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Fundamentals of Demographyby Dr MohdZulkifleHOD Dept of TSTNIUM, Bangalore,[object Object]
Demography- deals with study of population in a given area during a given year with reference to size, composition, behavior and distribution.,[object Object],Size- Total no. of persons obtain by census,[object Object],Composition- Stratification of population- Age, sex, literacy, occupation, income, religion,[object Object],Behavior- Population growth over a period & decade,[object Object],Distribution- Population density, R-U ratio, topographic location,[object Object]
Population dynamic- Study of processes that influence the characteristic of population marriage, births, deaths, migration, social mobilization,[object Object],Population statistics- In statistical study of all components of population and their related factors, study of vital events in vital statistics,[object Object]
Demographic cycle ( stages): Better word in stages, no country ever enter first stage after final. Occurrence of changes in growth of population in various stages. Theory of demographic transition. There are five stages,[object Object],High stationary,[object Object],Early expanding,[object Object],Late expanding,[object Object],Low stationary,[object Object],Stage of decline,[object Object]
Census- Collection, compilation, publication of social, economic and demographic data of all individuals of a country during a particular time.,[object Object],Since census is difficult, massive and stupendous task so carried out once in 10 years. First census in India was conducted on 01.03.1981,[object Object],Defacto system- upto 1931,[object Object],De- yure system- since 1941,[object Object],Deaths and births upto 1st march are included,[object Object],Census commisssioner is incharge of whole processes,[object Object]
Limitations of census,[object Object],Infants are generally under enumerated,[object Object],Exact age cant be known,[object Object],Old persons increase their oldness,[object Object],Information about handicapped is incomplete,[object Object],Information about work status is distorted,[object Object]
Uses of census-,[object Object],Provides social, economic and demographic data of country,[object Object],Provides information on composition,[object Object],Help to estimate mid year population,[object Object],Help to assess the trend of population,[object Object],Help to formulate population policies,[object Object],Help to plan health and welfare measures,[object Object],Help in international comparision,[object Object],Help to formulated social security measures- insurance,[object Object],Help to assess to evaluate population control programme,[object Object],Help to know quality of life,[object Object]
Population trend in India-,[object Object],In first census population was 20 crores, in 1901 it was 23 crores and almost stationary between 1911-1921 at 24-25 crores. After 1921 there was sudden increase so thri year 1921 called year of big divide.,[object Object],Age and sex composition- represented in population pyramid. Male on right and female on left side by horizontal bar. This help in calculation Age- sex specific death rate and age specific sex ratio as well as standardization of death rate.,[object Object]
Literacy level- Ability to read and write. Lowest in Bihar 49%. Literacy is most crucial in etermining progress and development of country.,[object Object],Dependency ratio: ratio between adult of economically productive age and dependent i.e. children below 15 and older above 65 years. It is expressed as per 100 adults. It was 65.5 in 1996.,[object Object],Occupation- professional, managerial, clercial, skilled, semiskilled, unskilled, unemployed.,[object Object],Socioeconomic status- Different workers have given the status considering c.p1 and percapita income. B.G Parsad, Kuppuswami, Pareek classification are in use.,[object Object],Nearly 40 % population are BPL.,[object Object]
Housing-  Assessed as good, satisfactory and poor by scoring method based on construction light, ventilation, overcrowding, drainage, source of water, sanitary latrine, breeding,[object Object],Places and live stock. Indraayasyojna working forwards betterment of housing of poor,[object Object],Marital status- Known to implement welfare programmes, married, unmarried, divorce, widow, widower,[object Object],Religion related and language spoken related data are also collected in census,[object Object]
Life expectancy: Average no. of years a person is expected to live according to existing mortality pattern. Expressed as Leo and LE1, max in Japan 80 years, least in Nepal 58 years.,[object Object],Family size- Total no. of children a women has borne at a given point of time. It depends upon age of marriage, duration of married life, literacy rate, availabity of F.W services and preference for male child, least in Japan 1.4, max nepal 4.7. India 3.1,[object Object]
Disribution: Urban, rural, tribal, slum and density /sqkm. Living together may be concentration as in cities or centralization, segregation- same cultural habit. Growth rate and migration determine the density. It is 324/sqkm.,[object Object],Urbanization: Community population more than 5000, at least 75% male working nonagricultural work and density is 400/sqkm. Birthrate and migration determine the size of urban population. Factors are employments, education, facilities, health, transport.,[object Object],1901 U:R= 11:89, 2001 31:69,[object Object],Population more than 10 million make megacity- Delhi, mumbai, kolkatta,[object Object]
Population dynamics- Study of factors responsible for change in population characters. Marriage, birth, death, migration and social mobilization.,[object Object],Marriage- Legally and socially accepted way of entertaining the right of procreation. M.rate is no. of marriage during a given year/1000 MYP. G.M.R- marriage of marriageable/ 1000MYP,[object Object],Fertality- Actual bearing of children and fecundity- capacity to bear children. Factors for fertility- age of marriage, duration, literacy, spacing,economic status, religion, nutritional status, family welfare services.,[object Object]
Measurement of fertility,[object Object],Crude birth rate and general fertility rate,[object Object],General marital fertilty rate (GMFR),[object Object],Age specific fertility rate (ASFR),[object Object],Age specific marital fertility rate (ASMFR),[object Object],Total fertility rate (TFR),[object Object],Total marital fertility rate (TMFR),[object Object],Gros reproductive rate (GRR),[object Object],Net reproduction rate (NRR),[object Object],Child woman ratio CPR or failure rate of contraception,[object Object],Abortion rate,[object Object],Abortion ratio to live birth,[object Object]
Crude death rate and infant mortality rates are important demographically,[object Object],To obtain precise mortality data death certificate is important document. It issued as per internation std.,[object Object],D.C. provides information about Direct causes of death- Immediate, antecedent and contributory and duration between onset of cause and death e.g M1-HT-obesity, PE- fracture of femur,epilepsy, shock- dehydration due to diarrhoea-malnutrition,[object Object],IMR and BR are closely related,[object Object]
Migration- Movement of population from regular areaof residence into another territorial area temporarily or permanently- immigration and emmigration. Netmigration is equal to immi-emmi.,[object Object]
Population explosion: ,[object Object],Depend upon difference between CBR and CDR ( demographic gap in graph) and migration.,[object Object],Till the country resources are sufficient to support the population basic need. It is growth,[object Object],When natural resources fail to support the basic need of population- explosion,[object Object],Present P.G.R is 9.2 crores/ year 37 children second,[object Object],As growth rate increases, doubling time becomes shortes,[object Object],Explosion results from high BR and low DR,[object Object]
Causes of High B.rate,[object Object],Early onset of puberty and early marriage- too early, too many, too frequent pregnancies,[object Object],Universality of marriage,[object Object],Higher proportion of adult,[object Object],Social and cultural factor,[object Object]
Causes of Low death rate,[object Object],Decreased frequency of natural calamities,[object Object],Advancement in medical science,[object Object],Health awareness,[object Object],Availability of better health services,[object Object],Launch of various national programmes,[object Object],Internation aid,[object Object]
Hazard of population explosion:,[object Object],Housing problem,[object Object],Environmental problem,[object Object],Vector problem,[object Object],Alcohlism,[object Object],Broken home,[object Object],Corruption,[object Object],Divorce,[object Object],Drug abuse,[object Object],Gambling,[object Object],Theft,[object Object],Murder and sexcrimes,[object Object],Behavioural disorder ,[object Object],Mental illness,[object Object],Anxiety, tension. Worry,[object Object],Malnutrition,[object Object],Infections,[object Object],STDs,[object Object],Accidents,[object Object],Epidemics,[object Object],Hypertension,[object Object],Diabetes,[object Object]
Population stabilization:,[object Object],	Can be achieved by equalizing death and birth rate. Population cant be reduced intentionally but can be stablized.,[object Object],Reduction of birth rate may be obtained by two stratgies.,[object Object],	Non birth contrl measure (S.W.M),[object Object],	Birth control measure (B.C.M),[object Object]
Non birth control measures,[object Object],Raising age at marriage,[object Object],Eradicating illeteracy,[object Object],Improvement of economic status,[object Object],Raising housing standard,[object Object],Improving the status of woman,[object Object],Adopting one child norm I.E.C,[object Object],Improving quality of health services. M.C.H- child borne must survive to adulthood.,[object Object],Contribute and share in country development not in self growth,[object Object]
Thanks U,[object Object]

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