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Bacilli

                   Gram (+) non-spore forming
                    Gram (+) spore forming
                        Gram (-) bacilli

Microbiology HTL
Taxonomical Classification:
  x   Gram (+) non-spore   x   Gram (+) spore formers:
      formers                  x Aerobic - Bacillus
       x Mycobacterium
                                  x B. anthracis
       x Corynebacterium
                                  x B. subtilis
          x gravis
                               x Anaerobic-Clostridium
          x mitis

          x Intermedius
                                  x C. tetani

       x Lactobacillus            x C. botulinum

       x Erysipelothrix           x C. perfringens

       x Listeria

Microbiology HTL
Taxonomical Classification: (2)
        x   Gram (-) bacilli -
            Enterics             x Citrobacter
            x Escherichia        x Edwardsiella

            x Salmonella         x Serratia

            x Shigella           x Proteus
            x Klebsiella         x Morganella
            x Arizona
            x Providencia
            x Vibrio
Microbiology HTL
Small gram (-) bacilli
              x Bordatella
              x Hemophilus
              x Brucella
              x Pasteurella




Microbiology HTL
Mycobacterium: (1)
        x   M. tuberculosis           x Types:
            (Koch’s bacilli)             x Human -man
        x   long, slender,               x Bovine - hogs &
            granular curved or             cattle
            rounded end                  x Avian - birds
        x   AFS (+), Gm (+)           x Pathogenecity: no
        x   *glycerine                  toxins produced
             x Lowenstein,
                                         x Productive Lesions
               Petroffs, Dorset’s ,
                                         x Exudative Lesion
               Corpers
Microbiology HTL
AFS property of Mycobacterium:
      x Due to the presence of mycolic acid.
      x Mycolic acid gives M. tuberculosis many
        characteristics that defy medical treatment.
      x They lend the organisms increased resistance
        to chemical damage & dehydration.
      x Prevent the effective activity of hydrophobic
        antibiotics
      x Allows it to grow within macrophages which
        makes it resistant to the immune system action
Microbiology HTL
Microbiology HTL
Mycobacterium (2)
        x   Types of tuberclosis
                                   x   M. leprae ( Leprae
                                       bacilli, Hansen’s bacilli)
            x Primary infection
                                   x   long, slender, usually
            x Reactivation TB
                                       straight, non-motile,
            x Millary TB
                                       grouped like cigarette
        x   Diagnosis:                 packets
            x microscopic exam     x   Pathognesis: Leprosy
            x chest x-ray               x Acute nodular
            x tuberculin test           x Anesthetic or nerve
            x culture of sputum
Microbiology HTL
Microbiology HTL
Mycobacterium (3)
        x   M. leprae ( Leprae      x   transmission:
            bacilli, Hansens            prolonged contact
            bacilli)                x   organisms found in
        x   grouped like packet         mucous membrane
            of cigarettes           x   diagnosis: Mitsuda,
        x   leprosy:                    Lepromin test
             x acute nodular -      x   Stains:
               leproma                   x Ziehl Neelsen
             x anesthetic - nerve        x Baumgarten
               leprosy                   x Papenheim’s
Microbiology HTL
Microbiology HTL
Corynebacterium: (1)
x   C.diptheriae: Kleb          x   more in children
    Loefler’s bacilli           x   Pathogenesis: toxin
x   pleomorphic, globular,          is absorbed --
    club shaped, bard-shaped,       destruction of cells --
    irregular swelling &            inflammatory
    staining ---Babe Ernst          response -- formation
    bodies                          of pseudomembrane
x   Gram (+), AFS (-)               -- bleeding -- edema
x   Culture: BAP, Pai’s         x   Specimen : nose &
    Tellurite                       throat swabs
Microbiology HTL
Microbiology HTL
Corynebacterium: (2)
        x Diagnosis:              x   Methods of
           x direct                   Acquired immunity
             microscopic exam         x fetal transfer
           x culture                  x attack or
           x virulence test -in         infection
             vivo & in vitro          x Artificial
        x DPT vaccine:                  immunization
          Diptheria Pertussis           from infection
          & Tetanus
          combination
Microbiology HTL
Corynebacterium: (3)
        gravis          mitis          intermedius
        short in        long , granular long , barred
        tellurite       in tellurite    in tellurite
        (-) hemolysis   (+) hemolysis (-) hemolysis
        large colonies small colonies small colonies
        forms pellicle grows           granular
        in broth       diffusely       sediments
Microbiology HTL
LACTOBACILLUS
   -Most species of this non-spore-forming
   bacterium ferment glucose into lactose,
   hence the name Lactobacillus.
   -The most common application of
   Lactobacillus is industrial, i.e. for dairy
   production.
   -This genus also contains several bacteria
   that make up part of the natural flora of the
   human vagina..
Microbiology HTL
x Because   of their ability to derive lactic acid
      from glucose, these bacteria create an
      acidic environment which inhibits growth
      of many bacterial species which can lead to
      urogenital infections.
    x Lactobacillus is generally harmless to
      humans, rarely inciting harmful infections
      or diseases.
    x Treatment of this vancomycin-resistant
      microbe usually consists of high doses of
      penicillin in combination with gentamicin

Microbiology HTL
Microbiology HTL
ERYSIPELOTHRIX
        x E. rhusiopathiae, the only species of this
          genus, is better known as a veterinary
          pathogen than as a human pathogen.
        x When cultured on blood agar or some other
          nutrient medium, Erysipelothrix forms
          notably large colonies.
        x This ubiquitous microbe has been found in
          many farm animals such as pigs, horses,
          and turkeys.
Microbiology HTL
x Occasionaly,    though, it can infect a
            human host and cause an inflammatory
            skin disease, Erysipeloid.

        x   Treatment usually consists of penicillin
            G, ampicillin, or cephalothin.

        x    Most clinical strains have been found to
            be resistant to the super-antibiotic,
            vancomycin.

Microbiology HTL
Microbiology HTL
LISTERIA:
    x Gram-positive rod which is not capable of
      forming endospores.
    x Although several species of this bacterium
      exist, our discussion will focus only on the
      two species of human pathogenic significance:
      L. monocytogenes and L. ivanovii.
    x In particular, L. monocytogenes has been
      implicated in several food poisoning
      epidemics. This is a normal inhabitant of the
      gastrointestinal tract and of animal feces
Microbiology HTL
x   Infected suffers from vomiting, nausea, and
       diarrhea.
   x   Those at high risk include newborns, pregnant
       women and their fetuses, the elderly, and persons
       lacking a healthy immune system.
   x   The bacterium usually causes septicema and
       meningitis in patients with supressed immune
       function.
   x   Causes Listeriosis, an inflammation of the brain.
   x   Antibiotics are recommended for treatment of
       infection because most strains of Listeria are
       sensitive to ampicillin and gentamicin.
Microbiology HTL
Microbiology HTL
Bacillus : (1)
                              xcultural char.:
 x   B. anthracis (anthrax      x medusa head colonies
     bacillus)
                                x inverted fir tree in stab
 x   Gram (+) , aerobic,
                             x Biochemical char.:
     central spore, motile,
     non-pathogenic except      x ferment dextrose
     anthracis, thermophilic    x indole is not produced
 x   ends are concave or        x gelatin is liquefied
     square, forms long      x Note: Find differences
     chains, “jointed bamboo” with B. subtilis

Microbiology HTL
Microbiology HTL
Bacillus : (2)
        x   Anthrax - lesion like       x Pulmonary    - wool
            carbuncle, large ,             sorters disease
            black, necrotic              x Intestinal
        x   death due to            x   Specimen - blood,
            mechanical clogging         swab w/ pus,
            of capillaries              sputum, feces
        x   Types:                  x   Diagnosis:
             x Bacteremia -              x direct microscopic
               blood                     x culture
             x Cutaneous - skin          x animal inoculation
Microbiology HTL
Microbiology HTL
Clostridium : (1)
        x   C. tetani (tetanus or
            drumstick bacillus)     x   Diagnosis:
        x   motile                       x culture
        x   medium in length             x secretion from
        x   terminal spore                 lesion - BAP,
        x   Thioglycolate broth            Thioglycolate
        x   pathogenesis: fever,    x   Prevention:
            pain , Lockjaw,              x active immunity
            sardonic smile,                with toxoid
            spasm
Microbiology HTL
Microbiology HTL
Clostridium: (2)
        x C. botulinum (Von     x Pathogenesis:
          Ermengen’s bacilli)      x food intoxication
        x motile                   x food infection
        x long                     x food poisoning
        x subterminal spore     x Culture of leftover
        x Culture:                food or stool
           x Chopped meat       x History of patient
           x BA medium
Microbiology HTL
Microbiology HTL
Clostridium: (3)
x C. perfringens (C.welchii,   x pathogenesis
  Frankel’s or gas
                                  x gas gangrene
  gangrene)
x non-motile                      x food infection

x short                        x Diagnosis:

x central spore                   x swab from lesion

x Culture media:
                                    & culture
                                  x microscopic exam
   x same as C. botulinum
                                  x culture of pus
Microbiology HTL
Clostridium: (4)
        x   Clostridium difficile:    x   Diarrhea, to marked
        x   Causes                        diarrhea to necrosis of
            pseudomembrane                mucosa
            colitis                   x   Diagnosis
        x   Relatively resistant to       x   Demonstrate
            most antibiotics                  neutralizeable toxin in
                                              stool
        x   Produces cytopathic           x   Detecting enterotoxin
            toxins and enterotoxin            by immunoassay


Microbiology HTL
Microbiology HTL
Actinomyces israelii
        x Causes actinomycosis
        x Vary considerably in length
        x Maybe branched or un branched
        x Grows slowly, on agar some strains produce
          colonies similar to molar teeth
        x Sometimes confused with corynebacterium
        x Sensitive to penicillin & erythromycin


Microbiology HTL
Propionibacterium acne:
        x Normal flora of the skin but can cause
          disease when they infect shunt and
          appliances
        x On gram stain, highly pleomorphic
        x Participates in the genesis of acne
        x May contaminate blood and CSF once it
          penetrates the skin

Microbiology HTL
Eubacterium, Bifidobacterium &
        Arachnia:
        x These 3 genera are made up of anaerobic,
          pleomorphic, gram positive rods
        x There are several species
        x Are found in mixed infections associated
          with oropharyngeal or bowel flora




Microbiology HTL
Gram - Bacilli

 x   Enteric Bacteria
                                    x   Media:
     (Enterobacter family) found        x Selenite broth
     in intestines of man &             x Tetrathionate broth
     animals, parasitic &               x Peptone
     saprophytic, mostly                x Tryptone
     pathogenic
 x   causes intestinal diseases &
     septicemic infections
 x   produce Hydrogen sulfide
Microbiology HTL
Microbiology HTL
Gram (-) bacilli
        x   Plating media:       x   Indicators:
             x Desoxycholate,         x Neutral red:
               Citrate                  Red/colorless
             x SSA, EMB, BAP          x Phenol red:
             x McConkey,                yellow/red
               Brilliant green        x Andrades: pink/
                                        colorless


Microbiology HTL
Escherichia
                      x   Escherichia coli
                      x   found in the normal
                          flora of GIT, outside
                          the GIT it causes
                          cystitis, peritonitis
                      x   index for food & water
                          pollution
                      x   IMViC - ++--
                      x   A.aerogenes - --++
Microbiology HTL
x   Qualitative analysis of
      water:

       x Organolytic  - physical
       x Presumptive - lactose
         broth for gas
       x Confirmatory - EMB
       x Completed - RDS,
         TSI, KIA



Microbiology HTL
Salmonella   x   Salmonella typhosa

                     x   circular, small,
                         smooth surface w/
                         even edge colonies
                     x   Indole (-), Citrate
                         (+), no lactose
                         fermentation,
                         ferments glucose,
                         maltose

Microbiology HTL
Antigenic Structure:
        H-flagellar
        O-somatic
        Vi-capsular
   Widal’s Test:
        ^titer O - active
     infection
        ^titer H - post
     vaccination
        ^Vi -carrier
Microbiology HTL
Salmonella   x   Resistance:
                          x killed at 60
                            degrees for 15 - 20
                            minutes
                          x can survive whole
                            winter, 7 days in
                            well water
                     x   Typhoid & enteric
                         fever- S.typhosa, S.
                         para A, S. para B
Microbiology HTL
Salmonella
                                    x   Characteristics in food
        x   Paratyphoid fever -         poisoning: no taste or
            S. paratyphosa              smell, grow rapidly in
        x   Gastroenteritis &           meat, toxins resistant
            food poisoning - S.         over 100 degrees, not
            derby, S. enteritidis       destroyed with ordinary
        x   Bacteremia,                 cooking
            septicemia- S.          x   Sources: water, milk &
            Cholrasuis                  dairy products, frozen
                                        eggs, meat
Microbiology HTL
Salmonella    Shigella
         Motility   non-motile    motile
         Hydrogen   positive      negative
         sulfide
         Indol      negative      variable
         Citrate    positive      negative
         Mannitol   non fermenter fermenter
Microbiology HTL
Microbiology HTL
Shigella
        x   Shigella dysenteriae:
        x   small, convex,
            circular, colorless,
            glistening colonies
        x   non-lactose
            fermenter, body
            temp. , aerobic
        x   ferment glucose,
            mannitol, citrate (-)
Microbiology HTL
x   Mannitol fermentation
    x (-) Indole
       x (-) S. dysenteriae

       x (+) S. ambigua

    x (+) Lactose
       x (-) Indole

           x (-) S. flexner

           x (+) S. boydii

       x (+) Indole

           x (-) S. sonnei


Microbiology HTL
Diagnosis :

     Stool exam, rectal swab --
     culture in McConkey, SSA
     or EMB

     Pathogenesis: bacillary
     dysentery- abdominal pain,
     cramps, diarrhea, fever

Microbiology HTL
Arizona
                    x   Arizona hinshawii
        x SPACE     x   Gram (-) , motile,
                        similar to Salmonella
        x FOR
                    x   Slow lactose
        x RENT!!!       fermenter, sucrose &
                        Indole (-)
                    x   IMViC - -+-+
                    x   Pathogenesis: causes
                        gastroenteritis or
                        sepsis
Microbiology HTL
Klebsiella
        x   Klebsiella
            pneumoniae (K.
            oxytoca or
            Friedlander’s bacilli)
        x   short, Gram (-) , non-
            motile, posess thick
            capsule of
            polysaccharide,
            facultative
            anaerobes, killed at
            55 degrees
Microbiology HTL
x   Cultural char.:
         x large, mucoid
           colonies, tenaceous
           colonies, repeated
           culture loses capsule
    x   Biochemical:
         x ferment lactose,
           sucrose, maltose,
           mannitol & salicin
    x   IMViC - --++

Microbiology HTL
x   Pathogenesis: causes
          bacterial pneumonia,
          enteritis, Pharyngitis,
          sinusitis, septicemia,
          meningitis,
          peritonitis, UTI
      x   Antigenic structure:
           x 72 capsular types
           x Type 1&2 -
             respiratory
           x Type 8,9,10 - UTI

Microbiology HTL
x   Diagnosis: culture of
          stool, blood, urine, pus,
          CSF
      x   other members:
           x K.ozanae-produce
             fetid odor &
             progressive atrophy
           x K.rhinoscleromatis -
             granuloma in nose &
             fever


Microbiology HTL
Providencia
        x   Providencia
            ( morgani, retgerii,
            vulgaris & mirabilis)
        x   Gram (-),
            pleomorphic, motile
            at 25 degrees, weak
            & non-motile at 31
        x   Biochem: urea (+),
            non lactose
            fermenter
Microbiology HTL
x   Antigenic structure:
             x OxK Ag - Weil
               Felix Test -- (+)
               Ox2, Ox19
        x   Pathogenesis: (+) in
            stool, pneumonia &
            bacteremia,
            nosocomial infection
        x   Diagnosis: culture
            urine, stool, lesion &
            sputum

Microbiology HTL
Vibrio
  x   Vibrio cholera: small
      curved bacilli, comma-
      shaped, monotrichous,
      motile, aerobic, alkaline pH
  x   pinpoint black glistening
      colonies
  x   Biochem: ferment sugars,
      Indole (+), Greig’s Test (-)



Microbiology HTL
x   Pathogenesis: Asiatic
            cholera - incubation
            2-5 days
        x   Symptoms:
             x preliminary
               diarrhea
             x intense
               LBM,dehydrate
               exhaustion
             x face & skin shrinks
             x rice watery stool
             x coma


Microbiology HTL
x   Strains of Cholera:
                                      x El tor
      x   Diagnosis :
          x symptoms                  x Celebes strain

          x Rice watery stool         x Camphylobacter

          x culture of stool
                                        fetus
          x Agglutination test
          x Gram stain
          x Biochemical test -
            Greig’s Test


Microbiology HTL
EDWARDSIELLA
        x   Edwardsiella tarda is the only species in this
            genus of enteric bacteria which is important to
            our discussion.
        x    E. tarda is biochemically similar to E. coli
            with the exception that E. tarda produces
            hydrogen sulfide.
        x    This bacterium is usually found in aquatic
            animals and reptiles. However, it has been
            known to cause gastroenteritis and wound
            infections in humans.
        x
Microbiology HTL
LABORATORY INDICATIONS
  x Lysine +
  x Hydrogen sulfide +
  x -/+ TSI reaction (with gas)
  x Indole +
  x Citrate -




Microbiology HTL
CITROBACTER
        x Citrobacter is not considered to be an
          enteric pathogen because it is normal gut
          flora.
        x When plated, Citrobacter colonies bare a
          strong resemblance to E. coli colonies.
        x C. freundii is suspected to cause diarrhea
          and possibly extraintestinal infections. C.
          diversus has been linked to a few cases of
          meningitis in newborns
Microbiology HTL
LABORATORY INDICATIONS:
        x   Lysine -
        x   Hydrogen sulfide +
            (C. freundii)
        x   +/+ TSI reaction (with
            gas)
        x   Citrate +
        x   Slow urease



Microbiology HTL
SERRATIA

        x Members of the Serratia genus were once
          known as harmless organisms that produced
          a characteristic red pigment.
        x Today, Serratia marcescens is considered a
          harmful human pathogen which has been
          known to cause urinary tract infections,
          wound infections, and pneumonia.


Microbiology HTL
x   Serratia bacteria also have many antibiotic
            resistance properties which may become
            important if the incidence of Serratia
            infections dramatically increases.

        x   Serratia can be distinguished from other
            genera belonging to Enterobacteriaceae by
            its production of three special enzymes:
            DNase, lipase, and gelatinase.


Microbiology HTL
LABORATORY INDICATIONS:
        x   Lysine +
        x   Citrate +
        x   Indol -
        x   +/+ TSI (No gas)
        x   DNase +




Microbiology HTL
PROTEUS
x   Proteus, like almost
    every other bacterium in
    this family, can cause
    urinary tract infections
    and hospital-acquired
    infections. Proteus is
    unique, however,
    because it is highly
    motile and does not form
    regular colonies.
Microbiology HTL
x   Proteus forms what are known as
            "swarming colonies" when plated on
            non-inhibitory media. The most
            important member of this genus is
            considered to be P.mirabilis, a cause of
            wound and urinary tract infections.
            Fortunately, most strains of P. mirabilis
            are sensitive to ampicillin and
            cephalosporins.
Microbiology HTL
x   Unlike its relative, P. vulgaris is not
            sensitive to these antibiotics. However, this
            organism is isolated less often in the
            laboratory and usually only targets
            immunosuppressed individuals. P. mirabilis
            and P. vulgaris can be differentiated by an
            indole test for which only P. vulgaris tests
            positive.



Microbiology HTL
LABORATORY INDICATIONS:
        x Lysine -
        x Hydrogen sulfide +
        x Motile
        x Urease




Microbiology HTL
MORGANELLA
        x   Not much exciting going on here. Morganella
            morganii is the only important species of this
            genus. It can cause urinary tract and wound
            infections, as well as diarrhea. Chloramphenicol
            is a good choice for treating Morganella
            infections.
        x   Indole + , Ornithine +
        x   Citrate +


Microbiology HTL
Pleomorphic Small Gram (-) bacilli:
        x   group of short
            bacilli, Gram (-) ,
            bipolar staining,
            “safety pin”
        x   Bordatella pertussis
            (Bordet Gengon
            bacilli)
        x   Bordatella
            parapertussis
            (Whooping cough)
Microbiology HTL
x small, plump cocco-
     bacilli, non motile,
     possess capsule
   x Cultural char: Potato
     glycerol agar, acid pH,
     easily die when
     exposed to outside
     factors ( sunlight,
     drying)


Microbiology HTL
x   Pathogenesis:
          incubation- 2 weeks,
          caterrhal stage,
          explosive cough,
          lymphocytes
          (16-30000)
      x   Symptoms:
          spasmodic cough,
          bulging eyes, red
          conjunctiva,
          emaciated child

Microbiology HTL
Hemophilus
        x   Hemophilus influenza
            (Pfeiffer’s bacilli)
        x   8-9 species
        x   small aerobic, non-
            motile, non-spore
            former
        x   media requires blood &
            derivatives
        x   seen in pairs or singly

Microbiology HTL
x   “satellite phenomenon”
      in BAP
  x   Pathogenesis:
      capsulated forms
      produce suppurative
      respiratory infections:
       x sinusitis
       x laryngitis
       x epiglotitis
       x meningitis



Microbiology HTL
x   H. ducreyi -
                       (chancroid bacilli)
                   x   aerobic, 37 degrees,
                       non-motile, seen in
                       chains
                   x   no “ satellite
                       phenomenon”
                   x   Transmisssion: direct
                       contact w/ lesion



Microbiology HTL
x   Pathogenesis:
            x cause chancroid
            x angry hyperemia
            x pustule--ulcer--
              bubo
       x   Diagnosis:
            x smear pus from
              lesion
            x Dmelco’s test
            x Ducreyi’s skin test


Microbiology HTL
Brucella
    x   Brucella (abortus,
        melitensis, suis, canis)
    x   non-motile, aerobic ,
        obligate parasites to
        man, located
        intracellularly
    x   Biochemical char:
        ferments CHO,
        Hydrogen sulfide (+)

Microbiology HTL
x Resistance: sensitive
                     to heat & acids ,
                     killed in milk by
                     pasteurization
                   x Pathogenesis: port of
                     entry -- lymphatic
                     channels -- thoracic
                     duct -- blood streams
                     - parenchymatous
                     organ

Microbiology HTL
x   Diseases:
                                        x Brucellosis
                                        x Malta fever
                                        x Undulent fever
         x   Diagnosis:
             x specimen - acute
                                    x   Clinical findings:
               phase                    x Incubation period

             x blood culture -            - 1-6 weeks --
               TSB                        onset is incidious
                                          w/ fever, aches &
             x biopsy
                                          sweating,
             x Agglutination Test
                                          splenomegaly,
             x Skin test                  jaundice
Microbiology HTL
Pasteurella, Yersinia & Francisella
                     x   Pasteurella , Yersinia &
                         Francisella ( pestis,
                         tularemia, multocida,
                         enteritis)
                     x   short ovoid, plump, non-
                         motile, prolonged
                         incubation, pleomorphic
                     x   enrich- blood, tissue fluid,
                         yolk sac

Microbiology HTL
x   Biochemical char.:
         ferment CHO, w/out gas,
         catalase activity
     x   Pathogenesis: rodent-
         rodent, rodent-man
         ----fleas
     x   Types of plague:
          x bubonic, pneumonic
          x septicemic, cutaneous




Microbiology HTL
x   Tularemia:
                       x Oculoglandular
                       x ulceroglandular
                       x pneumonic
                       x febrile systemic
                   x   Diagnosis:
                       x culture
                       x staining
                       x serological test



Microbiology HTL

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Module 7 bacilli

  • 1. Bacilli Gram (+) non-spore forming Gram (+) spore forming Gram (-) bacilli Microbiology HTL
  • 2. Taxonomical Classification: x Gram (+) non-spore x Gram (+) spore formers: formers x Aerobic - Bacillus x Mycobacterium x B. anthracis x Corynebacterium x B. subtilis x gravis x Anaerobic-Clostridium x mitis x Intermedius x C. tetani x Lactobacillus x C. botulinum x Erysipelothrix x C. perfringens x Listeria Microbiology HTL
  • 3. Taxonomical Classification: (2) x Gram (-) bacilli - Enterics x Citrobacter x Escherichia x Edwardsiella x Salmonella x Serratia x Shigella x Proteus x Klebsiella x Morganella x Arizona x Providencia x Vibrio Microbiology HTL
  • 4. Small gram (-) bacilli x Bordatella x Hemophilus x Brucella x Pasteurella Microbiology HTL
  • 5. Mycobacterium: (1) x M. tuberculosis x Types: (Koch’s bacilli) x Human -man x long, slender, x Bovine - hogs & granular curved or cattle rounded end x Avian - birds x AFS (+), Gm (+) x Pathogenecity: no x *glycerine toxins produced x Lowenstein, x Productive Lesions Petroffs, Dorset’s , x Exudative Lesion Corpers Microbiology HTL
  • 6. AFS property of Mycobacterium: x Due to the presence of mycolic acid. x Mycolic acid gives M. tuberculosis many characteristics that defy medical treatment. x They lend the organisms increased resistance to chemical damage & dehydration. x Prevent the effective activity of hydrophobic antibiotics x Allows it to grow within macrophages which makes it resistant to the immune system action Microbiology HTL
  • 8. Mycobacterium (2) x Types of tuberclosis x M. leprae ( Leprae bacilli, Hansen’s bacilli) x Primary infection x long, slender, usually x Reactivation TB straight, non-motile, x Millary TB grouped like cigarette x Diagnosis: packets x microscopic exam x Pathognesis: Leprosy x chest x-ray x Acute nodular x tuberculin test x Anesthetic or nerve x culture of sputum Microbiology HTL
  • 10. Mycobacterium (3) x M. leprae ( Leprae x transmission: bacilli, Hansens prolonged contact bacilli) x organisms found in x grouped like packet mucous membrane of cigarettes x diagnosis: Mitsuda, x leprosy: Lepromin test x acute nodular - x Stains: leproma x Ziehl Neelsen x anesthetic - nerve x Baumgarten leprosy x Papenheim’s Microbiology HTL
  • 12. Corynebacterium: (1) x C.diptheriae: Kleb x more in children Loefler’s bacilli x Pathogenesis: toxin x pleomorphic, globular, is absorbed -- club shaped, bard-shaped, destruction of cells -- irregular swelling & inflammatory staining ---Babe Ernst response -- formation bodies of pseudomembrane x Gram (+), AFS (-) -- bleeding -- edema x Culture: BAP, Pai’s x Specimen : nose & Tellurite throat swabs Microbiology HTL
  • 14. Corynebacterium: (2) x Diagnosis: x Methods of x direct Acquired immunity microscopic exam x fetal transfer x culture x attack or x virulence test -in infection vivo & in vitro x Artificial x DPT vaccine: immunization Diptheria Pertussis from infection & Tetanus combination Microbiology HTL
  • 15. Corynebacterium: (3) gravis mitis intermedius short in long , granular long , barred tellurite in tellurite in tellurite (-) hemolysis (+) hemolysis (-) hemolysis large colonies small colonies small colonies forms pellicle grows granular in broth diffusely sediments Microbiology HTL
  • 16. LACTOBACILLUS -Most species of this non-spore-forming bacterium ferment glucose into lactose, hence the name Lactobacillus. -The most common application of Lactobacillus is industrial, i.e. for dairy production. -This genus also contains several bacteria that make up part of the natural flora of the human vagina.. Microbiology HTL
  • 17. x Because of their ability to derive lactic acid from glucose, these bacteria create an acidic environment which inhibits growth of many bacterial species which can lead to urogenital infections. x Lactobacillus is generally harmless to humans, rarely inciting harmful infections or diseases. x Treatment of this vancomycin-resistant microbe usually consists of high doses of penicillin in combination with gentamicin Microbiology HTL
  • 19. ERYSIPELOTHRIX x E. rhusiopathiae, the only species of this genus, is better known as a veterinary pathogen than as a human pathogen. x When cultured on blood agar or some other nutrient medium, Erysipelothrix forms notably large colonies. x This ubiquitous microbe has been found in many farm animals such as pigs, horses, and turkeys. Microbiology HTL
  • 20. x Occasionaly, though, it can infect a human host and cause an inflammatory skin disease, Erysipeloid. x Treatment usually consists of penicillin G, ampicillin, or cephalothin. x Most clinical strains have been found to be resistant to the super-antibiotic, vancomycin. Microbiology HTL
  • 22. LISTERIA: x Gram-positive rod which is not capable of forming endospores. x Although several species of this bacterium exist, our discussion will focus only on the two species of human pathogenic significance: L. monocytogenes and L. ivanovii. x In particular, L. monocytogenes has been implicated in several food poisoning epidemics. This is a normal inhabitant of the gastrointestinal tract and of animal feces Microbiology HTL
  • 23. x Infected suffers from vomiting, nausea, and diarrhea. x Those at high risk include newborns, pregnant women and their fetuses, the elderly, and persons lacking a healthy immune system. x The bacterium usually causes septicema and meningitis in patients with supressed immune function. x Causes Listeriosis, an inflammation of the brain. x Antibiotics are recommended for treatment of infection because most strains of Listeria are sensitive to ampicillin and gentamicin. Microbiology HTL
  • 25. Bacillus : (1) xcultural char.: x B. anthracis (anthrax x medusa head colonies bacillus) x inverted fir tree in stab x Gram (+) , aerobic, x Biochemical char.: central spore, motile, non-pathogenic except x ferment dextrose anthracis, thermophilic x indole is not produced x ends are concave or x gelatin is liquefied square, forms long x Note: Find differences chains, “jointed bamboo” with B. subtilis Microbiology HTL
  • 27. Bacillus : (2) x Anthrax - lesion like x Pulmonary - wool carbuncle, large , sorters disease black, necrotic x Intestinal x death due to x Specimen - blood, mechanical clogging swab w/ pus, of capillaries sputum, feces x Types: x Diagnosis: x Bacteremia - x direct microscopic blood x culture x Cutaneous - skin x animal inoculation Microbiology HTL
  • 29. Clostridium : (1) x C. tetani (tetanus or drumstick bacillus) x Diagnosis: x motile x culture x medium in length x secretion from x terminal spore lesion - BAP, x Thioglycolate broth Thioglycolate x pathogenesis: fever, x Prevention: pain , Lockjaw, x active immunity sardonic smile, with toxoid spasm Microbiology HTL
  • 31. Clostridium: (2) x C. botulinum (Von x Pathogenesis: Ermengen’s bacilli) x food intoxication x motile x food infection x long x food poisoning x subterminal spore x Culture of leftover x Culture: food or stool x Chopped meat x History of patient x BA medium Microbiology HTL
  • 33. Clostridium: (3) x C. perfringens (C.welchii, x pathogenesis Frankel’s or gas x gas gangrene gangrene) x non-motile x food infection x short x Diagnosis: x central spore x swab from lesion x Culture media: & culture x microscopic exam x same as C. botulinum x culture of pus Microbiology HTL
  • 34. Clostridium: (4) x Clostridium difficile: x Diarrhea, to marked x Causes diarrhea to necrosis of pseudomembrane mucosa colitis x Diagnosis x Relatively resistant to x Demonstrate most antibiotics neutralizeable toxin in stool x Produces cytopathic x Detecting enterotoxin toxins and enterotoxin by immunoassay Microbiology HTL
  • 36. Actinomyces israelii x Causes actinomycosis x Vary considerably in length x Maybe branched or un branched x Grows slowly, on agar some strains produce colonies similar to molar teeth x Sometimes confused with corynebacterium x Sensitive to penicillin & erythromycin Microbiology HTL
  • 37. Propionibacterium acne: x Normal flora of the skin but can cause disease when they infect shunt and appliances x On gram stain, highly pleomorphic x Participates in the genesis of acne x May contaminate blood and CSF once it penetrates the skin Microbiology HTL
  • 38. Eubacterium, Bifidobacterium & Arachnia: x These 3 genera are made up of anaerobic, pleomorphic, gram positive rods x There are several species x Are found in mixed infections associated with oropharyngeal or bowel flora Microbiology HTL
  • 39. Gram - Bacilli x Enteric Bacteria x Media: (Enterobacter family) found x Selenite broth in intestines of man & x Tetrathionate broth animals, parasitic & x Peptone saprophytic, mostly x Tryptone pathogenic x causes intestinal diseases & septicemic infections x produce Hydrogen sulfide Microbiology HTL
  • 41. Gram (-) bacilli x Plating media: x Indicators: x Desoxycholate, x Neutral red: Citrate Red/colorless x SSA, EMB, BAP x Phenol red: x McConkey, yellow/red Brilliant green x Andrades: pink/ colorless Microbiology HTL
  • 42. Escherichia x Escherichia coli x found in the normal flora of GIT, outside the GIT it causes cystitis, peritonitis x index for food & water pollution x IMViC - ++-- x A.aerogenes - --++ Microbiology HTL
  • 43. x Qualitative analysis of water: x Organolytic - physical x Presumptive - lactose broth for gas x Confirmatory - EMB x Completed - RDS, TSI, KIA Microbiology HTL
  • 44. Salmonella x Salmonella typhosa x circular, small, smooth surface w/ even edge colonies x Indole (-), Citrate (+), no lactose fermentation, ferments glucose, maltose Microbiology HTL
  • 45. Antigenic Structure: H-flagellar O-somatic Vi-capsular Widal’s Test: ^titer O - active infection ^titer H - post vaccination ^Vi -carrier Microbiology HTL
  • 46. Salmonella x Resistance: x killed at 60 degrees for 15 - 20 minutes x can survive whole winter, 7 days in well water x Typhoid & enteric fever- S.typhosa, S. para A, S. para B Microbiology HTL
  • 47. Salmonella x Characteristics in food x Paratyphoid fever - poisoning: no taste or S. paratyphosa smell, grow rapidly in x Gastroenteritis & meat, toxins resistant food poisoning - S. over 100 degrees, not derby, S. enteritidis destroyed with ordinary x Bacteremia, cooking septicemia- S. x Sources: water, milk & Cholrasuis dairy products, frozen eggs, meat Microbiology HTL
  • 48. Salmonella Shigella Motility non-motile motile Hydrogen positive negative sulfide Indol negative variable Citrate positive negative Mannitol non fermenter fermenter Microbiology HTL
  • 50. Shigella x Shigella dysenteriae: x small, convex, circular, colorless, glistening colonies x non-lactose fermenter, body temp. , aerobic x ferment glucose, mannitol, citrate (-) Microbiology HTL
  • 51. x Mannitol fermentation x (-) Indole x (-) S. dysenteriae x (+) S. ambigua x (+) Lactose x (-) Indole x (-) S. flexner x (+) S. boydii x (+) Indole x (-) S. sonnei Microbiology HTL
  • 52. Diagnosis : Stool exam, rectal swab -- culture in McConkey, SSA or EMB Pathogenesis: bacillary dysentery- abdominal pain, cramps, diarrhea, fever Microbiology HTL
  • 53. Arizona x Arizona hinshawii x SPACE x Gram (-) , motile, similar to Salmonella x FOR x Slow lactose x RENT!!! fermenter, sucrose & Indole (-) x IMViC - -+-+ x Pathogenesis: causes gastroenteritis or sepsis Microbiology HTL
  • 54. Klebsiella x Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. oxytoca or Friedlander’s bacilli) x short, Gram (-) , non- motile, posess thick capsule of polysaccharide, facultative anaerobes, killed at 55 degrees Microbiology HTL
  • 55. x Cultural char.: x large, mucoid colonies, tenaceous colonies, repeated culture loses capsule x Biochemical: x ferment lactose, sucrose, maltose, mannitol & salicin x IMViC - --++ Microbiology HTL
  • 56. x Pathogenesis: causes bacterial pneumonia, enteritis, Pharyngitis, sinusitis, septicemia, meningitis, peritonitis, UTI x Antigenic structure: x 72 capsular types x Type 1&2 - respiratory x Type 8,9,10 - UTI Microbiology HTL
  • 57. x Diagnosis: culture of stool, blood, urine, pus, CSF x other members: x K.ozanae-produce fetid odor & progressive atrophy x K.rhinoscleromatis - granuloma in nose & fever Microbiology HTL
  • 58. Providencia x Providencia ( morgani, retgerii, vulgaris & mirabilis) x Gram (-), pleomorphic, motile at 25 degrees, weak & non-motile at 31 x Biochem: urea (+), non lactose fermenter Microbiology HTL
  • 59. x Antigenic structure: x OxK Ag - Weil Felix Test -- (+) Ox2, Ox19 x Pathogenesis: (+) in stool, pneumonia & bacteremia, nosocomial infection x Diagnosis: culture urine, stool, lesion & sputum Microbiology HTL
  • 60. Vibrio x Vibrio cholera: small curved bacilli, comma- shaped, monotrichous, motile, aerobic, alkaline pH x pinpoint black glistening colonies x Biochem: ferment sugars, Indole (+), Greig’s Test (-) Microbiology HTL
  • 61. x Pathogenesis: Asiatic cholera - incubation 2-5 days x Symptoms: x preliminary diarrhea x intense LBM,dehydrate exhaustion x face & skin shrinks x rice watery stool x coma Microbiology HTL
  • 62. x Strains of Cholera: x El tor x Diagnosis : x symptoms x Celebes strain x Rice watery stool x Camphylobacter x culture of stool fetus x Agglutination test x Gram stain x Biochemical test - Greig’s Test Microbiology HTL
  • 63. EDWARDSIELLA x Edwardsiella tarda is the only species in this genus of enteric bacteria which is important to our discussion. x E. tarda is biochemically similar to E. coli with the exception that E. tarda produces hydrogen sulfide. x This bacterium is usually found in aquatic animals and reptiles. However, it has been known to cause gastroenteritis and wound infections in humans. x Microbiology HTL
  • 64. LABORATORY INDICATIONS x Lysine + x Hydrogen sulfide + x -/+ TSI reaction (with gas) x Indole + x Citrate - Microbiology HTL
  • 65. CITROBACTER x Citrobacter is not considered to be an enteric pathogen because it is normal gut flora. x When plated, Citrobacter colonies bare a strong resemblance to E. coli colonies. x C. freundii is suspected to cause diarrhea and possibly extraintestinal infections. C. diversus has been linked to a few cases of meningitis in newborns Microbiology HTL
  • 66. LABORATORY INDICATIONS: x Lysine - x Hydrogen sulfide + (C. freundii) x +/+ TSI reaction (with gas) x Citrate + x Slow urease Microbiology HTL
  • 67. SERRATIA x Members of the Serratia genus were once known as harmless organisms that produced a characteristic red pigment. x Today, Serratia marcescens is considered a harmful human pathogen which has been known to cause urinary tract infections, wound infections, and pneumonia. Microbiology HTL
  • 68. x Serratia bacteria also have many antibiotic resistance properties which may become important if the incidence of Serratia infections dramatically increases. x Serratia can be distinguished from other genera belonging to Enterobacteriaceae by its production of three special enzymes: DNase, lipase, and gelatinase. Microbiology HTL
  • 69. LABORATORY INDICATIONS: x Lysine + x Citrate + x Indol - x +/+ TSI (No gas) x DNase + Microbiology HTL
  • 70. PROTEUS x Proteus, like almost every other bacterium in this family, can cause urinary tract infections and hospital-acquired infections. Proteus is unique, however, because it is highly motile and does not form regular colonies. Microbiology HTL
  • 71. x Proteus forms what are known as "swarming colonies" when plated on non-inhibitory media. The most important member of this genus is considered to be P.mirabilis, a cause of wound and urinary tract infections. Fortunately, most strains of P. mirabilis are sensitive to ampicillin and cephalosporins. Microbiology HTL
  • 72. x Unlike its relative, P. vulgaris is not sensitive to these antibiotics. However, this organism is isolated less often in the laboratory and usually only targets immunosuppressed individuals. P. mirabilis and P. vulgaris can be differentiated by an indole test for which only P. vulgaris tests positive. Microbiology HTL
  • 73. LABORATORY INDICATIONS: x Lysine - x Hydrogen sulfide + x Motile x Urease Microbiology HTL
  • 74. MORGANELLA x Not much exciting going on here. Morganella morganii is the only important species of this genus. It can cause urinary tract and wound infections, as well as diarrhea. Chloramphenicol is a good choice for treating Morganella infections. x Indole + , Ornithine + x Citrate + Microbiology HTL
  • 75. Pleomorphic Small Gram (-) bacilli: x group of short bacilli, Gram (-) , bipolar staining, “safety pin” x Bordatella pertussis (Bordet Gengon bacilli) x Bordatella parapertussis (Whooping cough) Microbiology HTL
  • 76. x small, plump cocco- bacilli, non motile, possess capsule x Cultural char: Potato glycerol agar, acid pH, easily die when exposed to outside factors ( sunlight, drying) Microbiology HTL
  • 77. x Pathogenesis: incubation- 2 weeks, caterrhal stage, explosive cough, lymphocytes (16-30000) x Symptoms: spasmodic cough, bulging eyes, red conjunctiva, emaciated child Microbiology HTL
  • 78. Hemophilus x Hemophilus influenza (Pfeiffer’s bacilli) x 8-9 species x small aerobic, non- motile, non-spore former x media requires blood & derivatives x seen in pairs or singly Microbiology HTL
  • 79. x “satellite phenomenon” in BAP x Pathogenesis: capsulated forms produce suppurative respiratory infections: x sinusitis x laryngitis x epiglotitis x meningitis Microbiology HTL
  • 80. x H. ducreyi - (chancroid bacilli) x aerobic, 37 degrees, non-motile, seen in chains x no “ satellite phenomenon” x Transmisssion: direct contact w/ lesion Microbiology HTL
  • 81. x Pathogenesis: x cause chancroid x angry hyperemia x pustule--ulcer-- bubo x Diagnosis: x smear pus from lesion x Dmelco’s test x Ducreyi’s skin test Microbiology HTL
  • 82. Brucella x Brucella (abortus, melitensis, suis, canis) x non-motile, aerobic , obligate parasites to man, located intracellularly x Biochemical char: ferments CHO, Hydrogen sulfide (+) Microbiology HTL
  • 83. x Resistance: sensitive to heat & acids , killed in milk by pasteurization x Pathogenesis: port of entry -- lymphatic channels -- thoracic duct -- blood streams - parenchymatous organ Microbiology HTL
  • 84. x Diseases: x Brucellosis x Malta fever x Undulent fever x Diagnosis: x specimen - acute x Clinical findings: phase x Incubation period x blood culture - - 1-6 weeks -- TSB onset is incidious w/ fever, aches & x biopsy sweating, x Agglutination Test splenomegaly, x Skin test jaundice Microbiology HTL
  • 85. Pasteurella, Yersinia & Francisella x Pasteurella , Yersinia & Francisella ( pestis, tularemia, multocida, enteritis) x short ovoid, plump, non- motile, prolonged incubation, pleomorphic x enrich- blood, tissue fluid, yolk sac Microbiology HTL
  • 86. x Biochemical char.: ferment CHO, w/out gas, catalase activity x Pathogenesis: rodent- rodent, rodent-man ----fleas x Types of plague: x bubonic, pneumonic x septicemic, cutaneous Microbiology HTL
  • 87. x Tularemia: x Oculoglandular x ulceroglandular x pneumonic x febrile systemic x Diagnosis: x culture x staining x serological test Microbiology HTL