SlideShare ist ein Scribd-Unternehmen logo
1 von 15
Downloaden Sie, um offline zu lesen
www.ednexa.com

9011041155 / 9011031155

Striving For Better Environment Part – I
Pollution
Pollution is contamination of natural environment that can harmfully affect the
ecosystem.
Pollutants
Pollutants are the products which affect the normal functioning of ecosystem and have
an adverse effect on plants, animals, and humans. For eg._
∙

Carbon dioxide in air is useful for photosynthesis in plants but when it exceeds
certain limit of concentration it becomes a pollutant.

∙

Loud music sometimes increases heartbeats, heart palpitation and headaches,
dilation of pupils, etc.

Types of pollution:
Pollution takes place in three parts of environment that is air, water and soil. Thus there
are 5 types of pollution.
∙

Air Pollution.

∙

Water Pollution.

∙

Soil or Land Pollution

∙

Noise Pollution.

∙

Radioactive Pollution.

Air Pollution
Modernization, industrialization has led to increase in air pollution. The major sources of
air pollution are transportation engines, power and heat generators, industrial process
and burning of soil waste.
In rural areas burning of firewood, cowdung cake, agricultural residue, etc. cause air
pollution. The earth itself contributes to air pollution through volcanic eruption, wildfire,
sand and dust storms and other natural processes.

1
www.ednexa.com

9011041155 / 9011031155

Air Pollutants
Air pollutants are classified as follows:
1.

According to origin:
a.

Primary Pollutants:
The pollutants that are emitted directly from the sources and are found in
the atmosphere in the form in which they were emitted are known as primary
pollutants. E.g. Ash, smoke, dust, radioactive compounds, oxides of sulphur,
carbon, nitrogen are primary pollutants.

b.

Secondary Pollutants:
The pollutants that are formed in the atmosphere by chemical reactions
between primary pollutants and atmospheric constituents are known as
secondary pollutants. e.g. SO3, O3, Hydrogen cyanide, peroxyacetyl nitrate,
ketones, etc. are secondary pollutants.

2.

According to state of matter:
a.

Gaseous Air Pollutants:
These pollutants exist in gaseous state at normal temperature and pressure.
e.g: CO, CO2 and oxides of sulphur and nitrogen.

b.

Particulate Air Pollutants:
These are non-gaseous substances. e.g. suspended droplets, solid particles
and mixture of both.

3.

According to sources:
a.

Natural Sources:
These include volcanic eruption, sand and dust storm, forest fires etc.

b.

Man made Sources:
These include human activities such as industries, factories, aircrafts,
nuclear experiments, automobiles, agriculture and power plants.

2
www.ednexa.com

9011041155 / 9011031155

Sources of Air Pollution:
1.

Air Pollution Due To Transportation:
Vehicles are major contributors to air pollution. More than 50% of total air
pollution is caused by vehicles.

2.

Air Pollution Due to Industry:
Industries such as chemical, petrochemical, thermal power plants, foundries,
cotton mills, paper mills cause most air pollution. The smoke coming out from the
factories has small particles of dust, carbon, metals and other solids, liquids and
radioactive materials from various sources which get mixed in smoke and pollute
the air. SO2 is produced in various industrial processes. SO2 combines with oxygen
and water to form sulphuric acid in the atmosphere. This acidic solution in
atmosphere results in acid rains.

3.

Air Pollution Due to Agriculture
Open field burning is the main contributor to air pollution due to agriculture.
Burning of rice straw emits gases like SO2, CH4, CO, Oxides of nitrogen and large
amount of particulates. Pesticides used in agriculture sector emit many toxic
chemicals. Industrial farms pollute air by emitting foul odour, air borne particles.
Manure decomposition produces green house gases.

4.

Air Pollution Due To various Types of Burning.
Burning of coal, forest fires and fire crackers, municipal waste also contribute to air
pollution.
Fig. Fire Crackers

3
www.ednexa.com

9011041155 / 9011031155

Effect of air pollution
Air pollution is responsible for major health effects. The health of countless people
is endangered by air pollution every year.
Air pollutants affect human body depending on following factors.
1.

Concentration of air pollutants.

2.

Nature of the pollutants.

3.

Time period of exposure.

Effect on Human Beings
Air pollution can affect our health in many ways with both short term and long
term effects.
Short term effects includes
∙

Irritation of eyes, nose, mouth and throat

∙

Respiratory infections such as bronchitis, pneumonia

∙

Headaches, nausea and allergy

∙

Asthma attacks

∙

Reduce lung functioning

Long term effects include
∙

Chronic pulmonary disease.

∙

Cardio vascular disease

∙

Lung cancer

∙

Premature death.

Effects on animals
Air pollution also affects the breathing of animals. Acid rain creates serious
problems for wide life
Effect on plants
∙

Reduction in growth of various parts of plant

∙

Yellowing or chlorosis of the leaf.

4
www.ednexa.com

9011041155 / 9011031155

Effect on Environment
Air pollution can cause a variety of environmental effects. The increase in CO2
levels due to deforestation and fuel combustion, increase the atmospheric
temperature of the earth. This results in the melting of glaciers and polar ice. If the
pattern of rainfall changes, it will affect agricultural production.
Acid Rain
Acid rain is rain water containing harmful amounts of nitric and sulphuric acids.
When fossil fuels such as coal, wood, petroleum are burnt, nitrogen oxides and
sulphur oxides are released into the atmosphere. These oxides are soluble in
water. During rain, these oxides react with large quantities of water vapours of
atmosphere to form acids like sulphurous acid, sulphuric acid, nitric acid and
nitrous acid. These acids mix with mist, rain water drops or snow and change its
composition. The rain or snow that falls to the ground is Acid Rain.
Fig. Acid Rain

Effect of Acid Rain
∙

Acid rain increases acidity in the soil and water bodies which damages trees,
and make water unsuitable for fish and wildlife.

∙

It corrodes buildings, status, sculptures, bridges, monuments, and fences,
etc. that are part of our national assets.

∙

It adversely affects agriculture and crop lands.
5
www.ednexa.com

9011041155 / 9011031155

Ozone layer depletion
Stratosphere, the second layer of the atmosphere reaches 48 km above of the earth
surface, and at the very top it contains ozone. Ozone layer absorbs the harmful UV
rays from the sun and protects both plant and animal life on the planet.
Ozone layer depletion

Causes of ozone depletion
Scientific evidence reveals that stratospheric ozone is being destroyed mainly by
chlorine atoms of chloroflurocarbon (CFC) molecules. CFC’s were used as coolants
in refrigerators, freezers and air conditioners in buildings and cars manufactured
before 1995. It is also found in industrial solvents, dry cleaning agents and
hospital sterilants, aerosols and foam.
Once these CFC molecules are broken apart by UV light, it releases chlorine and
bromine which further demolish ozone at an alarming rate.
A hole has been observed in the ozone layer in the stratosphere near Antarctica.
This hole allows the ultraviolet rays of the Sun to reach the earth directly. These UV
rays cause skin cancer, cataract in human beings. Ozone depletion can affect
animals and plants as well.

6
www.ednexa.com

9011041155 / 9011031155

Green house effect
Green house effect is a phenomenon. The impact of green house effect is Global
warming and climate change.
Our earth receives energy from the Sun. The earth surface absorbs the solar energy
and releases it back to the atmosphere as infrared radiation, some of which goes
right back into space.
But some of the infrared radiation emitted by the earth is absorbed by CO2, CH4
water vapours in the atmosphere and sent back towards the earth surface as heat
energy causing a warming known as Green House effect.
The gases that contribute to the green house effect are called as green house
gases. The warming due to greenhouse gases is expected to increase as humans
add more green house gases to the atmosphere leading to global warming.
Water Pollution
When toxic substances enter lakes, streams, rivers, oceans and other water bodies, they
get dissolved or lie suspended in water or get deposited on the bed. This results in the
pollution of water whereby the quality of water deteriorates, affecting aquatic ecosystem.
Water Pollutants
There are three types of water pollutants.
1.

Biological

2.

Inorganic

3.

Organic

1.

Biological Water Pollutants
Algae, Bacteria, Virus and Parasites are major biological impurities that make water
harmful for human consumption. These biological impurities cause many diseases.

2.

Inorganic Water Pollutants

7
www.ednexa.com

9011041155 / 9011031155

Water contains some suspended particles which may consist of fine sand, clay, soil
and precipitated salts and some dissolved particles such as rock and other
compounds from the earth. Toxic metals like Arsenic, Cadmium, lead, Mercury,
Silver are the most harmful pollutants. Traces of radioactive elements are found in
water bodies.
3.

Organic Water Pollutants
Wastes from industries are the major organic pollutants.

Sources of Water Pollution:
Water pollution is caused by several sources, both natural and man-made.
Natural Sources:
Due to heavy rains, minerals from land get washed into river and then oceans. This leads
to uncontrolled growth of water weeds. Similarly dead animals, animal waste, ashes and
chemicals released due to forest fires, sulphur compounds released after an earthquake
get washed into water sources due to rain.
Man Made Sources:
Manmade sources such as city sewage and industrial waste are the major source of water
pollution. These are classified into:
1.

Domestic sewage

2.

Industrial wastes

3.

Radioactive wastes

4.

Agricultural runoff

5.

Oil spills

6.

Thermal pollution

1.

Domestic Sewage:
8
www.ednexa.com

9011041155 / 9011031155

Waste water originating from kitchen, bathrooms, toilet is domestic sewage.
2.

Industrial Waste:
Waste materials like acids, alkalis, toxic metals, oil, grease, dyes, pesticides and
even radioactive material are poured in to the water bodies by many industrial
units. The construction Industry discharges slurries such as gypsum, cements,
abrasive, metals and poisonous solvents.

3.

Radioactive Waste:
Radioactive wastes are produced from industrial, medical, atomic power plants and
scientific processes that use radioactive materials.

4.

Agricultural Runoffs:
The use of land for agricultural and the practices followed in cultivation greatly
affect the quality of ground water.

5.

Oil Spills:
Accidental release of oil into a body of water as from a tanker, off shore drilling rig
or underwater pipeline and wells often present a hazard to marine life and the
environment.

6.

Thermal Pollution:
The thermal power plants and other industries located near the rivers and sea use
water for cooling purposes. They release the recycled hot water into the water
bodies leading to thermal pollution. This hot water increases the temperature of
aquatic environment.

9
www.ednexa.com

9011041155 / 9011031155

Effect of Water Pollution:
1.

Effects on human beings:
Polluted drinking water contains pathogenic and non – pathogenic organisms. The
several water borne diseases like cholera, typhoid, diarrhoea, dysentery, hepatitis,
polio and jaundice can be caused by the polluted water.

2.

Effects on Aquatic life:
Any physical or chemical change in aquatic systems due to pollutants brings
changes in individual organisms.

Eutrophication or Nutritional Enrichments
The enrichment of water bodies by inorganic plant nutrients like nitrate, phosphate
occurring either naturally or due to human activity is Eutrophicaton. The process of
eutrophication takes place due to introduction of nutrients and chemicals through
discharge of domestic sewage, industrial effluents and fertilizers from agricultural fields.
Fig. Eutrophication

10
www.ednexa.com

9011041155 / 9011031155

Soil Pollution
Soil Pollution is mainly the result of penetration of harmful pesticides, insecticides and
other chemicals.
Fig. Soil Pollution

Types of Soil Pollutants
The different types of soil pollutants are,
∙

Pesticides

∙

Inorganic pollutants (e.g. Hg, As, Ni, Cd, Pb etc)

∙

Radioactive Elements

∙

Organic wastes (detergents, borates, agricultural wastes, crop residues, sewage
effluents)

∙

Air borne contaminants like gaseous emissions from industrial areas burning fuels,
smelting and mining.

Sources of soil pollution:
1.

Industrial Wastes:
This waste is generated by industrial during manufacturing processes such as
chemicals, paints, paper and pulp mills and foundry wastes. Thermal power plants
generate a large quantity of fly ash. These wastes are sometimes dumped directly
into the soil.
11
www.ednexa.com

2.

9011041155 / 9011031155

Domestic Waste:
Domestic wastes includes garbage, domestic refuse and discarded solid materials.

3.

Chemical Fertilizers:
The excessive use of chemical fertilizers creates pollution.

4.

Biomedical Wastes:
These include out dated medicines, cytotoxic drugs, soiled dressing body organs
and tissues, disposable syringes, intravenous fluid bottles, gloves, needles, blades.

5.

Pesticides:
Effect of Soil Pollution:
a.

Sewage sludge contains many pathogenic bacteria, viruses and intestinal
worms which cause various types of diseases.

b.

Human and animal excreta contains pathogens that contaminate soil and
vegetable crops when used as manure. This leads to various diseases related
to digestive system.

c.

Land and soil pollution is responsible for loss of fertility and productivity of
soil.

d.

Soil pollution can lead to water pollution if toxic chemicals leach into ground
water or contaminated run off reaches streams or lakes.

e.

Radioactive material and soil contaminants move away from the soil into
crops, live stock and human bodies through food chains.

Noise Pollution:
Like other pollutants, noise is also a by-product of industrialization, urbanization and
modern civilization, Sources of noise pollution:
1.

Industrial:
Include noise from various industries and big machines working at a very high
speed and very high noise intensity.

12
www.ednexa.com

2.

9011041155 / 9011031155

Non-industrial:
Includes noise created by transport or vehicular traffic and neighbourhood noise
generated by various house hold appliances
The leading sources of nose pollution are:
1.

Road traffic noise

2.

Air craft noise

3.

Rail roads

4.

Construction noise

5.

Noise in industries

Effects of Noise Pollution:
Effects of the noise pollution on human beings depend on noise intensity,
frequency and exposure duration.
There are three types of effects on man,
1.

Auditory effects:
Auditory fatigue, deafness

2.

Non-auditory effects:
Communication interference, sleep interference, concentration interference,
ill temper, annoyance, violent behavior, mental disorientation, bickering and
loss of working efficiency.

3.

Physiological effects:
Nausea, fatigue, anxiety, visual disturbances, insomnia, hypertension, cardio
vascular disease.

Radioactive Pollution:
Due to human activity, high energy radioactive particles mix in air, water, and soil and
pollute it. This is known as radioactive pollution.
The sources for radioactive pollution are as follows:
∙

Nuclear power plants and nuclear fuel

∙

Nuclear weapons

∙

Mining

∙

Nuclear accidents

∙

Medical waste
13
www.ednexa.com

9011041155 / 9011031155

Effects of Radioactive pollution:
Radioactive pollution has destructive effects on the entire ecosystem.
Polluted soil transfers radioactive substances to plants growing on it. This can
affect plant DNA. Some plants die and others may develop weak seeds.
Effect of radiations on human being is mild to severe depending upon the level and
duration of exposure. When the human body is exposed to radiation, it reacts with
biological molecules forming ions. These ions destroy cells, protein enzymes,
nucleic acid.
Damage caused by radiations may be transmitted to many generations.
Abatement of Pollution:
We take corrective actions to reduce the amount or intensity of the pollutions.
The Government of India has laid down laws and guidelines for prevention, control and
abatement of pollution. Some of the laws related to pollution control are:
1.

Water (prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974

2.

Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981

3.

Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
Various Laws and Rules have been made for hazardous waste, biomedical waste,
solid waste, prevention of Noise Pollution, etc.
The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and Maharashtra Pollution Control
Board (MPCB) are the government bodies who confirm these laws being followed by
all the organizations like factories, industrial estates, municipalities, Zilla
Parishads, Panchayat samities and Grampanchayats.
In order to control air pollution from industry, following methods are adopted:
1.

Dilution of source discharge by tall chimneys.

2.

Source correction methods like changing raw material equipment
modification, process modification.

3.

Using effective pollution controlling equipments like dust collectors,
electrostatic precipitators, wet scrubbers, etc.

14
www.ednexa.com

9011041155 / 9011031155

Role of Citizens in Pollution Control:
The concern about abatement of pollution is growing. Each one of us can
contribute individually or through collective efforts to reduce pollution.
1.

Plant trees and develop gardens, parks and open grounds in the locality.

2.

Save fossil fuels and reduce pollution, minimize electricity consumption.

3.

Use public transport instead of private vehicles.

4.

Use nonconventional source of energy like solar, wind energy, tidal energy

5.

Maintain vehicles in well tuned conditions.

6.

Keep your home and public places clean. Keep our own locality free from
pollution.

15

Weitere ähnliche Inhalte

Was ist angesagt?

Air pollution presentation.ppt
Air pollution presentation.pptAir pollution presentation.ppt
Air pollution presentation.pptsumi haque
 
Air pollution: its causes,effects and pollutants
Air pollution: its causes,effects and pollutantsAir pollution: its causes,effects and pollutants
Air pollution: its causes,effects and pollutantsMaliha Eesha
 
Air pollution : causes, effects and solutions of air pollution.
Air pollution : causes, effects and solutions of air pollution.Air pollution : causes, effects and solutions of air pollution.
Air pollution : causes, effects and solutions of air pollution.Naseera noushad
 
Pollution of air and water
Pollution of air and waterPollution of air and water
Pollution of air and waterAKANSOFT, india
 
The ozone layer & Its Importance
The ozone layer & Its ImportanceThe ozone layer & Its Importance
The ozone layer & Its ImportanceNikesh Banwade
 
Acid Rain (Environmental Science)
Acid Rain (Environmental Science)Acid Rain (Environmental Science)
Acid Rain (Environmental Science)Sandip Kumar Sahoo
 
Environmental pollution
Environmental pollutionEnvironmental pollution
Environmental pollutionAsif Ashraf
 
Pollution presentation4
Pollution presentation4Pollution presentation4
Pollution presentation4Sofiya Khan
 
Air pollution Causes, Effects & Controls
Air pollution Causes, Effects & ControlsAir pollution Causes, Effects & Controls
Air pollution Causes, Effects & ControlsMohamed Kandel
 
Global environmental issues
Global environmental issuesGlobal environmental issues
Global environmental issuesTejas Patel
 

Was ist angesagt? (20)

Industrial pollution
Industrial pollutionIndustrial pollution
Industrial pollution
 
Air pollution presentation.ppt
Air pollution presentation.pptAir pollution presentation.ppt
Air pollution presentation.ppt
 
Air Pollution
Air PollutionAir Pollution
Air Pollution
 
Air pollution: its causes,effects and pollutants
Air pollution: its causes,effects and pollutantsAir pollution: its causes,effects and pollutants
Air pollution: its causes,effects and pollutants
 
Air pollution : causes, effects and solutions of air pollution.
Air pollution : causes, effects and solutions of air pollution.Air pollution : causes, effects and solutions of air pollution.
Air pollution : causes, effects and solutions of air pollution.
 
carbon cycle
 carbon cycle carbon cycle
carbon cycle
 
Ozone
OzoneOzone
Ozone
 
Pollution of air and water
Pollution of air and waterPollution of air and water
Pollution of air and water
 
The ozone layer
The ozone layerThe ozone layer
The ozone layer
 
The ozone layer & Its Importance
The ozone layer & Its ImportanceThe ozone layer & Its Importance
The ozone layer & Its Importance
 
Acid Rain (Environmental Science)
Acid Rain (Environmental Science)Acid Rain (Environmental Science)
Acid Rain (Environmental Science)
 
Air pollution
Air pollutionAir pollution
Air pollution
 
Environmental pollution
Environmental pollutionEnvironmental pollution
Environmental pollution
 
Types of pollution
Types of pollutionTypes of pollution
Types of pollution
 
Air pollution
Air pollutionAir pollution
Air pollution
 
Soil Pollution
Soil PollutionSoil Pollution
Soil Pollution
 
Pollution presentation4
Pollution presentation4Pollution presentation4
Pollution presentation4
 
Air pollution Causes, Effects & Controls
Air pollution Causes, Effects & ControlsAir pollution Causes, Effects & Controls
Air pollution Causes, Effects & Controls
 
Global environmental issues
Global environmental issuesGlobal environmental issues
Global environmental issues
 
air pollution
air pollutionair pollution
air pollution
 

Andere mochten auch

Vijay Balu Raskar-final-ssc-science-notes
Vijay Balu Raskar-final-ssc-science-notesVijay Balu Raskar-final-ssc-science-notes
Vijay Balu Raskar-final-ssc-science-notesVijay Raskar
 
How to Study SSC 10th - Science - Life cycle?
How to Study SSC 10th - Science - Life cycle?How to Study SSC 10th - Science - Life cycle?
How to Study SSC 10th - Science - Life cycle?Ednexa
 
S.S.C. Board Chapterwise Weightage For 2012-2013
S.S.C. Board Chapterwise Weightage For 2012-2013S.S.C. Board Chapterwise Weightage For 2012-2013
S.S.C. Board Chapterwise Weightage For 2012-2013Himanshu Jain
 
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SSC 10TH STANDARD
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SSC 10TH STANDARDSCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SSC 10TH STANDARD
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SSC 10TH STANDARDAMIN BUHARI
 
How to prepare for English - SSC 2014
How to prepare for English - SSC 2014  How to prepare for English - SSC 2014
How to prepare for English - SSC 2014 Ednexa
 
Pollution Abatement
Pollution AbatementPollution Abatement
Pollution Abatementdyeingworld
 
Std 10 - Electromagnetism
Std 10 - ElectromagnetismStd 10 - Electromagnetism
Std 10 - ElectromagnetismGurudatta Wagh
 
Monohybrid and dihybrid cross(1)
Monohybrid and dihybrid cross(1)Monohybrid and dihybrid cross(1)
Monohybrid and dihybrid cross(1)aii.nah18
 
CELLS- The basic unit of life
CELLS- The basic unit of lifeCELLS- The basic unit of life
CELLS- The basic unit of lifeGugu Msana
 
Cell structure and organisation
Cell structure and organisationCell structure and organisation
Cell structure and organisationTrina Wong
 
Principles of management
Principles of managementPrinciples of management
Principles of managementSahil Jindal
 
Biodiversity and its Conservation
Biodiversity and its ConservationBiodiversity and its Conservation
Biodiversity and its ConservationAkhil Kollipara
 

Andere mochten auch (17)

Vijay Balu Raskar-final-ssc-science-notes
Vijay Balu Raskar-final-ssc-science-notesVijay Balu Raskar-final-ssc-science-notes
Vijay Balu Raskar-final-ssc-science-notes
 
How to Study SSC 10th - Science - Life cycle?
How to Study SSC 10th - Science - Life cycle?How to Study SSC 10th - Science - Life cycle?
How to Study SSC 10th - Science - Life cycle?
 
S.S.C. Board Chapterwise Weightage For 2012-2013
S.S.C. Board Chapterwise Weightage For 2012-2013S.S.C. Board Chapterwise Weightage For 2012-2013
S.S.C. Board Chapterwise Weightage For 2012-2013
 
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SSC 10TH STANDARD
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SSC 10TH STANDARDSCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SSC 10TH STANDARD
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SSC 10TH STANDARD
 
How to prepare for English - SSC 2014
How to prepare for English - SSC 2014  How to prepare for English - SSC 2014
How to prepare for English - SSC 2014
 
08 inside the atom
08 inside the atom08 inside the atom
08 inside the atom
 
Counting matter
Counting matterCounting matter
Counting matter
 
Pollution Abatement
Pollution AbatementPollution Abatement
Pollution Abatement
 
Ppt ssc
Ppt sscPpt ssc
Ppt ssc
 
Std 10 - Electromagnetism
Std 10 - ElectromagnetismStd 10 - Electromagnetism
Std 10 - Electromagnetism
 
Solutions, suspensions, and colloids
Solutions, suspensions, and colloidsSolutions, suspensions, and colloids
Solutions, suspensions, and colloids
 
Monohybrid and dihybrid cross(1)
Monohybrid and dihybrid cross(1)Monohybrid and dihybrid cross(1)
Monohybrid and dihybrid cross(1)
 
CELLS- The basic unit of life
CELLS- The basic unit of lifeCELLS- The basic unit of life
CELLS- The basic unit of life
 
Highway to health
Highway to healthHighway to health
Highway to health
 
Cell structure and organisation
Cell structure and organisationCell structure and organisation
Cell structure and organisation
 
Principles of management
Principles of managementPrinciples of management
Principles of management
 
Biodiversity and its Conservation
Biodiversity and its ConservationBiodiversity and its Conservation
Biodiversity and its Conservation
 

Ähnlich wie Important Notes - 10th Science - Striving for Better Environment

causes , effect and control measures of pollution (air pollution)
causes , effect and control measures of pollution (air pollution)causes , effect and control measures of pollution (air pollution)
causes , effect and control measures of pollution (air pollution)VenkatasaiMalla
 
Air pollutionand its effects and causes
Air pollutionand its effects and causesAir pollutionand its effects and causes
Air pollutionand its effects and causesSRINIVASULU N V
 
Airpollution loyola-120207002134-phpapp02
Airpollution loyola-120207002134-phpapp02Airpollution loyola-120207002134-phpapp02
Airpollution loyola-120207002134-phpapp02Prashant Tanwar
 
Chapter no 4 environmental pollution
Chapter no 4 environmental pollutionChapter no 4 environmental pollution
Chapter no 4 environmental pollutionSunitaGaikwad9
 
SUSTAINABLE ENGINEERING- Module 2.pptx
SUSTAINABLE ENGINEERING- Module 2.pptxSUSTAINABLE ENGINEERING- Module 2.pptx
SUSTAINABLE ENGINEERING- Module 2.pptxAaliyaAzeem1
 
Source and effect of pollution brijesh p singh
Source and effect of pollution brijesh p singhSource and effect of pollution brijesh p singh
Source and effect of pollution brijesh p singhUNIVERSITY OF ALLAHABAD
 
Air and Noise Pollution.pdf
Air and Noise Pollution.pdfAir and Noise Pollution.pdf
Air and Noise Pollution.pdfEktaDebnath3
 
Man's impact on ecosystem
Man's impact on ecosystemMan's impact on ecosystem
Man's impact on ecosystemMusfirahKazim1
 
Environmental polluttion
Environmental polluttionEnvironmental polluttion
Environmental polluttionsurajkumarpadhy
 

Ähnlich wie Important Notes - 10th Science - Striving for Better Environment (20)

causes , effect and control measures of pollution (air pollution)
causes , effect and control measures of pollution (air pollution)causes , effect and control measures of pollution (air pollution)
causes , effect and control measures of pollution (air pollution)
 
Pollution_project.pdf
Pollution_project.pdfPollution_project.pdf
Pollution_project.pdf
 
POLLUTION
POLLUTIONPOLLUTION
POLLUTION
 
15 business i environment i society mba 2016
15 business i environment i society mba 201615 business i environment i society mba 2016
15 business i environment i society mba 2016
 
Air pollutionand its effects and causes
Air pollutionand its effects and causesAir pollutionand its effects and causes
Air pollutionand its effects and causes
 
Airpollution loyola-120207002134-phpapp02
Airpollution loyola-120207002134-phpapp02Airpollution loyola-120207002134-phpapp02
Airpollution loyola-120207002134-phpapp02
 
Chapter no 4 environmental pollution
Chapter no 4 environmental pollutionChapter no 4 environmental pollution
Chapter no 4 environmental pollution
 
Air Pollution
Air PollutionAir Pollution
Air Pollution
 
SUSTAINABLE ENGINEERING- Module 2.pptx
SUSTAINABLE ENGINEERING- Module 2.pptxSUSTAINABLE ENGINEERING- Module 2.pptx
SUSTAINABLE ENGINEERING- Module 2.pptx
 
Air pollution
Air pollutionAir pollution
Air pollution
 
Source and effect of pollution brijesh p singh
Source and effect of pollution brijesh p singhSource and effect of pollution brijesh p singh
Source and effect of pollution brijesh p singh
 
Air and Noise Pollution.pdf
Air and Noise Pollution.pdfAir and Noise Pollution.pdf
Air and Noise Pollution.pdf
 
Man's impact on ecosystem
Man's impact on ecosystemMan's impact on ecosystem
Man's impact on ecosystem
 
Air polution
Air polutionAir polution
Air polution
 
Environmental polluttion
Environmental polluttionEnvironmental polluttion
Environmental polluttion
 
Air Pollution Causes and Effects
Air Pollution Causes and Effects Air Pollution Causes and Effects
Air Pollution Causes and Effects
 
air pollution.pptx
air pollution.pptxair pollution.pptx
air pollution.pptx
 
2. Pollution
2. Pollution2. Pollution
2. Pollution
 
Air Pollution and Sulphur Dioxide
Air Pollution and Sulphur DioxideAir Pollution and Sulphur Dioxide
Air Pollution and Sulphur Dioxide
 
Industrial pollution
Industrial pollutionIndustrial pollution
Industrial pollution
 

Mehr von Ednexa

Recommendation letters
Recommendation lettersRecommendation letters
Recommendation lettersEdnexa
 
Physics Measurements Notes for JEE Main 2015
Physics Measurements Notes for JEE Main 2015 Physics Measurements Notes for JEE Main 2015
Physics Measurements Notes for JEE Main 2015 Ednexa
 
Important Points on Elasticity for JEE Main 2015
Important Points on Elasticity for JEE Main 2015 Important Points on Elasticity for JEE Main 2015
Important Points on Elasticity for JEE Main 2015 Ednexa
 
Important points on Gravitation for JEE Main 2015
Important points on Gravitation for JEE Main 2015Important points on Gravitation for JEE Main 2015
Important points on Gravitation for JEE Main 2015Ednexa
 
Current Electricity Notes for JEE Main 2015 - Part II
Current Electricity Notes for JEE Main 2015 - Part IICurrent Electricity Notes for JEE Main 2015 - Part II
Current Electricity Notes for JEE Main 2015 - Part IIEdnexa
 
Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids - JEE Main 2015
Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids - JEE Main 2015Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids - JEE Main 2015
Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids - JEE Main 2015Ednexa
 
Physics - Current Electricity Notes for JEE Main 2015
Physics - Current Electricity Notes for JEE Main 2015Physics - Current Electricity Notes for JEE Main 2015
Physics - Current Electricity Notes for JEE Main 2015Ednexa
 
Enhancement in Food Production Exercises - MH-CET 2015
Enhancement in Food Production Exercises - MH-CET 2015 Enhancement in Food Production Exercises - MH-CET 2015
Enhancement in Food Production Exercises - MH-CET 2015 Ednexa
 
Properties of Solids and Liquids Notes - JEE Main 2015
Properties of Solids and Liquids Notes - JEE Main 2015Properties of Solids and Liquids Notes - JEE Main 2015
Properties of Solids and Liquids Notes - JEE Main 2015Ednexa
 
12th Chemistry P-block elements Notes for JEE Main 2015
12th Chemistry P-block elements Notes for JEE Main 2015 12th Chemistry P-block elements Notes for JEE Main 2015
12th Chemistry P-block elements Notes for JEE Main 2015 Ednexa
 
Organisms and Environment Exercise - MH-CET 2015
Organisms and Environment Exercise - MH-CET 2015Organisms and Environment Exercise - MH-CET 2015
Organisms and Environment Exercise - MH-CET 2015Ednexa
 
Communication System Theory for JEE Main 2015
Communication System Theory for JEE Main 2015 Communication System Theory for JEE Main 2015
Communication System Theory for JEE Main 2015 Ednexa
 
Genetic Engineering and Genomics Notes - MH-CET 2015
Genetic Engineering and Genomics Notes - MH-CET 2015 Genetic Engineering and Genomics Notes - MH-CET 2015
Genetic Engineering and Genomics Notes - MH-CET 2015 Ednexa
 
Notes and Important Points on Circular Motion for JEE Main 2015
Notes and Important Points on Circular Motion for JEE Main 2015Notes and Important Points on Circular Motion for JEE Main 2015
Notes and Important Points on Circular Motion for JEE Main 2015Ednexa
 
Notes and Important Points on Electrochemistry - JEE Main 2015
Notes and Important Points on Electrochemistry - JEE Main 2015Notes and Important Points on Electrochemistry - JEE Main 2015
Notes and Important Points on Electrochemistry - JEE Main 2015Ednexa
 
Physics Sound and Waves for JEE Main 2015 - Part I
Physics Sound and Waves for JEE Main 2015 - Part IPhysics Sound and Waves for JEE Main 2015 - Part I
Physics Sound and Waves for JEE Main 2015 - Part IEdnexa
 
Notes and Important Points on Solid State - JEE Main 2015
Notes and Important Points on Solid State - JEE Main 2015 Notes and Important Points on Solid State - JEE Main 2015
Notes and Important Points on Solid State - JEE Main 2015 Ednexa
 
Study material 12th Physics - Wave Theory of Light Part II
 Study material 12th Physics - Wave Theory of Light Part II  Study material 12th Physics - Wave Theory of Light Part II
Study material 12th Physics - Wave Theory of Light Part II Ednexa
 
Physics in day to day life Notes for JEE Main 2015
Physics in day to day life Notes for JEE Main 2015 Physics in day to day life Notes for JEE Main 2015
Physics in day to day life Notes for JEE Main 2015 Ednexa
 
Summarized notes on Interference and Diffraction for JEE Main
Summarized notes on Interference and Diffraction for JEE MainSummarized notes on Interference and Diffraction for JEE Main
Summarized notes on Interference and Diffraction for JEE MainEdnexa
 

Mehr von Ednexa (20)

Recommendation letters
Recommendation lettersRecommendation letters
Recommendation letters
 
Physics Measurements Notes for JEE Main 2015
Physics Measurements Notes for JEE Main 2015 Physics Measurements Notes for JEE Main 2015
Physics Measurements Notes for JEE Main 2015
 
Important Points on Elasticity for JEE Main 2015
Important Points on Elasticity for JEE Main 2015 Important Points on Elasticity for JEE Main 2015
Important Points on Elasticity for JEE Main 2015
 
Important points on Gravitation for JEE Main 2015
Important points on Gravitation for JEE Main 2015Important points on Gravitation for JEE Main 2015
Important points on Gravitation for JEE Main 2015
 
Current Electricity Notes for JEE Main 2015 - Part II
Current Electricity Notes for JEE Main 2015 - Part IICurrent Electricity Notes for JEE Main 2015 - Part II
Current Electricity Notes for JEE Main 2015 - Part II
 
Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids - JEE Main 2015
Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids - JEE Main 2015Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids - JEE Main 2015
Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids - JEE Main 2015
 
Physics - Current Electricity Notes for JEE Main 2015
Physics - Current Electricity Notes for JEE Main 2015Physics - Current Electricity Notes for JEE Main 2015
Physics - Current Electricity Notes for JEE Main 2015
 
Enhancement in Food Production Exercises - MH-CET 2015
Enhancement in Food Production Exercises - MH-CET 2015 Enhancement in Food Production Exercises - MH-CET 2015
Enhancement in Food Production Exercises - MH-CET 2015
 
Properties of Solids and Liquids Notes - JEE Main 2015
Properties of Solids and Liquids Notes - JEE Main 2015Properties of Solids and Liquids Notes - JEE Main 2015
Properties of Solids and Liquids Notes - JEE Main 2015
 
12th Chemistry P-block elements Notes for JEE Main 2015
12th Chemistry P-block elements Notes for JEE Main 2015 12th Chemistry P-block elements Notes for JEE Main 2015
12th Chemistry P-block elements Notes for JEE Main 2015
 
Organisms and Environment Exercise - MH-CET 2015
Organisms and Environment Exercise - MH-CET 2015Organisms and Environment Exercise - MH-CET 2015
Organisms and Environment Exercise - MH-CET 2015
 
Communication System Theory for JEE Main 2015
Communication System Theory for JEE Main 2015 Communication System Theory for JEE Main 2015
Communication System Theory for JEE Main 2015
 
Genetic Engineering and Genomics Notes - MH-CET 2015
Genetic Engineering and Genomics Notes - MH-CET 2015 Genetic Engineering and Genomics Notes - MH-CET 2015
Genetic Engineering and Genomics Notes - MH-CET 2015
 
Notes and Important Points on Circular Motion for JEE Main 2015
Notes and Important Points on Circular Motion for JEE Main 2015Notes and Important Points on Circular Motion for JEE Main 2015
Notes and Important Points on Circular Motion for JEE Main 2015
 
Notes and Important Points on Electrochemistry - JEE Main 2015
Notes and Important Points on Electrochemistry - JEE Main 2015Notes and Important Points on Electrochemistry - JEE Main 2015
Notes and Important Points on Electrochemistry - JEE Main 2015
 
Physics Sound and Waves for JEE Main 2015 - Part I
Physics Sound and Waves for JEE Main 2015 - Part IPhysics Sound and Waves for JEE Main 2015 - Part I
Physics Sound and Waves for JEE Main 2015 - Part I
 
Notes and Important Points on Solid State - JEE Main 2015
Notes and Important Points on Solid State - JEE Main 2015 Notes and Important Points on Solid State - JEE Main 2015
Notes and Important Points on Solid State - JEE Main 2015
 
Study material 12th Physics - Wave Theory of Light Part II
 Study material 12th Physics - Wave Theory of Light Part II  Study material 12th Physics - Wave Theory of Light Part II
Study material 12th Physics - Wave Theory of Light Part II
 
Physics in day to day life Notes for JEE Main 2015
Physics in day to day life Notes for JEE Main 2015 Physics in day to day life Notes for JEE Main 2015
Physics in day to day life Notes for JEE Main 2015
 
Summarized notes on Interference and Diffraction for JEE Main
Summarized notes on Interference and Diffraction for JEE MainSummarized notes on Interference and Diffraction for JEE Main
Summarized notes on Interference and Diffraction for JEE Main
 

Kürzlich hochgeladen

How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 SalesHow to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 SalesCeline George
 
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdfDiploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdfMohonDas
 
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICEQuality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICESayali Powar
 
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17Celine George
 
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptxAUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptxiammrhaywood
 
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
 
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptxPatterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptxMYDA ANGELICA SUAN
 
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a ParagraphPresentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a ParagraphNetziValdelomar1
 
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationBenefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationMJDuyan
 
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptxClinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptxraviapr7
 
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptxmary850239
 
Philosophy of Education and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education  and Educational PhilosophyPhilosophy of Education  and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education and Educational PhilosophyShuvankar Madhu
 
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17Celine George
 
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdfP4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdfYu Kanazawa / Osaka University
 
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptxThe basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptxheathfieldcps1
 
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRADUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRATanmoy Mishra
 
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptxPractical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptxKatherine Villaluna
 

Kürzlich hochgeladen (20)

How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 SalesHow to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
 
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdfDiploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
 
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICEQuality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
 
Personal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdf
Personal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdfPersonal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdf
Personal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdf
 
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
 
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptxAUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
 
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17
 
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptxPatterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
 
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a ParagraphPresentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
 
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quizFinals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
 
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationBenefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
 
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptxClinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
 
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptx
 
Philosophy of Education and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education  and Educational PhilosophyPhilosophy of Education  and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education and Educational Philosophy
 
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
 
Prelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quiz
Prelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quizPrelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quiz
Prelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quiz
 
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdfP4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
 
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptxThe basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
 
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRADUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
 
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptxPractical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
 

Important Notes - 10th Science - Striving for Better Environment

  • 1. www.ednexa.com 9011041155 / 9011031155 Striving For Better Environment Part – I Pollution Pollution is contamination of natural environment that can harmfully affect the ecosystem. Pollutants Pollutants are the products which affect the normal functioning of ecosystem and have an adverse effect on plants, animals, and humans. For eg._ ∙ Carbon dioxide in air is useful for photosynthesis in plants but when it exceeds certain limit of concentration it becomes a pollutant. ∙ Loud music sometimes increases heartbeats, heart palpitation and headaches, dilation of pupils, etc. Types of pollution: Pollution takes place in three parts of environment that is air, water and soil. Thus there are 5 types of pollution. ∙ Air Pollution. ∙ Water Pollution. ∙ Soil or Land Pollution ∙ Noise Pollution. ∙ Radioactive Pollution. Air Pollution Modernization, industrialization has led to increase in air pollution. The major sources of air pollution are transportation engines, power and heat generators, industrial process and burning of soil waste. In rural areas burning of firewood, cowdung cake, agricultural residue, etc. cause air pollution. The earth itself contributes to air pollution through volcanic eruption, wildfire, sand and dust storms and other natural processes. 1
  • 2. www.ednexa.com 9011041155 / 9011031155 Air Pollutants Air pollutants are classified as follows: 1. According to origin: a. Primary Pollutants: The pollutants that are emitted directly from the sources and are found in the atmosphere in the form in which they were emitted are known as primary pollutants. E.g. Ash, smoke, dust, radioactive compounds, oxides of sulphur, carbon, nitrogen are primary pollutants. b. Secondary Pollutants: The pollutants that are formed in the atmosphere by chemical reactions between primary pollutants and atmospheric constituents are known as secondary pollutants. e.g. SO3, O3, Hydrogen cyanide, peroxyacetyl nitrate, ketones, etc. are secondary pollutants. 2. According to state of matter: a. Gaseous Air Pollutants: These pollutants exist in gaseous state at normal temperature and pressure. e.g: CO, CO2 and oxides of sulphur and nitrogen. b. Particulate Air Pollutants: These are non-gaseous substances. e.g. suspended droplets, solid particles and mixture of both. 3. According to sources: a. Natural Sources: These include volcanic eruption, sand and dust storm, forest fires etc. b. Man made Sources: These include human activities such as industries, factories, aircrafts, nuclear experiments, automobiles, agriculture and power plants. 2
  • 3. www.ednexa.com 9011041155 / 9011031155 Sources of Air Pollution: 1. Air Pollution Due To Transportation: Vehicles are major contributors to air pollution. More than 50% of total air pollution is caused by vehicles. 2. Air Pollution Due to Industry: Industries such as chemical, petrochemical, thermal power plants, foundries, cotton mills, paper mills cause most air pollution. The smoke coming out from the factories has small particles of dust, carbon, metals and other solids, liquids and radioactive materials from various sources which get mixed in smoke and pollute the air. SO2 is produced in various industrial processes. SO2 combines with oxygen and water to form sulphuric acid in the atmosphere. This acidic solution in atmosphere results in acid rains. 3. Air Pollution Due to Agriculture Open field burning is the main contributor to air pollution due to agriculture. Burning of rice straw emits gases like SO2, CH4, CO, Oxides of nitrogen and large amount of particulates. Pesticides used in agriculture sector emit many toxic chemicals. Industrial farms pollute air by emitting foul odour, air borne particles. Manure decomposition produces green house gases. 4. Air Pollution Due To various Types of Burning. Burning of coal, forest fires and fire crackers, municipal waste also contribute to air pollution. Fig. Fire Crackers 3
  • 4. www.ednexa.com 9011041155 / 9011031155 Effect of air pollution Air pollution is responsible for major health effects. The health of countless people is endangered by air pollution every year. Air pollutants affect human body depending on following factors. 1. Concentration of air pollutants. 2. Nature of the pollutants. 3. Time period of exposure. Effect on Human Beings Air pollution can affect our health in many ways with both short term and long term effects. Short term effects includes ∙ Irritation of eyes, nose, mouth and throat ∙ Respiratory infections such as bronchitis, pneumonia ∙ Headaches, nausea and allergy ∙ Asthma attacks ∙ Reduce lung functioning Long term effects include ∙ Chronic pulmonary disease. ∙ Cardio vascular disease ∙ Lung cancer ∙ Premature death. Effects on animals Air pollution also affects the breathing of animals. Acid rain creates serious problems for wide life Effect on plants ∙ Reduction in growth of various parts of plant ∙ Yellowing or chlorosis of the leaf. 4
  • 5. www.ednexa.com 9011041155 / 9011031155 Effect on Environment Air pollution can cause a variety of environmental effects. The increase in CO2 levels due to deforestation and fuel combustion, increase the atmospheric temperature of the earth. This results in the melting of glaciers and polar ice. If the pattern of rainfall changes, it will affect agricultural production. Acid Rain Acid rain is rain water containing harmful amounts of nitric and sulphuric acids. When fossil fuels such as coal, wood, petroleum are burnt, nitrogen oxides and sulphur oxides are released into the atmosphere. These oxides are soluble in water. During rain, these oxides react with large quantities of water vapours of atmosphere to form acids like sulphurous acid, sulphuric acid, nitric acid and nitrous acid. These acids mix with mist, rain water drops or snow and change its composition. The rain or snow that falls to the ground is Acid Rain. Fig. Acid Rain Effect of Acid Rain ∙ Acid rain increases acidity in the soil and water bodies which damages trees, and make water unsuitable for fish and wildlife. ∙ It corrodes buildings, status, sculptures, bridges, monuments, and fences, etc. that are part of our national assets. ∙ It adversely affects agriculture and crop lands. 5
  • 6. www.ednexa.com 9011041155 / 9011031155 Ozone layer depletion Stratosphere, the second layer of the atmosphere reaches 48 km above of the earth surface, and at the very top it contains ozone. Ozone layer absorbs the harmful UV rays from the sun and protects both plant and animal life on the planet. Ozone layer depletion Causes of ozone depletion Scientific evidence reveals that stratospheric ozone is being destroyed mainly by chlorine atoms of chloroflurocarbon (CFC) molecules. CFC’s were used as coolants in refrigerators, freezers and air conditioners in buildings and cars manufactured before 1995. It is also found in industrial solvents, dry cleaning agents and hospital sterilants, aerosols and foam. Once these CFC molecules are broken apart by UV light, it releases chlorine and bromine which further demolish ozone at an alarming rate. A hole has been observed in the ozone layer in the stratosphere near Antarctica. This hole allows the ultraviolet rays of the Sun to reach the earth directly. These UV rays cause skin cancer, cataract in human beings. Ozone depletion can affect animals and plants as well. 6
  • 7. www.ednexa.com 9011041155 / 9011031155 Green house effect Green house effect is a phenomenon. The impact of green house effect is Global warming and climate change. Our earth receives energy from the Sun. The earth surface absorbs the solar energy and releases it back to the atmosphere as infrared radiation, some of which goes right back into space. But some of the infrared radiation emitted by the earth is absorbed by CO2, CH4 water vapours in the atmosphere and sent back towards the earth surface as heat energy causing a warming known as Green House effect. The gases that contribute to the green house effect are called as green house gases. The warming due to greenhouse gases is expected to increase as humans add more green house gases to the atmosphere leading to global warming. Water Pollution When toxic substances enter lakes, streams, rivers, oceans and other water bodies, they get dissolved or lie suspended in water or get deposited on the bed. This results in the pollution of water whereby the quality of water deteriorates, affecting aquatic ecosystem. Water Pollutants There are three types of water pollutants. 1. Biological 2. Inorganic 3. Organic 1. Biological Water Pollutants Algae, Bacteria, Virus and Parasites are major biological impurities that make water harmful for human consumption. These biological impurities cause many diseases. 2. Inorganic Water Pollutants 7
  • 8. www.ednexa.com 9011041155 / 9011031155 Water contains some suspended particles which may consist of fine sand, clay, soil and precipitated salts and some dissolved particles such as rock and other compounds from the earth. Toxic metals like Arsenic, Cadmium, lead, Mercury, Silver are the most harmful pollutants. Traces of radioactive elements are found in water bodies. 3. Organic Water Pollutants Wastes from industries are the major organic pollutants. Sources of Water Pollution: Water pollution is caused by several sources, both natural and man-made. Natural Sources: Due to heavy rains, minerals from land get washed into river and then oceans. This leads to uncontrolled growth of water weeds. Similarly dead animals, animal waste, ashes and chemicals released due to forest fires, sulphur compounds released after an earthquake get washed into water sources due to rain. Man Made Sources: Manmade sources such as city sewage and industrial waste are the major source of water pollution. These are classified into: 1. Domestic sewage 2. Industrial wastes 3. Radioactive wastes 4. Agricultural runoff 5. Oil spills 6. Thermal pollution 1. Domestic Sewage: 8
  • 9. www.ednexa.com 9011041155 / 9011031155 Waste water originating from kitchen, bathrooms, toilet is domestic sewage. 2. Industrial Waste: Waste materials like acids, alkalis, toxic metals, oil, grease, dyes, pesticides and even radioactive material are poured in to the water bodies by many industrial units. The construction Industry discharges slurries such as gypsum, cements, abrasive, metals and poisonous solvents. 3. Radioactive Waste: Radioactive wastes are produced from industrial, medical, atomic power plants and scientific processes that use radioactive materials. 4. Agricultural Runoffs: The use of land for agricultural and the practices followed in cultivation greatly affect the quality of ground water. 5. Oil Spills: Accidental release of oil into a body of water as from a tanker, off shore drilling rig or underwater pipeline and wells often present a hazard to marine life and the environment. 6. Thermal Pollution: The thermal power plants and other industries located near the rivers and sea use water for cooling purposes. They release the recycled hot water into the water bodies leading to thermal pollution. This hot water increases the temperature of aquatic environment. 9
  • 10. www.ednexa.com 9011041155 / 9011031155 Effect of Water Pollution: 1. Effects on human beings: Polluted drinking water contains pathogenic and non – pathogenic organisms. The several water borne diseases like cholera, typhoid, diarrhoea, dysentery, hepatitis, polio and jaundice can be caused by the polluted water. 2. Effects on Aquatic life: Any physical or chemical change in aquatic systems due to pollutants brings changes in individual organisms. Eutrophication or Nutritional Enrichments The enrichment of water bodies by inorganic plant nutrients like nitrate, phosphate occurring either naturally or due to human activity is Eutrophicaton. The process of eutrophication takes place due to introduction of nutrients and chemicals through discharge of domestic sewage, industrial effluents and fertilizers from agricultural fields. Fig. Eutrophication 10
  • 11. www.ednexa.com 9011041155 / 9011031155 Soil Pollution Soil Pollution is mainly the result of penetration of harmful pesticides, insecticides and other chemicals. Fig. Soil Pollution Types of Soil Pollutants The different types of soil pollutants are, ∙ Pesticides ∙ Inorganic pollutants (e.g. Hg, As, Ni, Cd, Pb etc) ∙ Radioactive Elements ∙ Organic wastes (detergents, borates, agricultural wastes, crop residues, sewage effluents) ∙ Air borne contaminants like gaseous emissions from industrial areas burning fuels, smelting and mining. Sources of soil pollution: 1. Industrial Wastes: This waste is generated by industrial during manufacturing processes such as chemicals, paints, paper and pulp mills and foundry wastes. Thermal power plants generate a large quantity of fly ash. These wastes are sometimes dumped directly into the soil. 11
  • 12. www.ednexa.com 2. 9011041155 / 9011031155 Domestic Waste: Domestic wastes includes garbage, domestic refuse and discarded solid materials. 3. Chemical Fertilizers: The excessive use of chemical fertilizers creates pollution. 4. Biomedical Wastes: These include out dated medicines, cytotoxic drugs, soiled dressing body organs and tissues, disposable syringes, intravenous fluid bottles, gloves, needles, blades. 5. Pesticides: Effect of Soil Pollution: a. Sewage sludge contains many pathogenic bacteria, viruses and intestinal worms which cause various types of diseases. b. Human and animal excreta contains pathogens that contaminate soil and vegetable crops when used as manure. This leads to various diseases related to digestive system. c. Land and soil pollution is responsible for loss of fertility and productivity of soil. d. Soil pollution can lead to water pollution if toxic chemicals leach into ground water or contaminated run off reaches streams or lakes. e. Radioactive material and soil contaminants move away from the soil into crops, live stock and human bodies through food chains. Noise Pollution: Like other pollutants, noise is also a by-product of industrialization, urbanization and modern civilization, Sources of noise pollution: 1. Industrial: Include noise from various industries and big machines working at a very high speed and very high noise intensity. 12
  • 13. www.ednexa.com 2. 9011041155 / 9011031155 Non-industrial: Includes noise created by transport or vehicular traffic and neighbourhood noise generated by various house hold appliances The leading sources of nose pollution are: 1. Road traffic noise 2. Air craft noise 3. Rail roads 4. Construction noise 5. Noise in industries Effects of Noise Pollution: Effects of the noise pollution on human beings depend on noise intensity, frequency and exposure duration. There are three types of effects on man, 1. Auditory effects: Auditory fatigue, deafness 2. Non-auditory effects: Communication interference, sleep interference, concentration interference, ill temper, annoyance, violent behavior, mental disorientation, bickering and loss of working efficiency. 3. Physiological effects: Nausea, fatigue, anxiety, visual disturbances, insomnia, hypertension, cardio vascular disease. Radioactive Pollution: Due to human activity, high energy radioactive particles mix in air, water, and soil and pollute it. This is known as radioactive pollution. The sources for radioactive pollution are as follows: ∙ Nuclear power plants and nuclear fuel ∙ Nuclear weapons ∙ Mining ∙ Nuclear accidents ∙ Medical waste 13
  • 14. www.ednexa.com 9011041155 / 9011031155 Effects of Radioactive pollution: Radioactive pollution has destructive effects on the entire ecosystem. Polluted soil transfers radioactive substances to plants growing on it. This can affect plant DNA. Some plants die and others may develop weak seeds. Effect of radiations on human being is mild to severe depending upon the level and duration of exposure. When the human body is exposed to radiation, it reacts with biological molecules forming ions. These ions destroy cells, protein enzymes, nucleic acid. Damage caused by radiations may be transmitted to many generations. Abatement of Pollution: We take corrective actions to reduce the amount or intensity of the pollutions. The Government of India has laid down laws and guidelines for prevention, control and abatement of pollution. Some of the laws related to pollution control are: 1. Water (prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 2. Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 3. Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 Various Laws and Rules have been made for hazardous waste, biomedical waste, solid waste, prevention of Noise Pollution, etc. The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and Maharashtra Pollution Control Board (MPCB) are the government bodies who confirm these laws being followed by all the organizations like factories, industrial estates, municipalities, Zilla Parishads, Panchayat samities and Grampanchayats. In order to control air pollution from industry, following methods are adopted: 1. Dilution of source discharge by tall chimneys. 2. Source correction methods like changing raw material equipment modification, process modification. 3. Using effective pollution controlling equipments like dust collectors, electrostatic precipitators, wet scrubbers, etc. 14
  • 15. www.ednexa.com 9011041155 / 9011031155 Role of Citizens in Pollution Control: The concern about abatement of pollution is growing. Each one of us can contribute individually or through collective efforts to reduce pollution. 1. Plant trees and develop gardens, parks and open grounds in the locality. 2. Save fossil fuels and reduce pollution, minimize electricity consumption. 3. Use public transport instead of private vehicles. 4. Use nonconventional source of energy like solar, wind energy, tidal energy 5. Maintain vehicles in well tuned conditions. 6. Keep your home and public places clean. Keep our own locality free from pollution. 15