washington; Tulsa,
Oklahoma; Bolingbrook, Illinois; Levittown, New York; Old
Bridge, New Jersey; Merrillville, Indiana, and Sacramento,
California, are named after him.
16. In 1966, New York times
referred to him as the
Father of Biophilosophy.
"As a biologist, he believes that his
science is on the frontier of tremendous
new discoveries; and as a philosopher,
he is convinced that humanists and
artists have joined the scientists to
achieve an understanding of man in all
his physical, mental and spiritual
complexity.”
- Howard Taubman, New York times Journalist
17. Jonas Salk died from heart failure at the age of
80 on June 23, 1995 in La Jolla and was buried
at El Camino Memorial Park in San Diego.
18. http://www.squidoo.com/jonas-salk
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk
http://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/palitmap/bios/Salk__Jona
s.html
http://www.libraries.uc.edu/liblog/wp-
content/uploads/2012/04/sabinandnixon.jpg
http://img.tfd.com/mk/S/X2604-S-04.tif.png
http://www.polioplace.org/people/jonas-salk-md
David M. Oshinsky, Polio: An American Story, Oxford
University Press, 2005. Jeffrey Kluger, Splendid Solution:
Jonas Salk and the Conquest of Polio, Berkley Trade, 2006
Jonas Salk interview with Academy of Achievement
Taubman, Howard. "Father of Biophilosophy" The New
York Times, Nov. 11, 1966
19. “There are two types of medical specialists. There are those who
fight disease day and night, who assist mankind in times of
despair and agony and who preside over the awesome events of
life and death. Others work in the quiet detachment of the
laboratory; their names are often unknown to the general
public, but their research may have momentous consequences”
Dr Jonas Edward Salk
in Wisdom Magazine 1956
Hinweis der Redaktion
On 7 June 1939, Salk was awarded his M.D. The next day, he married Donna Lindsay, a Phi Beta Kappa psychology major who was employed as a social worker. The marriage would produce three sons: Peter, Darrell, and Jonathan. After graduation, Salk continued working with Francis, and concurrently began a two-year internship at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York. Upon completing his internship, Salk accepted a National Research Council fellowship and moved to the University of Michigan to join Dr. Francis, who had been heading up Michigan'sdepartment of epidemiology since the previous year. Working on behalf of theU.S. Army, the team strove to develop a flu vaccine. Their goal was a "killed-virus" vaccine--able to kill the live flu viruses in the body, while simultaneously producing antibodies that could fight off future invaders of the same type, thus producing immunity. By 1943, Salk and Francis had developed a formalin-killed-virus vaccine, effective against both type A and B influenza viruses, and were in a position to begin clinical trials.In 1946, Salk was appointed assistant professor of epidemiology at Michigan.Around this time he extended his research to cover not only viruses and the body's reaction to them but also their epidemic effects in populations. The following year he accepted an invitation to move to the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine's Virus Research Laboratory as an associate research professor of bacteriology. When Salk arrived at the Pittsburgh laboratory, whathe encountered was not encouraging. The laboratory had no experience with thekind of basic research he was accustomed to, and it took considerable efforton his part to bring the lab up to par. However, Salk was not shy about seeking financial support for the laboratory from outside benefactors, and soon his laboratory represented the cutting edge of viral research.
58,000 cases of polio were reported in 1952, with 3,145 people dying and 21,269 left with mild to disabling paralysis
Polio myelitis, traceable back to ancient Egypt, causes permanent paralysis in those it strikes, or chronic shortness of breath often leading to death. Children, in particular, are especially vulnerable to the polio virus. The University of Pittsburgh was one of four universities engaged in trying to sort and classify the more than one hundred known varieties of polio virus. By 1951, Salk was able to assert with certainty that all polio viruses fell into oneof three types, each having various strains; some of these were highly infectious, others barely so. Once he had established this, Salk was in a positionto start work on developing a vaccine.
20,000 physicians and public health officers, 64,000 school personnel, and 220,000 volunteers,"[18] with over 1,800,000 school children participating in the trial.
The success of the trial catapulted Salk to instant stardom. He was inundatedwith offers from Hollywood and with pleas from top manufacturers for him toendorse their products. He received a citation from President Eisenhower andaddressed the nation from the White House Rose Garden. He was awarded a congressional medal for great achievement in the field of medicine and was nominated for a Nobel Prize but, contrary to popular expectation, did not receive it. He was also turned down for membership in the National Academy of Sciences,most likely a reflection of the discomfort the scientific community still felt about the level of publicity he attracted and of continued disagreement with peers over his methods.
polio virus lived and multiplied in the small intestine. An oral vaccine, he believed, might block the virus from entering the bloodstream, destroying it before it spread.
It was called the Salk Institute for Biological Studies and opened in 1963 in the San Diego neighborhood of La Jolla. Salk believed that the institution would help new and upcoming scientists along their careers as he said himself, "I thought how nice it would be if a place like this existed and I was invited to work there." This was something that Salk was deprived of early in his life, but due to his achievements, was able to provide for future scientists.