3. ⢠Neonatal surgical emergencies are common
in developing countries.
â High birth rate
â Consanguinity
â Infections during pregnancy
â Multiple pregnancies
â malnutrition
4. Some terminologies:
⢠Fetus: intrauterine period
⢠Newborn: upto 12 hrs after birth
⢠Neonate: upto 30 days after birth
⢠Infant: first 12 months of age.
⢠Gestational age:time from conception to
birth
⢠Post-natal age:time from birth to present time
⢠Post-conceptual age:from conception to present
age (G.A+post natal age)
5. CNS
⢠Gets 1/3rd of CO
⢠Autoregulation present, but not effective
⢠Myelination incomplete, senses are active
⢠Can feel pain , can smell & hear
⢠Blood â brain barrier
â Immature,hydrophilic & lipophilic cross the barrier
â Autonomic regulation good
â Parasympathetic domination
â Less number of receptors & variant protein binding
6. CNSâŚ..
⢠InterVentricular hemorrhage:
â Surgical stimulation,
â inadequate analgesia,
â Airway instrumentation,
â Excessive transfusion,
prematures are more prone,
stressed neonate lacks autoregulation,
Fluctuations in CPP
7. CVS
⢠Heart contractile mass 30%,
⢠Ventricles less compliant,
⢠CO 350- 400ml/kg/mt.
⢠CO depends on heart rate & SV
⢠O2 consumption is 7 ml/kg/mt.
⢠Bradycardia is due to hypoxia, low CO,
vagal stimulation in anesthesia
8. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
⢠Baroreceptors are immature & sensitive to
anesthetics
⢠Sympathectomy due to spinal or epidural-
no fall in B.P.(as sympathetic system is
immature).
⢠Fall of BP & HR due to sympathetic
blockade is offset by inhibition or
withdrawal of cardiac vagal activity.
9. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
⢠Neonate has a large head, small weak
neck,obligate nose breather, large tongue,
U-shaped epiglottis,
funnel shaped larynx,
Subglottic portion is the narrowest
larynx is anterior & cephalad
cricoid is complete ring,
tracheal length is 2-5 cms.
10. ⢠Respiratory centre is immature & sensitive to
depressant drugs
⢠More in prematures, apnoeic episodes are
common
⢠Lung volumes
â Tidal volume is small, 6 ml/kg 15 ml/kg
â O2 consumption is 7-9 ml/kg
â Resp.rate & alveolar vent. 2-3 times adult.
â FRC/VA ratio in neonates is 0.23,
â Changes in FiO2 causes rapid changes in oxygenation,
â MV/FRC is 5:1
â Less number of underdeveloped alveoli, surfactant less
â Ventilation is better controlled in infants < 3/12 of age
11. BLOOD
⢠Hb 18-19 gm/dl.
⢠PCV 60%
⢠Fetal Hb 70-90%
⢠ODC shifted to left
⢠Blood volume 80 ml/kg
⢠Cardiac index ,i.e CO/BSA is more
13. Metabolism & Thermal
Homeostasis
⢠O2 consumption is 7 ml/kg/mt â 7th day
⢠Temperature control is the most imp.
Consideration in pediatric anesthesia
⢠Metabolism drives MV & CO by increasing rate.
⢠Resting energy requirements is double that of
older child.
⢠Glucose is primay substrate for heart & brain
14. Metabolism & Thermal HomeostasisâŚâŚ
⢠Neonate has core temp. of 370C
â Increasing metabolic demands,
â Decreased stored carbohydrates,
â Decreased liver function,
â Increasing tendency to hypoglycemia
â Heat production by non shivering mech.
16. Fluid & Electrolyte Balance
⢠Initial fluid replacement must be low
⢠Overhydration can cause pulmonary edema
⢠Neonate requires Na: 2-3 meq/kg/day
⢠K : 2-3meq/kg/day
⢠Hypocalcemia is common in premature, sick &
acidotic
⢠Daily maintenance of Ca 500mg/kg/day
⢠Hypoglycemia is common in prematures
< 20mgs/dl
17. PAC & OPTIMISATION
⢠Keep in mind
â Neonatal problems
â Surgical problems
â Associated congenital problems
⢠Maintain
â Clear airway
â O2 therapy to achieve PaO2 of 50-70mm.Hg
â Stomach decompression
â Keep the baby warm at 370 C.
â I.V.line
â Correct acidosis if pH is < 7.3 with soda bicarb.
1-2meq/kg, slow infusion over 10-30 mts.
18. PAC & OPTIMISATIONâŚ..
â Ventilate if PaCO2 is > 50mm.Hg.
â Correct dehydration ( crystalloids),
⢠Insensible loss
⢠GI losses
⢠Others
â Correct hypovolemia ( colloids)
⢠Albumin, plasma, RBC, & whole blood if
necessary.
â Arterial line in critically ill patients.
19. MONITORING
⢠Precordial stethoscope or esophageal steth.
⢠ECG lead II
⢠BP cuff, oscillometer, arterial cath
⢠CVP â int.jugular, cubital vein
⢠Temp., thermister probe â
rectal,esophageal
or nasopharyngeal
20. MONITORINGâŚ..
⢠Ventilation
â Airway pr.monitoring,
â O2 analyser
â Mass spectrography
â Infra red capnograph
⢠Blood gases-
â SPO2, ETCO2, blood glucose & electrolytes
21. MONITORINGâŚ..
⢠Blood loss
â Small vol.suction traps,
â Swab weighing,
â Serial Hct estimation
⢠Urine volume
â Urinary catheter & collecting bag
⢠Above all, trained anesthesiologists eyes , hands &
ears are indispensible.
22. ANESTHESIA
⢠Major decision is whether or not the neonate needs
post-op ventilation & resuscitation.
⢠If post-op ventilation is needed, anesthesia
technique is of little importance, any tech. which
maintains BP & oxygenation is acceptable.
⢠If extubation is planned, anesthesia tech. is very
crucial.
⢠GA + Regional tech. with epidural Bupivacaine
0.25 %, 1 ml./kg with adrenaline is good.
23. ANESTHESIAâŚ.
⢠Regional block reduces doses of muscle relaxants,
narcotics & recovery will be good.
⢠Post-op pain relief can be planned
⢠All new borns must be intubated unless it is a
very minor procedure
⢠Consider them always âfull stomachâ
⢠Rapid sequence induction- no need of priming
with NDMR before DM. No fasciculations, no rise
of pressure with DMR.
24. INDUCTION
⢠It is to eliminate stress,
⢠CVS stability,
⢠To secure airway & ventilation,
⢠To prevent aspiration.
⢠Gastric pH at birth is 6.0; after 6 hrs. it is
2.5
25. INTUBATION
⢠It can be awake, or anesthetised.
⢠Indications for awake intubation:
â Very sick patients
â Anesthesiologist inexperienced in pediatric
anesthesia
â H/o apnoea or respiratory distress,
â Full stomach.
26. INTUBATIONâŚ..
⢠Complications of awake intubation:
â Arterial hypertension,
â IVH
â Apnoea,
â Obstruction to breathing,
â Desaturation & bradycardia
⢠Deep inhalational induction & 2% xylocaine spray
followed by intubation
⢠Intubation after paralysing with SUXA 2mg/kg
(controversial) , or NMDR & cricoid pressure.
27. INTUBATIONâŚ..
⢠Preoxygenation for 2 mts.is a must,
uncuffed ET , 20-40 cm/H2O pressure, no
pillow under the head & head extended.
⢠MAINTENANCE:
⢠Good oxygenation, prevention of stress due to pain
by short acting narcotics, intermittent inhalational &
muscle relaxants.
28. MaintenanceâŚ
â Intra â op fluid therapy:
⢠0.2 % saline with 5% dextrose closely resembles the
obligatory fluid of neonate
⢠4 ml/kg/hr. ( hyponatremia if given more)
⢠Better to use 0.45 % saline c 5% Dx.
⢠RL for 3rd space losses
⢠More 5% Dx causes hyperglycemia which leads to IVH due to
diuresis, cell dehydration & severe hyperosmolality.
⢠5% Dx should not exceed 15-20ml/kg
⢠Serial estimation of glucose is necessary.
29. MaintenanceâŚ
⢠3rd space losses in NEC, Omphalocele &
gastroschisis can exceed patients blood volume.
⢠CDH , congenital heart patients may not tolerate
larger vol.
⢠Interstitial edema develops
⢠Serial estimation of Hct , proteins , osmolality ,
electrolytes & urine output help in accurate
replacement of fluids.
⢠Neonate can tolerate 10% of blood loss
⢠Transfusion reactions like coagulation defects,
temp. changes, metabolic problems occur early in
neonates
30. RECOVERY
⢠Recovery is quick ,
⢠Extubation without good recovery causes
laryngeal spasm,
⢠Rx with IPPV , head extension , mandible thrust.
⢠If desaturation occurs ( < 85% ) IV suxa &
intubation.
⢠Donât wait for cyanosis & bradycardia!
⢠Strong inspiratory efforts c obstruction causes pul.
edema,
⢠NMJ block must be reversed fully until active
movements of all 4 limbs occur
⢠Temp. must be > 35 0 C before reversal.
31. POST-OP PERIOD
⢠Most vulnerable period ,
hypoxia ,
laryngospasm &
cardiac arrest are common.
⢠Respiratory depression: Due to
â Apnoea
⢠Prematurity , narcotics , anesthetics , incomplete reversal ,
hypothermia , concomitant antibiotics &
hypermagnesemia â(PIH)
apnoea is more common below 41 weeks of PCA
upto 4th mth.
32. POST-OP PERIODâŚ
Hypoxemia due to
â Hypothermia , sepsis & acidosis.
⢠Rx:
FiO2 for 1st 24 hrs., monitor SaO2
⢠In conditions c reduced FRC like peritonitis,
int.obstruction, massive transfusions, correction of
omphalocele & gastroschisis-
minimum of CPAP should be provided
33. POST-OP PERIODâŚ
⢠Pre-op lung problems like RDS , pulmonary
dysplasia needs active ventilation.
⢠NMJ transmission impairment
⢠Hypotension may be due to hypovolemia or
residual inhalational agents
⢠Metabolic complications: hypocalcemia,
hypo & hyperglycemia.