This document provides an overview of integrated human physiology. It discusses the study of body function and homeostasis through feedback loops. The four primary tissues - muscle, nervous, epithelial and connective tissue - are examined, as well as the scientific method and development of new drugs. Physiological processes and their alterations in disease are explored.
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INTEGRATED HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW
1. INTEGRATED HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW
The Study of Body Function
Prepared by Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D.
Professor Basic Medical Sciences
IVMS Intro to Anat.
& Physio. Basics/
Video-Animations
Anatomy and Physiology Tutorial
http://www.le.ac.uk/pathology/teach/va/anatomy/frmst.htm
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2. Human Physiology
⢠Study of how the human body functions.
⢠How organisms accomplish tasks essential for
life.
⢠Pathophysiology:
â How physiological processes are altered in
disease or injury.
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3. Scientific Method
⢠Confidence in rational ability, honesty and humility.
⢠Specific steps in scientific method:
â Formulate hypothesis:
⢠Observations.
â Testing the hypothesis:
⢠Quantitative measurements.
â Analyze results:
⢠Select valid statistical tests.
â Draw conclusion.
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4. Development of New Drugs
⢠Cellular research:
â Cells in tissue culture used to develop new drugs.
⢠Animal models:
â Laboratory animals, genetically susceptible to a
particular disease, are given doses of new drug.
⢠Phase I clinical trials:
â Drug tested on healthy human volunteers.
⢠Determine pharmacokinetics.
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5. Development of New Drugs (continued)
⢠Phase II clinical trials:
â Drug tested on target population.
⢠Phase III clinical trials:
â Occur in research centers across country to increase
number of participants.
⢠If passes trials, goes to FDA for approval.
⢠Phase IV:
â Test for other uses of the drug.
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6. Homeostasis
⢠Maintaining constancy of internal environment.
â Dynamic constancy.
⢠Within a certain normal range.
⢠Maintained by negative feedback loops.
⢠Regulatory mechanisms:
â Intrinsic:
⢠Within organ being regulated.
â Extrinsic:
⢠Outside of organ, such as nervous or hormonal systems.
⢠Negative feedback inhibition.
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7. Feedback Loops
⢠Sensor:
â Detects deviation from
set point.
⢠Integrating center:
â Determines the
response.
⢠Effector:
â Produces the response.
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8. Negative Feedback
⢠Defends the set point.
⢠Reverses the deviation.
⢠Produces change in opposite direction.
⢠Examples:
â Insulin decreases plasma [glucose].
â Thermostat.
â Body temperature.
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10. Positive Feedback
⢠Action of effectors amplifies the changes.
⢠Is in same direction as change.
⢠Examples:
â Oxytocin (parturition).
â Voltage gated Na+ channels
(depolarization).
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11. Primary Tissues
⢠The body composed of 4 different primary tissues:
â Muscle, nervous, epithelial, connective.
⢠Organs:
â Composed of at least two primary tissues.
â Serve different functions of the organ.
⢠Systems:
â Organs that are located in different regions of the body
and perform related functions.
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12. Muscle Tissues
⢠Specialized for contraction.
⢠3 types of muscle tissue:
â Skeletal.
â Cardiac.
â Smooth.
⢠Skeletal and cardiac muscle have similar
mechanisms of contraction.
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13. Skeletal Muscles
⢠Voluntary, striated.
⢠Attached to bones by
tendons:
â Produce skeletal
movement.
⢠Muscle fibers arranged in
bundles, fibers arranged in
parallel.
⢠Produce graded
contractions.
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14. Cardiac Muscles
⢠Striated, found only in the
heart.
⢠Myocardial cells are
interconnected to form
continuous fabric.
⢠Intercalated discs couple
cells together mechanically
and electrically.
â Syncytium.
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15. Smooth Muscles
⢠Not striated.
⢠Do not contain sarcomeres.
⢠Ca2+ combines with
calmodulin, activating
contraction process.
⢠Contain gap junctions.
⢠Found in GI tract, blood
vessels, bronchioles, ducts
of urinary and reproductive
systems.
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17. Epithelial Tissue
⢠Cells that form membranes:
â Provide barrier between external and internal environments.
â Classified according to number of layers and shape of the
cells in upper layer.
⢠Simple:
â One cell layer thick.
â Specialized for transport.
⢠Stratified membranes:
â Composed of a number of layers.
â Specialized for protection.
â Squamous, columnar, cuboidal.
â Glands:
⢠Exocrine, endocrine glands.
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18. Epithelial Membranes
⢠Squamous cells:
â Flattened in shape.
â Function:
⢠Diffusion and
filtration.
âLine all blood
vessels,
pulmonary
alveoli.
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22. Exocrine Glands
⢠Derived from cells of epithelial membranes.
⢠Secretions are released through ducts.
â Simple tubes or modified as acini.
⢠Examples:
â Tear glands.
â Sweat glands.
â Prostate glands.
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23. Endocrine Glands
⢠Lack ducts.
⢠Secrete hormones into
capillaries/lymphatic system within
the body.
⢠May be discrete organs:
â Primary functions are the production and
secretion of hormones.
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24. Connective Tissue
⢠Large amounts of extracellular material in the
spaces between connective tissue cells.
⢠4 types of connective tissue:
â Connective tissue proper.
â Cartilage.
â Bone.
â Blood.
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25. Connective Tissue Proper
⢠Loose connective tissue:
â Scattered collagen and tissue fluid.
⢠Dermis of skin.
⢠Dense fibrous connective tissue:
â Regularly arranged.
⢠Collagen oriented in same direction.
â Tendons.
â Irregularly arranged.
⢠Resists forces applied in many directions.
â Capsules and sheaths.
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26. Connective Tissue (continued)
⢠Cartilage:
â Chondrocytes.
⢠Supportive and protective tissue.
⢠Elastic properties to tissues.
⢠Precursor to many bones.
⢠Articular surfaces on joints.
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27. Connective Tissue (continued)
⢠Bone:
â Hydroxyapatite crystals.
⢠Osteoblasts:
â Bone-forming cells.
â Osteocytes:
⢠Trapped osteoblasts: less
active.
â Osteoclasts:
⢠Bone resorbing cells.
Rubin, Essentials of Pathophysiology,2001
⢠Blood:
â Classified as connective tissue.
⢠Half its volume is plasma.
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28. Body-Fluid Compartments
⢠65-75% of total body weight is H20.
⢠Intracellular compartment:
â Fluid inside the cell.
⢠2/3 of H20.
⢠Extracellular compartment:
â 2 Subdivisions:
⢠Blood plasma.
⢠Interstitial fluid.
⢠1/3 H20.
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