Tips to Crack 11th-Biology-Respiration by Ednexa

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Respiration
∙
Why do all living beings need energy?
∙
From where does this energy comes?
∙
What is respiration?
Definition of Respiration
A biochemical process by which Organic Compounds
(foods) are oxidized to liberate chemical energy.
∙
It is a stepwise process leading to the formation
of ATP
∙
What is ATP?
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Overall process of respiration
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 →6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 38 ATP.
Respiration in Animals
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Animals show various methods of respiration.
Organism
Organs
/
Method
of
respiration
1. Single celled organisms
Cell membrane
2. Sponges and Jellyfish
Through water
3. Annelids
Outer body surfaces Gills
4. Fish / arthropods
Internal lungs
5. Terrestrial vertebrates
Skin
6. Eel / Frogs
∙
Respiratory surfaces are covered with thin, moist
epithelial
cells
that
Carbondioxide.
Human Respiratory System
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allow
Oxygen
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∙
It consists of
→ Nostrils – Exterior openings
→ Nasal Chambers –-Seperated
into right & left halves called "nasal
septum"
-Septum
-Air
-Nasal
is
enters
hairs
made
nasal
in
of
cavities
through
nostrils
filter
-Contains receptor cells for the sense of smell
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bone
two
large
&
openings
particles
cartilage
called
"nostrils"
of
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→ Pharynx –-Located behind the oral cavity & between the nasal cavities & the
larynx
-Includes 3 parts:
1) Nasopharynx- upper section
2) Oropharynx- middle section
3) Laryngopharynx- lower section
-Pharynx conducts food toward esophagus & air to the larynx as it moves toward the lungs
-Contains 2 other structures:
1. the openings from Eustachian tubes (auditory tubes); connects the nasopharynx w/middle ear
2. tonsils

→ Larynx – -Located between pharynx & trachea
-Functions:
1. Passageway for air during breathing
2. Produces sound (your voice); voicebox
3. Prevents food & other foreign objects from entering the breathing structures (trachea)
→ Trachea – the tube connecting the throat to the bronchi.
→ Bronchi and Bronchioles –
the trachea divides into two bronchi (tubes). One
leads to the left lung, the other to the right lung. Inside the lungs each of the bronchi divides into smaller bronchi. the bronchi branches
off into smaller tubes called broncheoli which end in the pulmonary alveolus.
→ Lungs – a pair of organs found in all vertebrates.
The structure of the lungs includes the bronchial tree – air tubes branching off from the bronchi into smaller and smaller air
tubes, each one ending in a pulmonary alveolus. Pulmonary alveoli – tiny sacs (air sacs) delineated by a single-layer
membrane with blood capillaries at the other end.
The exchange of gases takes place through the membrane of the pulmonary alveolus, which always contains air: oxygen (O2)
is absorbed from the air into the blood capillaries and the action of the heart circulates it through all the tissues in the body. At
the same time, carbon dioxide (CO2) is transmitted from the blood capillaries into the alveoli and then expelled through the
bronchi and the upper respiratory tract.
The inner surface of the lungs where the exchange of gases takes place is very large, due to the structure of the air sacs of the
alveoli.
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→ Diaphragm –
a sheet of internal skeletal muscle that extends across the bottom of
the rib cage. The diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity (heart, lungs & ribs) from the abdominal cavity and performs
an important function in respiration: as the diaphragm contracts, the volume of the thoracic cavity increases and air is
drawn into the lungs.
→ Inter costal muscles –
Intercostal muscles are groups of muscles found
in the chest area. Intercostal muscles run along the ribs and are responsible for movement of the chest and
breathing. When a person breathes, intercostal muscles help the chest cavity expand and shrink.
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Mechanism of Respiration
It comprises of following steps:1. Breathing –
It is a process by which air rich in Oxygen is taken
in by the lungs (Inspiration) and air containing
more CO2 and water vapour is forced out of the
lungs ( Expiration).
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∙
Alternate Inspiration and Expiration together form
the respiratory cycle. It occurs 16-20 times per
minute in man.
∙
It is controlled by medulla oblongata.
2. Transport of gases
It takes place in 3 steps
a. External respiration :
∙
Exchange of CO2 and O2 takes place through
lungs depending upon internal and external
concentrations of these gases.
∙
Haemoglobin combines with O2 to form instable
Oxy-haemoglobin.
∙
CO2 is brought from the tissues in the form of
Sodium and potassium bicarbonates and also
Carbomino - haemoglobin.
∙
These forms are then broken down to release CO2.
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NaHCO3
H
Na
Sod.bicarbonate
KHCO3
H2CO3
carbonic acid
H
K
Pot.bicarbonate
H2CO3
Carbonic acid
H2CO3 →H2O + CO2↑
b. Internal respiration :
∙
It is the transfer of CO2 and O2 between tissue cells
of the lungs and blood.
c. Cellular Respiration :
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∙
It is the formation of ATP molecules by Oxidation
of food in the mitochondria
∙
Energy is released when ATP molecules are
broken down.
How
does
medulla
Oblongata
regulates
the
process of respiration?
Respiratory Volumes
∙
Tidal Volume (TV) –
It is the volume of air breathed in and out during
effortless breathing. In an adult it is about 500 ml.
∙
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) –
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Volume of air during forced inspiration is called
inspiratory reserve volume. It is about 2500 ml to
3000 ml.
∙
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) –
Volume of air during forced expiration is called
expiratory reserve volume. It is about 1000 ml.
∙
Residual Volume (RV) –
The volume of air left behind in the lungs and
respiratory passage after forced expiration is called
residual volume. It is about 1000 ml.
∙
Vital Capacity (VC) –
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It is the total volume of air expired after a maximum
inspiration. This includes ERV, TV and IRV.
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