1. Animation
Joseph Michael E. Aramil
CSC 19- Midterm Lecture

2. Animation
• rapid display of a sequence of images of 2-D or
3-D artwork or model positions in order to create
an illusion of movement.
• The effect is an optical illusion of motion due to
the phenomenon of persistence of vision.
• The most common method of presenting
animation is as a motion picture or video
program, although there are other methods.

3. Animation Techniques
Traditional Animation
• The individual frames of a traditionally
animated film are photographs of
drawings, which are first drawn on paper.
• To create the illusion of movement, each
drawing differs slightly from the one before
it.

4. • The animators' drawings are traced or
photocopied onto transparent acetate
sheets called cells, which are filled in with
paints in assigned colors or tones on the
side opposite the line drawings.

5. Traditional animation
• Full animation - the process of producing
high-quality traditionally animated films,
which regularly use detailed drawings and
plausible movement.
Ex. Alladin, Lion King, Beauty and the
Beast
• Limited animation - the use of less
detailed and/or more stylized drawings
and methods of movement.
Ex. Internet Web cartoons, Spongebob

6. Traditional animation
• Rotoscoping - where animators trace
live-action movement, frame by frame.
The source film can be directly copied
from actors' outlines into animated
drawings.
Ex. Lord of the Rings (1978)
• Live/Action Animation - technique, when
combining hand-drawn characters into live
action shots.
Ex. Space jam

7. Animation Techniques
Stop Motion
• Stop-motion animation is used to describe
animation created by physically
manipulating real-world objects and
photographing them one frame of film at a
time to create the illusion of movement.

8. Animation Techniques
• There are many different types of stopmotion animation, usually named after the
type of media used to create the
animation.
• Computer software is widely available to
create this type of animation.

9. Stop-Motion Animation
• Puppet animation - involves stop-motion
puppet figures interacting with each other
in a constructed environment
Ex. Robot Chicken, Corpse Bride
• Clay Animation - uses figures made of
clay or a similar malleable material to
create stop-motion animation.
Ex. The Gumby Show, Chicken run

10. Stop-Motion Animation
• Cutout animation - type of stop-motion
animation produced by moving 2dimensional pieces of material such as
paper or cloth.
Ex. South Park
• Silhouette animation - variant of cutout
animation in which the characters are
backlit and only visible as silhouettes

11. Stop-Motion Animation
• Model Animation - refers to stop-motion
animation created to interact with and exist
as a part of a live-action world.
Ex. King Kong (1933)
• Go Motion - is a variant of model
animation which uses various techniques
to create motion blur between frames of
film, which is not present in traditional
stop-motion

12. Stop-Motion Animation
• Object animation - refers to the use of
regular inanimate objects in stop-motion
animation, as opposed to specially created
items.

13. Stop- Motion Animation
• Graphic animation - uses non-drawn flat visual
graphic material (photographs, newspaper
clippings, magazines, etc.) which are sometimes
manipulated frame-by-frame to create
movement.
• Pixilation - involves the use of live humans as
stop motion characters. This allows for a number
of surreal effects, including disappearances and
reappearances, allowing people to appear to
slide across the ground, and other such effects

14. Animation Techniques
Computer Animation
• Computer animation encompasses a
variety of techniques, the unifying factor
being that the animation is created digitally
on a computer.

15. Computer Animation
• 2D animation: are created and/or edited
on the computer using 2D bitmap
graphics or created and edited using
2D vector graphics.
• 3D animation: digitally modeled and
manipulated by an animator. In order to
manipulate a mesh, it is given a digital
skeletal structure that can be used to
control the mesh. This process is called
rigging.

16. Animation Techniques
• Flip books - is a book with a series of
pictures that vary gradually from one page
to the next, so that when the pages are
turned rapidly, the pictures appear to
animate by simulating motion or some
other change.
• Sand Animation - sand is moved around
on a back- or front-lighted piece of glass to
create each frame for an animated film.

17. Animation Techniques
• Pinscreen animation - makes use of a
screen filled with movable pins, which can
be moved in or out by pressing an object
onto the screen. The screen is lit from the
side so that the pins cast shadows.

18. 12 Basic Principles of Animation
• Squash and Stretch - the purpose of
which is to give a sense of weight and
flexibility to drawn objects. It can be
applied to simple objects, like a bouncing
ball, or more complex constructions, like
the musculature of a human face.
• Anticipation - is used to prepare the
audience for an action, and to make the
action appear more realistic.

19. 12 Basic Principles of Animation
• Staging - Its purpose is to direct the
audience's attention, and make it clear
what is of greatest importance in a scene;
what is happening, and what is about to
happen.

20. 12 Basic Principles of Animation
• Straight ahead action and pose to pose
- "Straight ahead action" means drawing out
a scene frame by frame from beginning to
end, while
- "pose to pose" involves starting with
drawing a few, key frames, and then filling
in the intervals later.

21. 12 Basic Principles of Animation
• Follow through and overlapping action
- “Follow through" means that separate
parts of a body will continue moving after
the character has stopped.
- "Overlapping action" is the tendency for
parts of the body to move at different rates

22. 12 Basic Principles of Animation
• Slow in and slow out - The movement of
the human body, and most other objects,
needs time to accelerate and slow down.
• Arcs - Most human and animal actions
occur along an arched trajectory, and
animation
should
reproduce
these
movements for greater realism.

23. 12 Basic Principles of Animation
• Secondary action - Adding secondary
actions to the main action gives a scene
more life, and can help to support the main
action.
A
person
walking
can
simultaneously swing his arms or keep
them in his pockets, he can speak or
whistle, or he can express emotions
through facial expressions.

24. 12 Basic Principles of Animation
• Timing - Timing refers to the number of
drawings or frames for a given action,
which translates to the speed of the action
on film.
• Exaggeration - an effect especially useful
for animation, as perfect imitation of reality
can look static and dull in cartoons.

25. 12 Basic Principles of Animation
• Solid drawing - taking into account forms
in three-dimensional space, giving them
volume and weight.
• Appeal – A charisma in an actor. A
character who is appealing is not
necessarily sympathetic. villains or
monsters can also be appealing, the
important thing is that the viewer feels the
character is real and interesting.