This document discusses using concept maps to improve technical writing skills for computer science majors. It presents research on using different types of concept maps (concept, composition, decision, attribute) to represent various elements of technical documents, including definitions, structures, functions, procedures, and domain-specific sentences. A study was conducted with 22 participants to evaluate their ability to comprehend concept map types and apply them to represent tasks, documents, and technical content. The results provide recommendations for how concept maps can be better integrated into technical writing courses.

1. Concept-Map Oriented Technical Writing
Approach for Comp. Sc Majors in an EFL
Context: Understanding Text Applications
Debopriyo Roy
Univ. of Aizu, Japan
IPCC 2010 - Enschede, Netherlands
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2. What is a Concept Map?
• Concept maps are a graphical two-
dimensional display of concepts,
connected by directed arcs encoding brief
relationships between pairs of concepts forming
propositions. It is a form of graphic organizer.
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3. Concept Maps in Computer Science
Concept maps in CS often emphasize modeling of concepts and procedures for documentation purposes.
Modeling concept and procedures with concept maps for procedures (declarative, structural,
functional, logical, conditional connections)
Brainstorming: Where known concepts and relationships are suggested by individuals for conforming a
meaningful workgroup knowledge structure.
Decision making: Where current variables are identified on existent knowledge structures, leading to logical
•
inferences that, ultimately, will help for decision making.
Information navigation: Where concept maps are used as hypermedia organizers. In this case, information
can be encapsulated on different levels of abstraction for easy comprehension, while allowing expansion to
reveal details when required.
Presentation planning: Where concept maps are used as tools for outlining presentations' content in a
non-linear manner. This technique allows a quick interpretation of related material and their relationship
with the subject of the presentation.
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4. Variety of Concept Maps
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5. Major Research Question
• Conceptual: Whether students can comprehend the concept behind the specific CM types?
• Application in Documents: Whether students can understand the possible application of
the CM types in various documents?
• Application with Technical Sentences: Whether readers can identify technical sentences
and headings, and major questions that can be represented as CM?
• Practice Effect: Whether student performance improves as they move on from one CM to
another.
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6. Survey Design
• This study tested 22 participants in the age group of 20-23 from a technical thesis writing
class.
• Sections of the survey: The survey had 4 major sections. Before the questions are asked,
students see a visual representation of the ladder types and an explanation as to how it is to
be used for information schematization and visualization.
Task-specific Task+Document Technical Sentences
Concept Map
Accuracy Accuracy Accuracy Option Type
Type Confidence Confidence Confidence
- 5 Options - 5 Options - 5 Options
2 2 3 Correct
Concept
3 3 2 More Correct
Composition
Decision
Attribute
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7. Test Instruments
• Task specific: As part of the task-specific sentences, readers were given an overall idea of what
the task is, for e.g., to explain definitions in your thesis. The students are provided with options
like “different chapters and types of information in the thesis”, “explaining structures and
functions of computer, digital camera, different ways to assemble” etc.
• Task + Document: As part of this task, the focus was both on the specific task and the type of
document where it is to be shown. For example, options used were “pages in user manual,
laboratory reports showing definitions, structures, functions, procedures”,
“recommendations made in reports”, “reporting degree of anxiety, stress in
specific types of documents” etc.
• Domain-specific Sentences: The students were provided with examples of sentences that strictly
deal with processes in the area of Computer Science or general science and in few cases, more
general sentences. Ex: The iPod retrieves the file or the playlist.
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8. Results - 1
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9. Results -2
• Re
1. Report defining different important terms
2. Report describing the functionalities of a printer
3. Report describing the amount of stress under different conditions
4. Report categorizing the degree of expense with buying a car
5. Report describing the levels of anxiety
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10. Results - 3
1. Explaining functions of a computer
2. Explaining how to write a technical paper
3. Explaining parts of a computer
4. Explaining the structure of a digital camera
5. Explaining functions of a digital camera
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11. Results-4
1. To explain procedures in your thesis
2. To explain definitions in your thesis
3. Word choice in the abstract of your thesis
4. Ways to write the introduction section in your thesis
5. To make a choice about the type of approach in organizing the thesis
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12. Results -5
1. Report defining different important terms
2. Report describing the functionalities of a printer
3. Report describing the different parts of a computer
4. Report describing the nature of problem when assembling a toy car
5. Report describing degree of inconvenience when submitting an online form
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13. Result-6
Correlation between self-reports of readers’ ability to understand specific ladder types and their actual ability
to understand the nature of applications with those specific ladder types
Pearson Correlation = -.321
Sig. (2-tailed) = .679
N = 16
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14. Results - 7
Task Example with More Correct Options: (4 similar options for each category)
Concept Map: To explain procedures in a technical article.
Composition Map: To explain the structure of a computer
Decision Ladder: Describing the different ways to assemble a computer.
Attribute Ladder: Describing the relative costs involved in buying the same computer from different stores.
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15. Results -8
Task+Document Example with More Correct Option: (5 similar options for each category)
Concept Map: Pages in User Manual that explains definitions of components
Composition Map: Pages in user manual that writes about the different parts of a computer
Decision Ladder: Recommendation Report explaining cost-benefit analysis for choosing laser printers for computer lab.
Attribute Ladder: A White Paper describing the degree of force needed to drive a machine.
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16. Results-9
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17. Results-10
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18. Few Recommendations
• Explain the scope of a document or a document section, when introducing the ways a specific CM type can
be used. (declarative, procedural, conditional etc)
• Teachers in a technical writing course should clearly identify the structural, functional, logical and
conditional use of the CM types.
• Ask students to read genre-specific text in different kinds of documents and let them dissect
the text in terms of various CM types in open-ended vs. guided ways.
• Assignments might be divided into production, reception and reflection orientations.
• - Production = Designing a user manual and use CM for brainstorming and information representation.
• - Reception = Analyzing an existing user manual using concept map types
• - Reflection = Explain how readers process text and graphical information, how they conceptually
categorize/relate and structure information components.
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19. Future Work - 1
Application
Text Type Task + Document Task-specific Domain-specific
Reference
Declarative
Structural Implied Reference
Functional
Obvious Reference
Logical
Conditional
1st Stage: Participants will be asked to read single paragraphs with all 3 types of text-genre specific
applications combined (task + task/doc + domain-specific) with all 5 text types (declarative +
structural....). Then extract and represent the information with specific types of concept maps (concept,
composition, decision, procedural, attribute). (Total analysis score)
2nd Stage: Participants will be asked to separately identify each application (structural, logical etc) with
implied and obvious reference in text. (Each factor analysis)
3rd Stage: Multiple regression and factor analysis will be conducted to identify factor loadings.
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20. Future Work - 2
• 1. Brainstorming
• 1.a. Adding a new branch
• 1.b. Changing the order and level of
nodes
• 1.c. Notes
• 1.d. Attachments
• 1.e. Relating one branch to another
• 1.f. Free text or images in map
• 2. Changing the layout of a map
• 3. Outline View
Mind Genius - Examples for Web Layout & Organizational Chart • 4. Importing and exporting map
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21. Future Work - 3
Text-Genre Structural Functional Declarative Conditional
Task-specific
Text+Document
Genre-specific
IHMC / Tinderbox / Idea Tree
Inserting Notes / Relating one branch to
Adding a new branch Changing Nodes
Attachments another
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22. Future Work 4 - Finance and CM
REPRESENT THE FOLLOWING IN CONCEPT MAPS
1. Text clues provided in the graphic
2. Write two possible outcomes showing relation between price and real GDP
3. Explain the declarative relations - definitions of the curves
4. Explain the structural relations - how price is related to Real GDP, How
price is represented vis-a-vis LRAS, How price is represented vis-a-vis SRAS
etc.
5. Explain the functional relations - how average demand changes, how average
supply changes with change in external conditions, etc.
6. Explain the logical relations - factors that causes a change in SRAS, AD
curves, reasons for inward and outward shift, external conditions that prompt
a shift, why LRAS is horizontal?
7. Explain the conditional relations - Explain in a concept map as to how an
increase in investment might lead to inflationary expansion. Show the logic
with nodes and connections.
8. Explain the sequential relation - Represent the sequence of events in a
concept map, starting from what happens once there is an increase in
investment.
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23. Thank You !
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