Presentation by Andreas Schleicher Tackling the School Absenteeism Crisis 30 ...
Intro. to Linguistics_9 Morphology
1. We assess
ourself
what
we feel
can we do,
while
others
assess us
what
we have
done
(Henry Wadzworth)
2. INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS
SESSION 9: MORPHOLOGY
Edi Brata
http://e-learning.edibrata.com
Mathla’ul Anwar University
3. MICRO-LINGUISTICS
Semantics
Syntax and
Pragmatics
Morphology
and
Lexicology
Phonology
Phonetics
4. WHAT IS MORPHOLOGY?
o The study of words and the rules for
word formation in a language.
o Traditionally, the term morphology
refers to the study of “morphemes”.
6. WHAT IS MORPHEME?
cat cat+s
chair chair+s
cook cook+ed
• Plurality indicated by adding +s to the singular noun.
• Past pasticiple indicated by adding +ed
10. WHAT IS MORPHEME?
help help
helped help+ed
helps help+s
helping help+ing
unhelpful un+help+ful
11. SO, WHAT IS MORPHEME?
o A morpheme is a piece of phonological
information that has a conventionalized meaning
arbitrarily associated with it.
o The smallest part of a word that carries meaning.
o …the smallest part of a word with independent
meaning.
12. The The
Phoneme
smallest smallest
significant significant
Morpheme
unit of unit of
speech grammar
13. MORPHEME
• one morpheme: taste
• two morphemes: taste+ful
• three morphemes: dis+taste+ful
• four morphemes: dis+taste+ful+ly
19. FREE AND BOUND MORPHEME
FREE MORPHEME:
• Morphemes that can occur as an independent
word.
• Free morphemes can occur on their own:
happy, change, select, green, house, …
20. FREE AND BOUND MORPHEME
BOUND MORPHEME:
• Morphemes that cannot stand alone, but must be
attached to other morphemes.
• Where they attach:
• Prefixation
• Suffixation
• What function they perform:
• Derivational
• Inflectional
21. o It changes the category and/or the type of meaning of
the word, so it is said to create a new word.
e.g. suffix –ment in government
o A derivational affix must combine with the base before
an inflectional affix.
e.g. neighbour (base) + hood (DA) + s (IA) = neighbourhoods
o The following combination is unacceptable:
neighbour (base) + s (IA) + hood (DA) = *neighbourshood
22. o It does not change either the grammatical category or the
type of meaning found in the word.
e.g. suffix –s in books
o An inflectional affix in more productive than a
derivational affix.
e.g. the inflectional suffix –s can combine with virtually any noun to
form a plural noun.
o On the other hand, the derivational suffix –ant can
combine only with Latinate bases.
23. Nouns
–s plural
–’s possessive
Verbs
–s third person singular present
–ed past tense
–en past participle
–ing progressive
Adjectives
–er comparative
–est superlative