Lezione tenuta dalla dott.ssa Gabriella Chiellino, AD eAmbiente Srl, presso l'università di Yaoundè - Camerun.

1. Gabriella Chiellino eAmbiente Srl Carbon footprint and Ecological Footprint

3. CO 2 and Global warming Global climate change Increased concentration of CO 2 in the atmosphere since the revolution industry. The temperature rise It represents one of the most important indicators that we are living beyond the capacity of ecosystems to absorb disturbances. Decreased emissions An effort by the productive sectors to reduce emissions and the concentration of CO 2 in the atmosphere is vital to combat climate change in progress.

4. Consumption of resources Population is growing Since XX century population is growing quickly. Life style is changing In Europe and America expecially, people are living beyond the capacity of ecosystems to absorb disturbances. Resources are scarce To make goods we need to use resources that are not always renewable.

5. The differences CARBON FOOTPRINT Assessment throughout the life cycle of a product / process related to the impact category "global warming " (in terms of CO 2 eq.) ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT The ecological footprint is a statistical index used to measure request for human nature and its factories. It relates the human consumption of natural resources with the earth's capacity to regenerate them. WATER FOOTPRINT The WF is a geographically explicit indicator showing volumes of water consumption and pollution and the locations

6. First part: Carbon footprint CARBON FOOTPRINT FIRST PART

7. Applicable law Screening study Complete study under the rules UNI EN ISO 14040:2006 UNI EN ISO 14044:2006 EPD Environmental Product Declaration Time + internal resources for data retrieval Testing a possible third body on internal methodology Certification of a possible third body in accordance with standard Comunication Comunication / Ecodesign Comunication

9. What happended with CO 2 ? The whole life on earth is based on photosynthesis of chlorophyll: Reactions during which green plants produce organic substances -mainly carbohydrates -from carbon dioxide and water, in the presence of light. This series of chemical reactions within the anabolic processes (synthesis) of carbohydrates and is totally opposed to the reverse process of catabolisi (oxidation). Reaction of the molecules 6 CO 2 (carbon dioxide) + 6 H 2 O (Water) + light -> C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose) + 6 O 2 (Oxygen)

10. And then? The “food chain” or “net chain” (better) provides to feed animals and the uman:

11. Dynamic balance The CO 2 cycle on earth (but also water cycle, nitrogen cycle etc.) are in dynamic balance during the years. Only with other sources not renewable (fossils) this dynamic balance is altered with many pollution problems.

12. Carbon footprint: measure CF measures the impact that human activities have on the environment in terms of amount of greenhouse gases produced, measured in units of carbon dioxide (CO 2 equivalent). Production Activities kWh energy m3 water Materials / resources Administrative kWh energy m3 methane Transportation Km covered Waste Kg produced Processing tonnes of CO2 equivalent SimaPro 7.3.0. Analyst

14. Example of results The results are expressed as: Equivalent units CO 2 eq. kg SO 2 eq. kg CFC-11 eq. "Eco-points" Normalized equivalent units around them, with a percentage of the total European currency. Example with different kind of beverages bottles! Explanation of categories Decay of natural resources Ecosystem quality Human health

15. Reduce and compensate emissions The calculation of carbon footprint provides tons of CO2 equivalent produced in a year The Company may decide to reduce emissions with a reduction plans (technological improvements, logistics etc.). So they may decide to compensate (offset) for remaining emissions (in part or entirely) . Total CO 2 CO 2 reduced CO 2 offset A number of tonnes of CO 2

17. Our experience Calculation of CO2 equivalent Projections of the reduction with improvement initiatives Communication on the company website and 1.000.000 of paper carnet Withdrawal of claims and posting to register eCO2care Calculation of CO2 equivalent to 20 emitters

18. Second part: Ecological footprint First part: Carbon footprint ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT SECOND PART

19. Introduction It measures the area of biologically productive land and sea needed to regenerate the resources consumed by a human population. Using the ecological footprint, it is possible to estimate how many virtual "Planet Earth" is needed to support humanity if everybody lived according to a certain lifestyle.

20. First approach

21. In detail To calculate the ecological footprint of men’s consumption (goods,cereals, meat, fruits, vegetables, roots and tubers, legumes, etc.) you put in report the amount of each good consumed with a constant yield in kg / ha (kilograms per hectare). The result is a surface .

22. We have different behaviour

23. The situation: our world Density of world’s population Effective growth and forecast of world’s population

24. Why is it important? We need to do green choices Scenarios

25. Methodology Overview The 2010 National Footprint Accounts use over 5,000 data points for each country, each year, derived from internationally recognized sources to determine the area required to produce the biological resources a country uses and to absorb its wastes, and to compare this with the area available. Biocapacity is measured by calculating the amount of biologically productive land and sea area available to provide the resources a population consumes and to absorb its wastes, given current technology and management practices. Equivalence factors, and the specific land use types included in the Ecological Footprint: cropland, grazing land, fishing ground, forest land, carbon uptake land, and built-up land. DATA REPORT EQUIVALENCE FACTORS

26. Methodology Overview An example of methodology of calculation

27. Report Regarding some studies, even with modest projections for population growth, consumption and climate change, by 2030 humanity will need the capacity of two Earths to absorb carbon dioxide waste and keep up with natural resource consumption.

28. Standard’s path Global Footprint Network has released the Ecological Footprint Standards 2009 and has begun the 2012 Standards update process. The 2009 Standards build on the first set of internationally recognized Ecological Footprint Standards, released in 2006 , and include key updates – such as, for the first time, providing standards and guidelines for product and organizational Footprint assessments. Ecological footprint is still a young method

29. Problems Both the Carbon Footprint and the Ecological footprint must develop to comply on a global level, so that the results are actually comparable . The drafting of standards goes in this direction, although it is also necessary to standardize the methodology of data collection, processing not only of themselves.

30. Future Environmental problems need to be measured and possibly solved with effective methods. Carbon footprint and Ecological footprint, using their indicators can direct us to take effective action to minimize impacts and changing lifestyles, and industrial production.

31. Second part: Ecological footprint First part: Carbon footprint WATER FOOTPRINT THIRD PART

33. Water Footprint

37. Water Footprint - Nation

38. Water Footprint Rappresentation of virtual water balance per country and direction of gross virtual water flows related to trade in agricultural and industrial products over the period 1996-2005. Only the biggest water savings (> 5 Gm3/yr) are shown.

39. Water Footprint Rappresentation of global water savings associated with international trade in agricultural products (1996-2005). Only the biggest water savings (> 5 Gm3/yr) are shown.

41. Water Footprint

44. WF Assessment In general, the approach is based on: And the assessment…

55. WF reduction and offsetting

56. Ultimate perspective Agricolture Industry Green WF Decrease greenwater footprint (m3/ton) by increasing green water productivity (ton/me) in both rain - fed and irrigated agricolture. Increase total production from rain - fed agricolture Not relevant Blue WF Decrease blue water footprint (m3/ton) by increasing blue water productivity (ton/m3) in irrigated agricolture. Decrease ratio blue/green water footprint. Decrease global blue water footprint (e.g. by 50%) Zero blue water footprint: no losses trough evaporation - full recycling - only blue water footprint related to the incorporation of water into a product cannot be avoided Grey WF Reduced use of artificial fertilisers and pesticides; more effective application. Grey water footprint can go to zero through organic farming Zero grey water footprint no pollution - full recycling, recapturing heat from heated effluents and treatment of remaining return flows

62. Initiatives

63. www.eambiente.it