2. Taxonomical Classification:
x Gram (+) non-spore x Gram (+) spore formers:
formers x Aerobic - Bacillus
x Mycobacterium
x B. anthracis
x Corynebacterium
x B. subtilis
x gravis
x Anaerobic-Clostridium
x mitis
x Intermedius
x C. tetani
x Lactobacillus x C. botulinum
x Erysipelothrix x C. perfringens
x Listeria
Microbiology HTL
3. Taxonomical Classification: (2)
x Gram (-) bacilli -
Enterics x Citrobacter
x Escherichia x Edwardsiella
x Salmonella x Serratia
x Shigella x Proteus
x Klebsiella x Morganella
x Arizona
x Providencia
x Vibrio
Microbiology HTL
4. Small gram (-) bacilli
x Bordatella
x Hemophilus
x Brucella
x Pasteurella
Microbiology HTL
5. Mycobacterium: (1)
x M. tuberculosis x Types:
(Koch’s bacilli) x Human -man
x long, slender, x Bovine - hogs &
granular curved or cattle
rounded end x Avian - birds
x AFS (+), Gm (+) x Pathogenecity: no
x *glycerine toxins produced
x Lowenstein,
x Productive Lesions
Petroffs, Dorset’s ,
x Exudative Lesion
Corpers
Microbiology HTL
6. AFS property of Mycobacterium:
x Due to the presence of mycolic acid.
x Mycolic acid gives M. tuberculosis many
characteristics that defy medical treatment.
x They lend the organisms increased resistance
to chemical damage & dehydration.
x Prevent the effective activity of hydrophobic
antibiotics
x Allows it to grow within macrophages which
makes it resistant to the immune system action
Microbiology HTL
8. Mycobacterium (2)
x Types of tuberclosis
x M. leprae ( Leprae
bacilli, Hansen’s bacilli)
x Primary infection
x long, slender, usually
x Reactivation TB
straight, non-motile,
x Millary TB
grouped like cigarette
x Diagnosis: packets
x microscopic exam x Pathognesis: Leprosy
x chest x-ray x Acute nodular
x tuberculin test x Anesthetic or nerve
x culture of sputum
Microbiology HTL
10. Mycobacterium (3)
x M. leprae ( Leprae x transmission:
bacilli, Hansens prolonged contact
bacilli) x organisms found in
x grouped like packet mucous membrane
of cigarettes x diagnosis: Mitsuda,
x leprosy: Lepromin test
x acute nodular - x Stains:
leproma x Ziehl Neelsen
x anesthetic - nerve x Baumgarten
leprosy x Papenheim’s
Microbiology HTL
12. Corynebacterium: (1)
x C.diptheriae: Kleb x more in children
Loefler’s bacilli x Pathogenesis: toxin
x pleomorphic, globular, is absorbed --
club shaped, bard-shaped, destruction of cells --
irregular swelling & inflammatory
staining ---Babe Ernst response -- formation
bodies of pseudomembrane
x Gram (+), AFS (-) -- bleeding -- edema
x Culture: BAP, Pai’s x Specimen : nose &
Tellurite throat swabs
Microbiology HTL
14. Corynebacterium: (2)
x Diagnosis: x Methods of
x direct Acquired immunity
microscopic exam x fetal transfer
x culture x attack or
x virulence test -in infection
vivo & in vitro x Artificial
x DPT vaccine: immunization
Diptheria Pertussis from infection
& Tetanus
combination
Microbiology HTL
15. Corynebacterium: (3)
gravis mitis intermedius
short in long , granular long , barred
tellurite in tellurite in tellurite
(-) hemolysis (+) hemolysis (-) hemolysis
large colonies small colonies small colonies
forms pellicle grows granular
in broth diffusely sediments
Microbiology HTL
16. LACTOBACILLUS
-Most species of this non-spore-forming
bacterium ferment glucose into lactose,
hence the name Lactobacillus.
-The most common application of
Lactobacillus is industrial, i.e. for dairy
production.
-This genus also contains several bacteria
that make up part of the natural flora of the
human vagina..
Microbiology HTL
17. x Because of their ability to derive lactic acid
from glucose, these bacteria create an
acidic environment which inhibits growth
of many bacterial species which can lead to
urogenital infections.
x Lactobacillus is generally harmless to
humans, rarely inciting harmful infections
or diseases.
x Treatment of this vancomycin-resistant
microbe usually consists of high doses of
penicillin in combination with gentamicin
Microbiology HTL
19. ERYSIPELOTHRIX
x E. rhusiopathiae, the only species of this
genus, is better known as a veterinary
pathogen than as a human pathogen.
x When cultured on blood agar or some other
nutrient medium, Erysipelothrix forms
notably large colonies.
x This ubiquitous microbe has been found in
many farm animals such as pigs, horses,
and turkeys.
Microbiology HTL
20. x Occasionaly, though, it can infect a
human host and cause an inflammatory
skin disease, Erysipeloid.
x Treatment usually consists of penicillin
G, ampicillin, or cephalothin.
x Most clinical strains have been found to
be resistant to the super-antibiotic,
vancomycin.
Microbiology HTL
22. LISTERIA:
x Gram-positive rod which is not capable of
forming endospores.
x Although several species of this bacterium
exist, our discussion will focus only on the
two species of human pathogenic significance:
L. monocytogenes and L. ivanovii.
x In particular, L. monocytogenes has been
implicated in several food poisoning
epidemics. This is a normal inhabitant of the
gastrointestinal tract and of animal feces
Microbiology HTL
23. x Infected suffers from vomiting, nausea, and
diarrhea.
x Those at high risk include newborns, pregnant
women and their fetuses, the elderly, and persons
lacking a healthy immune system.
x The bacterium usually causes septicema and
meningitis in patients with supressed immune
function.
x Causes Listeriosis, an inflammation of the brain.
x Antibiotics are recommended for treatment of
infection because most strains of Listeria are
sensitive to ampicillin and gentamicin.
Microbiology HTL
25. Bacillus : (1)
xcultural char.:
x B. anthracis (anthrax x medusa head colonies
bacillus)
x inverted fir tree in stab
x Gram (+) , aerobic,
x Biochemical char.:
central spore, motile,
non-pathogenic except x ferment dextrose
anthracis, thermophilic x indole is not produced
x ends are concave or x gelatin is liquefied
square, forms long x Note: Find differences
chains, “jointed bamboo” with B. subtilis
Microbiology HTL
27. Bacillus : (2)
x Anthrax - lesion like x Pulmonary - wool
carbuncle, large , sorters disease
black, necrotic x Intestinal
x death due to x Specimen - blood,
mechanical clogging swab w/ pus,
of capillaries sputum, feces
x Types: x Diagnosis:
x Bacteremia - x direct microscopic
blood x culture
x Cutaneous - skin x animal inoculation
Microbiology HTL
29. Clostridium : (1)
x C. tetani (tetanus or
drumstick bacillus) x Diagnosis:
x motile x culture
x medium in length x secretion from
x terminal spore lesion - BAP,
x Thioglycolate broth Thioglycolate
x pathogenesis: fever, x Prevention:
pain , Lockjaw, x active immunity
sardonic smile, with toxoid
spasm
Microbiology HTL
31. Clostridium: (2)
x C. botulinum (Von x Pathogenesis:
Ermengen’s bacilli) x food intoxication
x motile x food infection
x long x food poisoning
x subterminal spore x Culture of leftover
x Culture: food or stool
x Chopped meat x History of patient
x BA medium
Microbiology HTL
33. Clostridium: (3)
x C. perfringens (C.welchii, x pathogenesis
Frankel’s or gas
x gas gangrene
gangrene)
x non-motile x food infection
x short x Diagnosis:
x central spore x swab from lesion
x Culture media:
& culture
x microscopic exam
x same as C. botulinum
x culture of pus
Microbiology HTL
34. Clostridium: (4)
x Clostridium difficile: x Diarrhea, to marked
x Causes diarrhea to necrosis of
pseudomembrane mucosa
colitis x Diagnosis
x Relatively resistant to x Demonstrate
most antibiotics neutralizeable toxin in
stool
x Produces cytopathic x Detecting enterotoxin
toxins and enterotoxin by immunoassay
Microbiology HTL
36. Actinomyces israelii
x Causes actinomycosis
x Vary considerably in length
x Maybe branched or un branched
x Grows slowly, on agar some strains produce
colonies similar to molar teeth
x Sometimes confused with corynebacterium
x Sensitive to penicillin & erythromycin
Microbiology HTL
37. Propionibacterium acne:
x Normal flora of the skin but can cause
disease when they infect shunt and
appliances
x On gram stain, highly pleomorphic
x Participates in the genesis of acne
x May contaminate blood and CSF once it
penetrates the skin
Microbiology HTL
38. Eubacterium, Bifidobacterium &
Arachnia:
x These 3 genera are made up of anaerobic,
pleomorphic, gram positive rods
x There are several species
x Are found in mixed infections associated
with oropharyngeal or bowel flora
Microbiology HTL
39. Gram - Bacilli
x Enteric Bacteria
x Media:
(Enterobacter family) found x Selenite broth
in intestines of man & x Tetrathionate broth
animals, parasitic & x Peptone
saprophytic, mostly x Tryptone
pathogenic
x causes intestinal diseases &
septicemic infections
x produce Hydrogen sulfide
Microbiology HTL
41. Gram (-) bacilli
x Plating media: x Indicators:
x Desoxycholate, x Neutral red:
Citrate Red/colorless
x SSA, EMB, BAP x Phenol red:
x McConkey, yellow/red
Brilliant green x Andrades: pink/
colorless
Microbiology HTL
42. Escherichia
x Escherichia coli
x found in the normal
flora of GIT, outside
the GIT it causes
cystitis, peritonitis
x index for food & water
pollution
x IMViC - ++--
x A.aerogenes - --++
Microbiology HTL
43. x Qualitative analysis of
water:
x Organolytic - physical
x Presumptive - lactose
broth for gas
x Confirmatory - EMB
x Completed - RDS,
TSI, KIA
Microbiology HTL
44. Salmonella x Salmonella typhosa
x circular, small,
smooth surface w/
even edge colonies
x Indole (-), Citrate
(+), no lactose
fermentation,
ferments glucose,
maltose
Microbiology HTL
45. Antigenic Structure:
H-flagellar
O-somatic
Vi-capsular
Widal’s Test:
^titer O - active
infection
^titer H - post
vaccination
^Vi -carrier
Microbiology HTL
46. Salmonella x Resistance:
x killed at 60
degrees for 15 - 20
minutes
x can survive whole
winter, 7 days in
well water
x Typhoid & enteric
fever- S.typhosa, S.
para A, S. para B
Microbiology HTL
47. Salmonella
x Characteristics in food
x Paratyphoid fever - poisoning: no taste or
S. paratyphosa smell, grow rapidly in
x Gastroenteritis & meat, toxins resistant
food poisoning - S. over 100 degrees, not
derby, S. enteritidis destroyed with ordinary
x Bacteremia, cooking
septicemia- S. x Sources: water, milk &
Cholrasuis dairy products, frozen
eggs, meat
Microbiology HTL
50. Shigella
x Shigella dysenteriae:
x small, convex,
circular, colorless,
glistening colonies
x non-lactose
fermenter, body
temp. , aerobic
x ferment glucose,
mannitol, citrate (-)
Microbiology HTL
51. x Mannitol fermentation
x (-) Indole
x (-) S. dysenteriae
x (+) S. ambigua
x (+) Lactose
x (-) Indole
x (-) S. flexner
x (+) S. boydii
x (+) Indole
x (-) S. sonnei
Microbiology HTL
53. Arizona
x Arizona hinshawii
x SPACE x Gram (-) , motile,
similar to Salmonella
x FOR
x Slow lactose
x RENT!!! fermenter, sucrose &
Indole (-)
x IMViC - -+-+
x Pathogenesis: causes
gastroenteritis or
sepsis
Microbiology HTL
54. Klebsiella
x Klebsiella
pneumoniae (K.
oxytoca or
Friedlander’s bacilli)
x short, Gram (-) , non-
motile, posess thick
capsule of
polysaccharide,
facultative
anaerobes, killed at
55 degrees
Microbiology HTL
55. x Cultural char.:
x large, mucoid
colonies, tenaceous
colonies, repeated
culture loses capsule
x Biochemical:
x ferment lactose,
sucrose, maltose,
mannitol & salicin
x IMViC - --++
Microbiology HTL
56. x Pathogenesis: causes
bacterial pneumonia,
enteritis, Pharyngitis,
sinusitis, septicemia,
meningitis,
peritonitis, UTI
x Antigenic structure:
x 72 capsular types
x Type 1&2 -
respiratory
x Type 8,9,10 - UTI
Microbiology HTL
57. x Diagnosis: culture of
stool, blood, urine, pus,
CSF
x other members:
x K.ozanae-produce
fetid odor &
progressive atrophy
x K.rhinoscleromatis -
granuloma in nose &
fever
Microbiology HTL
58. Providencia
x Providencia
( morgani, retgerii,
vulgaris & mirabilis)
x Gram (-),
pleomorphic, motile
at 25 degrees, weak
& non-motile at 31
x Biochem: urea (+),
non lactose
fermenter
Microbiology HTL
59. x Antigenic structure:
x OxK Ag - Weil
Felix Test -- (+)
Ox2, Ox19
x Pathogenesis: (+) in
stool, pneumonia &
bacteremia,
nosocomial infection
x Diagnosis: culture
urine, stool, lesion &
sputum
Microbiology HTL
60. Vibrio
x Vibrio cholera: small
curved bacilli, comma-
shaped, monotrichous,
motile, aerobic, alkaline pH
x pinpoint black glistening
colonies
x Biochem: ferment sugars,
Indole (+), Greig’s Test (-)
Microbiology HTL
61. x Pathogenesis: Asiatic
cholera - incubation
2-5 days
x Symptoms:
x preliminary
diarrhea
x intense
LBM,dehydrate
exhaustion
x face & skin shrinks
x rice watery stool
x coma
Microbiology HTL
62. x Strains of Cholera:
x El tor
x Diagnosis :
x symptoms x Celebes strain
x Rice watery stool x Camphylobacter
x culture of stool
fetus
x Agglutination test
x Gram stain
x Biochemical test -
Greig’s Test
Microbiology HTL
63. EDWARDSIELLA
x Edwardsiella tarda is the only species in this
genus of enteric bacteria which is important to
our discussion.
x E. tarda is biochemically similar to E. coli
with the exception that E. tarda produces
hydrogen sulfide.
x This bacterium is usually found in aquatic
animals and reptiles. However, it has been
known to cause gastroenteritis and wound
infections in humans.
x
Microbiology HTL
64. LABORATORY INDICATIONS
x Lysine +
x Hydrogen sulfide +
x -/+ TSI reaction (with gas)
x Indole +
x Citrate -
Microbiology HTL
65. CITROBACTER
x Citrobacter is not considered to be an
enteric pathogen because it is normal gut
flora.
x When plated, Citrobacter colonies bare a
strong resemblance to E. coli colonies.
x C. freundii is suspected to cause diarrhea
and possibly extraintestinal infections. C.
diversus has been linked to a few cases of
meningitis in newborns
Microbiology HTL
66. LABORATORY INDICATIONS:
x Lysine -
x Hydrogen sulfide +
(C. freundii)
x +/+ TSI reaction (with
gas)
x Citrate +
x Slow urease
Microbiology HTL
67. SERRATIA
x Members of the Serratia genus were once
known as harmless organisms that produced
a characteristic red pigment.
x Today, Serratia marcescens is considered a
harmful human pathogen which has been
known to cause urinary tract infections,
wound infections, and pneumonia.
Microbiology HTL
68. x Serratia bacteria also have many antibiotic
resistance properties which may become
important if the incidence of Serratia
infections dramatically increases.
x Serratia can be distinguished from other
genera belonging to Enterobacteriaceae by
its production of three special enzymes:
DNase, lipase, and gelatinase.
Microbiology HTL
69. LABORATORY INDICATIONS:
x Lysine +
x Citrate +
x Indol -
x +/+ TSI (No gas)
x DNase +
Microbiology HTL
70. PROTEUS
x Proteus, like almost
every other bacterium in
this family, can cause
urinary tract infections
and hospital-acquired
infections. Proteus is
unique, however,
because it is highly
motile and does not form
regular colonies.
Microbiology HTL
71. x Proteus forms what are known as
"swarming colonies" when plated on
non-inhibitory media. The most
important member of this genus is
considered to be P.mirabilis, a cause of
wound and urinary tract infections.
Fortunately, most strains of P. mirabilis
are sensitive to ampicillin and
cephalosporins.
Microbiology HTL
72. x Unlike its relative, P. vulgaris is not
sensitive to these antibiotics. However, this
organism is isolated less often in the
laboratory and usually only targets
immunosuppressed individuals. P. mirabilis
and P. vulgaris can be differentiated by an
indole test for which only P. vulgaris tests
positive.
Microbiology HTL
74. MORGANELLA
x Not much exciting going on here. Morganella
morganii is the only important species of this
genus. It can cause urinary tract and wound
infections, as well as diarrhea. Chloramphenicol
is a good choice for treating Morganella
infections.
x Indole + , Ornithine +
x Citrate +
Microbiology HTL
75. Pleomorphic Small Gram (-) bacilli:
x group of short
bacilli, Gram (-) ,
bipolar staining,
“safety pin”
x Bordatella pertussis
(Bordet Gengon
bacilli)
x Bordatella
parapertussis
(Whooping cough)
Microbiology HTL
76. x small, plump cocco-
bacilli, non motile,
possess capsule
x Cultural char: Potato
glycerol agar, acid pH,
easily die when
exposed to outside
factors ( sunlight,
drying)
Microbiology HTL
77. x Pathogenesis:
incubation- 2 weeks,
caterrhal stage,
explosive cough,
lymphocytes
(16-30000)
x Symptoms:
spasmodic cough,
bulging eyes, red
conjunctiva,
emaciated child
Microbiology HTL
78. Hemophilus
x Hemophilus influenza
(Pfeiffer’s bacilli)
x 8-9 species
x small aerobic, non-
motile, non-spore
former
x media requires blood &
derivatives
x seen in pairs or singly
Microbiology HTL
79. x “satellite phenomenon”
in BAP
x Pathogenesis:
capsulated forms
produce suppurative
respiratory infections:
x sinusitis
x laryngitis
x epiglotitis
x meningitis
Microbiology HTL
80. x H. ducreyi -
(chancroid bacilli)
x aerobic, 37 degrees,
non-motile, seen in
chains
x no “ satellite
phenomenon”
x Transmisssion: direct
contact w/ lesion
Microbiology HTL
81. x Pathogenesis:
x cause chancroid
x angry hyperemia
x pustule--ulcer--
bubo
x Diagnosis:
x smear pus from
lesion
x Dmelco’s test
x Ducreyi’s skin test
Microbiology HTL
82. Brucella
x Brucella (abortus,
melitensis, suis, canis)
x non-motile, aerobic ,
obligate parasites to
man, located
intracellularly
x Biochemical char:
ferments CHO,
Hydrogen sulfide (+)
Microbiology HTL
83. x Resistance: sensitive
to heat & acids ,
killed in milk by
pasteurization
x Pathogenesis: port of
entry -- lymphatic
channels -- thoracic
duct -- blood streams
- parenchymatous
organ
Microbiology HTL
84. x Diseases:
x Brucellosis
x Malta fever
x Undulent fever
x Diagnosis:
x specimen - acute
x Clinical findings:
phase x Incubation period
x blood culture - - 1-6 weeks --
TSB onset is incidious
w/ fever, aches &
x biopsy
sweating,
x Agglutination Test
splenomegaly,
x Skin test jaundice
Microbiology HTL
85. Pasteurella, Yersinia & Francisella
x Pasteurella , Yersinia &
Francisella ( pestis,
tularemia, multocida,
enteritis)
x short ovoid, plump, non-
motile, prolonged
incubation, pleomorphic
x enrich- blood, tissue fluid,
yolk sac
Microbiology HTL
86. x Biochemical char.:
ferment CHO, w/out gas,
catalase activity
x Pathogenesis: rodent-
rodent, rodent-man
----fleas
x Types of plague:
x bubonic, pneumonic
x septicemic, cutaneous
Microbiology HTL
87. x Tularemia:
x Oculoglandular
x ulceroglandular
x pneumonic
x febrile systemic
x Diagnosis:
x culture
x staining
x serological test
Microbiology HTL