SlideShare ist ein Scribd-Unternehmen logo
1 von 12
By Lv Flowers, Jill Pettit and Michael Rosenthal
[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]

Weitere ähnliche Inhalte

Was ist angesagt?

Was ist angesagt? (20)

How to teach grammar
How to teach grammarHow to teach grammar
How to teach grammar
 
Unit 3(1)
Unit 3(1)Unit 3(1)
Unit 3(1)
 
To Teach or Not to Teach Grammar
To Teach or Not to Teach GrammarTo Teach or Not to Teach Grammar
To Teach or Not to Teach Grammar
 
Teaching grammar shpresa detyre
Teaching grammar shpresa detyreTeaching grammar shpresa detyre
Teaching grammar shpresa detyre
 
Learning Grammar
Learning GrammarLearning Grammar
Learning Grammar
 
Teaching grammar
Teaching grammarTeaching grammar
Teaching grammar
 
Teaching grammar to young learners
Teaching grammar to young learnersTeaching grammar to young learners
Teaching grammar to young learners
 
Meta (teaching tenses with grammar cube)
Meta (teaching tenses with grammar cube)Meta (teaching tenses with grammar cube)
Meta (teaching tenses with grammar cube)
 
Teaching grammar in the classroom
Teaching grammar in the classroomTeaching grammar in the classroom
Teaching grammar in the classroom
 
Teaching Grammar and Vocabulary
Teaching Grammar and VocabularyTeaching Grammar and Vocabulary
Teaching Grammar and Vocabulary
 
How to teach grammar- Dr. Ghobadirad
How to teach grammar- Dr. GhobadiradHow to teach grammar- Dr. Ghobadirad
How to teach grammar- Dr. Ghobadirad
 
Teaching grammar
Teaching grammarTeaching grammar
Teaching grammar
 
How to teach grammar
How to teach grammarHow to teach grammar
How to teach grammar
 
How to teach grammar
How to teach grammarHow to teach grammar
How to teach grammar
 
Integrating Grammar for Communicative Language Teaching- Prof.B. L. Handoo
Integrating Grammar for Communicative Language Teaching- Prof.B. L. HandooIntegrating Grammar for Communicative Language Teaching- Prof.B. L. Handoo
Integrating Grammar for Communicative Language Teaching- Prof.B. L. Handoo
 
Teaching grammar
Teaching grammarTeaching grammar
Teaching grammar
 
Issues in teaching grammar
Issues in teaching grammarIssues in teaching grammar
Issues in teaching grammar
 
How to teach grammar
How to teach grammarHow to teach grammar
How to teach grammar
 
Changing Approach to Teaching Grammar
Changing Approach to Teaching GrammarChanging Approach to Teaching Grammar
Changing Approach to Teaching Grammar
 
How to teach grammar
How to teach grammarHow to teach grammar
How to teach grammar
 

Andere mochten auch

Knowledge of english grammar for efl teacher
Knowledge of english grammar for efl teacherKnowledge of english grammar for efl teacher
Knowledge of english grammar for efl teacherAzra Ilyas
 
10 Commandments For Efl Teachers And Students
10 Commandments For Efl Teachers And Students10 Commandments For Efl Teachers And Students
10 Commandments For Efl Teachers And StudentsDavid Deubelbeiss
 
learning teaching jim scrivener
 learning teaching   jim scrivener learning teaching   jim scrivener
learning teaching jim scrivenerAntonia Anto
 
Activities for teaching grammar
Activities for teaching grammarActivities for teaching grammar
Activities for teaching grammarEl Sameeha
 
Second Language Acquisition by David Nunan
Second Language Acquisition by David NunanSecond Language Acquisition by David Nunan
Second Language Acquisition by David NunanParth Bhatt
 
Teaching by Principles - Brown
Teaching by Principles - BrownTeaching by Principles - Brown
Teaching by Principles - BrownDiego ElCretino
 
HD Brown's Principles for Teaching Listening Skills
HD Brown's Principles for Teaching Listening SkillsHD Brown's Principles for Teaching Listening Skills
HD Brown's Principles for Teaching Listening SkillsDaniel Beck
 
Basics of English Grammar
Basics of English GrammarBasics of English Grammar
Basics of English GrammarKarina Salcedo
 
Grammar Powerpoint
Grammar PowerpointGrammar Powerpoint
Grammar PowerpointAaron Liebo
 

Andere mochten auch (11)

Knowledge of english grammar for efl teacher
Knowledge of english grammar for efl teacherKnowledge of english grammar for efl teacher
Knowledge of english grammar for efl teacher
 
10 Commandments For Efl Teachers And Students
10 Commandments For Efl Teachers And Students10 Commandments For Efl Teachers And Students
10 Commandments For Efl Teachers And Students
 
teaching writing
 teaching writing teaching writing
teaching writing
 
learning teaching jim scrivener
 learning teaching   jim scrivener learning teaching   jim scrivener
learning teaching jim scrivener
 
Activities for teaching grammar
Activities for teaching grammarActivities for teaching grammar
Activities for teaching grammar
 
Second Language Acquisition by David Nunan
Second Language Acquisition by David NunanSecond Language Acquisition by David Nunan
Second Language Acquisition by David Nunan
 
Teaching by Principles - Brown
Teaching by Principles - BrownTeaching by Principles - Brown
Teaching by Principles - Brown
 
HD Brown's Principles for Teaching Listening Skills
HD Brown's Principles for Teaching Listening SkillsHD Brown's Principles for Teaching Listening Skills
HD Brown's Principles for Teaching Listening Skills
 
Basics of English Grammar
Basics of English GrammarBasics of English Grammar
Basics of English Grammar
 
Grammar Powerpoint
Grammar PowerpointGrammar Powerpoint
Grammar Powerpoint
 
English tenses
English tensesEnglish tenses
English tenses
 

Ähnlich wie Seven bad reasons for teaching grammar

Guided ResponseReview several of your classmates’ posts. Base.docx
Guided ResponseReview several of your classmates’ posts. Base.docxGuided ResponseReview several of your classmates’ posts. Base.docx
Guided ResponseReview several of your classmates’ posts. Base.docxisaachwrensch
 
Natural Approach (simple)
Natural Approach (simple)Natural Approach (simple)
Natural Approach (simple)Rajabul Gufron
 
Making Young Learners Independent the LEGO method
Making Young Learners Independent the LEGO methodMaking Young Learners Independent the LEGO method
Making Young Learners Independent the LEGO methodNettie Boivin
 
Demo on English language teaching with slides
Demo on English language teaching with slidesDemo on English language teaching with slides
Demo on English language teaching with slidesRajalingam Limbadri
 
Proficiency Development through a Hybrid Course with e-Tandems
Proficiency Development through a Hybrid Course with e-Tandems Proficiency Development through a Hybrid Course with e-Tandems
Proficiency Development through a Hybrid Course with e-Tandems Gabriel Guillén
 
Bilingual Education Challenges and Possibilities
Bilingual Education Challenges and PossibilitiesBilingual Education Challenges and Possibilities
Bilingual Education Challenges and Possibilitieslascuola
 
Language learning difficulty or a disability
Language learning difficulty or a disability Language learning difficulty or a disability
Language learning difficulty or a disability David Deubelbeiss
 
COLLABORATIVE ACTIVITY
COLLABORATIVE ACTIVITY COLLABORATIVE ACTIVITY
COLLABORATIVE ACTIVITY Laura Mora
 
A descriptive study on the reinforcement of english vocabulary provided by th...
A descriptive study on the reinforcement of english vocabulary provided by th...A descriptive study on the reinforcement of english vocabulary provided by th...
A descriptive study on the reinforcement of english vocabulary provided by th...UNIVERSIDAD MAGISTER (Sitio Oficial)
 
Presentation on Integrated Grammar Teaching
Presentation on Integrated Grammar TeachingPresentation on Integrated Grammar Teaching
Presentation on Integrated Grammar TeachingAparnaRay8
 
MA Group assignment Adames Guevara Palacio
MA Group assignment Adames Guevara PalacioMA Group assignment Adames Guevara Palacio
MA Group assignment Adames Guevara PalacioJose Adames
 
Richards communicative-language
Richards communicative-languageRichards communicative-language
Richards communicative-languageAnwar Sherzad
 
Grammar translation method
Grammar translation method Grammar translation method
Grammar translation method Zadi Rafique
 
TBLT 2.0: Integrating Technology for a Meaningful and Engaging Language Class...
TBLT 2.0: Integrating Technology for a Meaningful and Engaging Language Class...TBLT 2.0: Integrating Technology for a Meaningful and Engaging Language Class...
TBLT 2.0: Integrating Technology for a Meaningful and Engaging Language Class...Jheel Barad
 
Lang is everywhere and nowhere
Lang is everywhere and nowhere Lang is everywhere and nowhere
Lang is everywhere and nowhere amadorlankster
 
NANCY L BORER CV
NANCY L BORER CVNANCY L BORER CV
NANCY L BORER CVNancy Borer
 
RESEARCH PAPER-1 M WASIM CH PUB- IJHSSR
RESEARCH PAPER-1 M WASIM CH PUB- IJHSSRRESEARCH PAPER-1 M WASIM CH PUB- IJHSSR
RESEARCH PAPER-1 M WASIM CH PUB- IJHSSRProf. Waseem Ch
 
Developmental Language Disorder
Developmental Language DisorderDevelopmental Language Disorder
Developmental Language DisorderSamuelDCalder
 

Ähnlich wie Seven bad reasons for teaching grammar (20)

Guided ResponseReview several of your classmates’ posts. Base.docx
Guided ResponseReview several of your classmates’ posts. Base.docxGuided ResponseReview several of your classmates’ posts. Base.docx
Guided ResponseReview several of your classmates’ posts. Base.docx
 
Natural Approach (simple)
Natural Approach (simple)Natural Approach (simple)
Natural Approach (simple)
 
Making Young Learners Independent the LEGO method
Making Young Learners Independent the LEGO methodMaking Young Learners Independent the LEGO method
Making Young Learners Independent the LEGO method
 
L E G O
L E G OL E G O
L E G O
 
Demo on English language teaching with slides
Demo on English language teaching with slidesDemo on English language teaching with slides
Demo on English language teaching with slides
 
Proficiency Development through a Hybrid Course with e-Tandems
Proficiency Development through a Hybrid Course with e-Tandems Proficiency Development through a Hybrid Course with e-Tandems
Proficiency Development through a Hybrid Course with e-Tandems
 
Bilingual Education Challenges and Possibilities
Bilingual Education Challenges and PossibilitiesBilingual Education Challenges and Possibilities
Bilingual Education Challenges and Possibilities
 
Language learning difficulty or a disability
Language learning difficulty or a disability Language learning difficulty or a disability
Language learning difficulty or a disability
 
COLLABORATIVE ACTIVITY
COLLABORATIVE ACTIVITY COLLABORATIVE ACTIVITY
COLLABORATIVE ACTIVITY
 
A descriptive study on the reinforcement of english vocabulary provided by th...
A descriptive study on the reinforcement of english vocabulary provided by th...A descriptive study on the reinforcement of english vocabulary provided by th...
A descriptive study on the reinforcement of english vocabulary provided by th...
 
Presentation on Integrated Grammar Teaching
Presentation on Integrated Grammar TeachingPresentation on Integrated Grammar Teaching
Presentation on Integrated Grammar Teaching
 
MA Group assignment Adames Guevara Palacio
MA Group assignment Adames Guevara PalacioMA Group assignment Adames Guevara Palacio
MA Group assignment Adames Guevara Palacio
 
Naf packet july 2010
Naf packet july 2010Naf packet july 2010
Naf packet july 2010
 
Richards communicative-language
Richards communicative-languageRichards communicative-language
Richards communicative-language
 
Grammar translation method
Grammar translation method Grammar translation method
Grammar translation method
 
TBLT 2.0: Integrating Technology for a Meaningful and Engaging Language Class...
TBLT 2.0: Integrating Technology for a Meaningful and Engaging Language Class...TBLT 2.0: Integrating Technology for a Meaningful and Engaging Language Class...
TBLT 2.0: Integrating Technology for a Meaningful and Engaging Language Class...
 
Lang is everywhere and nowhere
Lang is everywhere and nowhere Lang is everywhere and nowhere
Lang is everywhere and nowhere
 
NANCY L BORER CV
NANCY L BORER CVNANCY L BORER CV
NANCY L BORER CV
 
RESEARCH PAPER-1 M WASIM CH PUB- IJHSSR
RESEARCH PAPER-1 M WASIM CH PUB- IJHSSRRESEARCH PAPER-1 M WASIM CH PUB- IJHSSR
RESEARCH PAPER-1 M WASIM CH PUB- IJHSSR
 
Developmental Language Disorder
Developmental Language DisorderDevelopmental Language Disorder
Developmental Language Disorder
 

Mehr von Manuel Peralta

Mehr von Manuel Peralta (20)

Vocabulario-Contextual HIOUHUGBKJHG LUIH ;
Vocabulario-Contextual HIOUHUGBKJHG LUIH ;Vocabulario-Contextual HIOUHUGBKJHG LUIH ;
Vocabulario-Contextual HIOUHUGBKJHG LUIH ;
 
EL INFINITIVO. NENENE88NENENENENENENENEN
EL INFINITIVO. NENENE88NENENENENENENENENEL INFINITIVO. NENENE88NENENENENENENENEN
EL INFINITIVO. NENENE88NENENENENENENENEN
 
READING WORKSHOP AT BRICKS.pptx
READING WORKSHOP AT BRICKS.pptxREADING WORKSHOP AT BRICKS.pptx
READING WORKSHOP AT BRICKS.pptx
 
Practical ideas
Practical ideasPractical ideas
Practical ideas
 
Quizzes units 1 6
Quizzes units 1 6Quizzes units 1 6
Quizzes units 1 6
 
Carpenter
CarpenterCarpenter
Carpenter
 
Pipefiltters
PipefilttersPipefiltters
Pipefiltters
 
Painter
PainterPainter
Painter
 
Plumber
PlumberPlumber
Plumber
 
Iron worker
Iron workerIron worker
Iron worker
 
A welder or welder operator
A welder or welder operatorA welder or welder operator
A welder or welder operator
 
Tradesman
TradesmanTradesman
Tradesman
 
Architect
ArchitectArchitect
Architect
 
Pipefiltters
PipefilttersPipefiltters
Pipefiltters
 
Roofer
RooferRoofer
Roofer
 
Nature of a Steel fixer's job
Nature of a Steel fixer's jobNature of a Steel fixer's job
Nature of a Steel fixer's job
 
Nature of a carpenter's job
Nature of a carpenter's jobNature of a carpenter's job
Nature of a carpenter's job
 
TTT, Lesson planning
TTT, Lesson planningTTT, Lesson planning
TTT, Lesson planning
 
Lessonplanning 120229221709-phpapp02
Lessonplanning 120229221709-phpapp02Lessonplanning 120229221709-phpapp02
Lessonplanning 120229221709-phpapp02
 
Communitylanguagelearning 120220222240-phpapp01
Communitylanguagelearning 120220222240-phpapp01Communitylanguagelearning 120220222240-phpapp01
Communitylanguagelearning 120220222240-phpapp01
 

Kürzlich hochgeladen

mini mental status format.docx
mini    mental       status     format.docxmini    mental       status     format.docx
mini mental status format.docxPoojaSen20
 
Accessible design: Minimum effort, maximum impact
Accessible design: Minimum effort, maximum impactAccessible design: Minimum effort, maximum impact
Accessible design: Minimum effort, maximum impactdawncurless
 
APM Welcome, APM North West Network Conference, Synergies Across Sectors
APM Welcome, APM North West Network Conference, Synergies Across SectorsAPM Welcome, APM North West Network Conference, Synergies Across Sectors
APM Welcome, APM North West Network Conference, Synergies Across SectorsAssociation for Project Management
 
9548086042 for call girls in Indira Nagar with room service
9548086042  for call girls in Indira Nagar  with room service9548086042  for call girls in Indira Nagar  with room service
9548086042 for call girls in Indira Nagar with room servicediscovermytutordmt
 
Call Girls in Dwarka Mor Delhi Contact Us 9654467111
Call Girls in Dwarka Mor Delhi Contact Us 9654467111Call Girls in Dwarka Mor Delhi Contact Us 9654467111
Call Girls in Dwarka Mor Delhi Contact Us 9654467111Sapana Sha
 
Introduction to Nonprofit Accounting: The Basics
Introduction to Nonprofit Accounting: The BasicsIntroduction to Nonprofit Accounting: The Basics
Introduction to Nonprofit Accounting: The BasicsTechSoup
 
Software Engineering Methodologies (overview)
Software Engineering Methodologies (overview)Software Engineering Methodologies (overview)
Software Engineering Methodologies (overview)eniolaolutunde
 
Disha NEET Physics Guide for classes 11 and 12.pdf
Disha NEET Physics Guide for classes 11 and 12.pdfDisha NEET Physics Guide for classes 11 and 12.pdf
Disha NEET Physics Guide for classes 11 and 12.pdfchloefrazer622
 
A Critique of the Proposed National Education Policy Reform
A Critique of the Proposed National Education Policy ReformA Critique of the Proposed National Education Policy Reform
A Critique of the Proposed National Education Policy ReformChameera Dedduwage
 
BAG TECHNIQUE Bag technique-a tool making use of public health bag through wh...
BAG TECHNIQUE Bag technique-a tool making use of public health bag through wh...BAG TECHNIQUE Bag technique-a tool making use of public health bag through wh...
BAG TECHNIQUE Bag technique-a tool making use of public health bag through wh...Sapna Thakur
 
Student login on Anyboli platform.helpin
Student login on Anyboli platform.helpinStudent login on Anyboli platform.helpin
Student login on Anyboli platform.helpinRaunakKeshri1
 
Beyond the EU: DORA and NIS 2 Directive's Global Impact
Beyond the EU: DORA and NIS 2 Directive's Global ImpactBeyond the EU: DORA and NIS 2 Directive's Global Impact
Beyond the EU: DORA and NIS 2 Directive's Global ImpactPECB
 
Organic Name Reactions for the students and aspirants of Chemistry12th.pptx
Organic Name Reactions  for the students and aspirants of Chemistry12th.pptxOrganic Name Reactions  for the students and aspirants of Chemistry12th.pptx
Organic Name Reactions for the students and aspirants of Chemistry12th.pptxVS Mahajan Coaching Centre
 
Sanyam Choudhary Chemistry practical.pdf
Sanyam Choudhary Chemistry practical.pdfSanyam Choudhary Chemistry practical.pdf
Sanyam Choudhary Chemistry practical.pdfsanyamsingh5019
 
Arihant handbook biology for class 11 .pdf
Arihant handbook biology for class 11 .pdfArihant handbook biology for class 11 .pdf
Arihant handbook biology for class 11 .pdfchloefrazer622
 
Kisan Call Centre - To harness potential of ICT in Agriculture by answer farm...
Kisan Call Centre - To harness potential of ICT in Agriculture by answer farm...Kisan Call Centre - To harness potential of ICT in Agriculture by answer farm...
Kisan Call Centre - To harness potential of ICT in Agriculture by answer farm...Krashi Coaching
 
Measures of Dispersion and Variability: Range, QD, AD and SD
Measures of Dispersion and Variability: Range, QD, AD and SDMeasures of Dispersion and Variability: Range, QD, AD and SD
Measures of Dispersion and Variability: Range, QD, AD and SDThiyagu K
 

Kürzlich hochgeladen (20)

Mattingly "AI & Prompt Design: The Basics of Prompt Design"
Mattingly "AI & Prompt Design: The Basics of Prompt Design"Mattingly "AI & Prompt Design: The Basics of Prompt Design"
Mattingly "AI & Prompt Design: The Basics of Prompt Design"
 
mini mental status format.docx
mini    mental       status     format.docxmini    mental       status     format.docx
mini mental status format.docx
 
Accessible design: Minimum effort, maximum impact
Accessible design: Minimum effort, maximum impactAccessible design: Minimum effort, maximum impact
Accessible design: Minimum effort, maximum impact
 
APM Welcome, APM North West Network Conference, Synergies Across Sectors
APM Welcome, APM North West Network Conference, Synergies Across SectorsAPM Welcome, APM North West Network Conference, Synergies Across Sectors
APM Welcome, APM North West Network Conference, Synergies Across Sectors
 
9548086042 for call girls in Indira Nagar with room service
9548086042  for call girls in Indira Nagar  with room service9548086042  for call girls in Indira Nagar  with room service
9548086042 for call girls in Indira Nagar with room service
 
Call Girls in Dwarka Mor Delhi Contact Us 9654467111
Call Girls in Dwarka Mor Delhi Contact Us 9654467111Call Girls in Dwarka Mor Delhi Contact Us 9654467111
Call Girls in Dwarka Mor Delhi Contact Us 9654467111
 
Introduction to Nonprofit Accounting: The Basics
Introduction to Nonprofit Accounting: The BasicsIntroduction to Nonprofit Accounting: The Basics
Introduction to Nonprofit Accounting: The Basics
 
Software Engineering Methodologies (overview)
Software Engineering Methodologies (overview)Software Engineering Methodologies (overview)
Software Engineering Methodologies (overview)
 
Disha NEET Physics Guide for classes 11 and 12.pdf
Disha NEET Physics Guide for classes 11 and 12.pdfDisha NEET Physics Guide for classes 11 and 12.pdf
Disha NEET Physics Guide for classes 11 and 12.pdf
 
Advance Mobile Application Development class 07
Advance Mobile Application Development class 07Advance Mobile Application Development class 07
Advance Mobile Application Development class 07
 
A Critique of the Proposed National Education Policy Reform
A Critique of the Proposed National Education Policy ReformA Critique of the Proposed National Education Policy Reform
A Critique of the Proposed National Education Policy Reform
 
BAG TECHNIQUE Bag technique-a tool making use of public health bag through wh...
BAG TECHNIQUE Bag technique-a tool making use of public health bag through wh...BAG TECHNIQUE Bag technique-a tool making use of public health bag through wh...
BAG TECHNIQUE Bag technique-a tool making use of public health bag through wh...
 
Student login on Anyboli platform.helpin
Student login on Anyboli platform.helpinStudent login on Anyboli platform.helpin
Student login on Anyboli platform.helpin
 
Beyond the EU: DORA and NIS 2 Directive's Global Impact
Beyond the EU: DORA and NIS 2 Directive's Global ImpactBeyond the EU: DORA and NIS 2 Directive's Global Impact
Beyond the EU: DORA and NIS 2 Directive's Global Impact
 
INDIA QUIZ 2024 RLAC DELHI UNIVERSITY.pptx
INDIA QUIZ 2024 RLAC DELHI UNIVERSITY.pptxINDIA QUIZ 2024 RLAC DELHI UNIVERSITY.pptx
INDIA QUIZ 2024 RLAC DELHI UNIVERSITY.pptx
 
Organic Name Reactions for the students and aspirants of Chemistry12th.pptx
Organic Name Reactions  for the students and aspirants of Chemistry12th.pptxOrganic Name Reactions  for the students and aspirants of Chemistry12th.pptx
Organic Name Reactions for the students and aspirants of Chemistry12th.pptx
 
Sanyam Choudhary Chemistry practical.pdf
Sanyam Choudhary Chemistry practical.pdfSanyam Choudhary Chemistry practical.pdf
Sanyam Choudhary Chemistry practical.pdf
 
Arihant handbook biology for class 11 .pdf
Arihant handbook biology for class 11 .pdfArihant handbook biology for class 11 .pdf
Arihant handbook biology for class 11 .pdf
 
Kisan Call Centre - To harness potential of ICT in Agriculture by answer farm...
Kisan Call Centre - To harness potential of ICT in Agriculture by answer farm...Kisan Call Centre - To harness potential of ICT in Agriculture by answer farm...
Kisan Call Centre - To harness potential of ICT in Agriculture by answer farm...
 
Measures of Dispersion and Variability: Range, QD, AD and SD
Measures of Dispersion and Variability: Range, QD, AD and SDMeasures of Dispersion and Variability: Range, QD, AD and SD
Measures of Dispersion and Variability: Range, QD, AD and SD
 

Seven bad reasons for teaching grammar

  • 1. By Lv Flowers, Jill Pettit and Michael Rosenthal
  • 2.
  • 3.
  • 4.
  • 5.
  • 6.
  • 7.
  • 8.
  • 9.
  • 10.
  • 11.
  • 12.