1. Woolworth sit-in, Jackson, MS. May 28, 1963
"This was the most violently attacked sit-in during the 1960s and is
the most publicized. A huge mob gathered, with open police support while the three of
us sat there for three hours. I was attacked with fists, brass knuckles and the broken
portions of glass sugar containers, and was burned with cigarettes. I'm covered with blood
and we were all covered by salt, sugar, mustard, and various other things. Seated, left to
right, are myself, Joan Trumpauer (now Mulholland), and Anne Moody (Coming of Age in
Mississippi).
Other sit-ins — some in a split-off section and some briefly with our heavily targeted
part — were Memphis Norman (himself brutally struck and kicked unconscious),
Pearlena Lewis, Lois Chaffee, James Beard, George Raymond, and Walter Williams. )
The response by Jackson's Black community to the sit-in and its violence was
tremendously positive. The mass meeting that night was the biggest yet — despite the
hordes of hostile city and state police and sheriffs' forces surrounding the church: close to
a thousand people attended. Our initial picket demonstration on Capitol Street on
December 12, 1962, had launched the Jackson Boycott Movement, — and our Woolworth
Sit-In now transposed the Boycott Movement into the massive Jackson Movement."
STUDENT NON-Violent coordinating Committee formed, INSPIRED BY THE
GREENSBORO sit in, and organized much more…
Kurlansky: 38-40 interesting bit here on how the non-violent movement’s success
depended on the violence of those they were opposing since the media did not
report unless there was violence. Tells a story here about, when Martin L King
learned about a photographer who put down his camera to help someone being
beaten by the police, King told him “your role is to photograph what is happening
to us.”
FREEDOMSUMMER
That fall, the Council of Federated Organizations (COFO), an umbrella
organization of local and national civil rights groups founded in 1962, organized

2. the Freedom Vote. The Freedom Vote had two main goals:
1.To show Mississippi whites and the nation that blacks wanted to vote and
2.To give blacks, many of whom had never voted, practice in casting a ballot
The mock vote pitted the actual candidates against candidates from the
interracial Freedom Party. 60 white students from Yale and Stanford Universities
came to Mississippi to help spread word of the Freedom Vote. 93,000 voted on
the mock election day, and the Freedom Party candidates easily won. [45]
After the success of the Freedom Vote, SNCC decided to send volunteers into
Mississippi during the summer of 1964, a presidential election year, for a voter
registration drive. It became known as Freedom Summer. Bob Moses outlined
the goals of Freedom Summer to prospective volunteers at Stanford University:
1.to expand black voter registration in the state
2.to organize a legally constituted "Freedom Democratic Party" that would
challenge the whites-only Mississippi Democratic party
3.to establish "freedom schools" to teach reading and math to black children
4.to open community centers where indigent blacks could obtain legal and
medical assistance [46]
800 students gathered for a week-long orientation session at Western College for
Women in Oxford, Ohio, that June. They were mostly white and young, with an
average age of 21. They were also from well-to-do families, as the volunteers
had to bring $500 for bail as well as money for living expenses, medical bills, and
transportation home. SNCC's James Forman told them to be prepared for death.
"I may be killed. You may be killed. The whole staff may go." He also told them to
go quietly to jail if arrested, because "Mississippi is not the place to start
conducting constitutional law classes for the policemen, many of whom don't
have a fifth-grade education." [47]
"Freedom clinics" provided health care; Northern lawyers worked in legal clinics
to secure basic constitutional rights; "freedom schools," though illegal, taught
blacks of all ages traditional subjects as well as black history. [48]

3. Murder of three organizers. In the earch, the bodies of three lynched blacks were
found and locals noted that little media attn was paid to them.
FRANCE
Chap 12 France
He begins the story with a student confronting the minister of education on a
recent reports failure to deal with students’ sexual issues, by which he means co-
ed dorms. He is dismissed, but, Kurlansky argues, the students in France are
itching for a showdown as is happening elsewhere.
The protest of students at Nanterre University grew and eventually the Univ
president tried to shut them down by eventually shutting the university down. The
univ was in a suburb, and this pushed students to take the protest to the city. In
the city were peace talks btwn Vietnam and … Lots of media present. They went
to the Sorbonne, the police were brought in and the Sorbonne was closed for the
first time in its 700 year history (223) The recognized leader of the movement,
Dany Cohn-Bendit known as Dany the Red, said that most of the leaders never
met. “We met though television. Through seeing pictures of each other on
television. We were the first television generation. We did not have relationships
with each other, but we had a relationship with what our imagination produced
from seeing pictures of each other on television.” 224
230 May 13 all major trade unions call for a general strike and France is shut
down. De Gaulle leaves for a 4 day trip to Romania, claiming it is diplocatically
essential.
The workers were not interested in student issues. De Gaulle offered them a

4. 35% raise in pay, they took it, and abandoned the students. The movement
ended.