1. OVERVIEW
PHILIPPINE LITERATURE

3. HOW DO WE
DEFINE
LITERATURE?

4. WHY IS
LITERATURE
USEFUL IN OUR
LIVES?

5. WHEN DO YOU
SAY THAT
LITERATURE IS FOR
PLEASURE?

6. HOW DOES
LITERATURE MIRROR
THE DEPTH OF A
CULTURE?

7. HISTORY
LITERATURE
CULTURE

8. SIGNIFICANT HUMAN EXPERIENCE

9. PROSE
FICTION POETRY
CATEGORIES
NONFICTION
DRAMA PROSE

10. NARRATIVE
LYRIC POETRY

11. LYRIC POETRY
• Usually brief
• Focuses on the emotions
or thoughts of the speaker

12. FORMS OF LYRIC POEMS

13. • Sonnet --- a lyric poem having fourteen
rhymed lines usually written in iambic
pentameter
PETRARCHAN / ITALIAN
• Has an 8-line beginning SHAKESPEAREAN /
called OCTAVE, and a 6-line ENGLISH
conclusion called SESTET
•Feelings presented in the • a lyric poem of lines written
octave often contracts with in iambic pentameter with 3
the sestet quatrains and a concluding
•Rhymes abba – abba – cde - couplet
cde •Rhymes abab - cdcd – efef -
gg

14. ON HIS BLINDNESS
(John Milton)
When I consider how my light is spent
Ere half my days, in this dark world and wide,
And that one talent which is death to hide
Lodged with me useless, though my soul more bent
To serve therewith my Maker, and present
My true account, lest He returning chide;
“Doth God exact day labor, light denied?”
I fondly ask. But Patience, to prevent
That murmur, soon replies, “God doth not need
Either man’s work or his own gifts. Who best
Bear his mild yoke, they serve him best. His state
Is kingly: thousands at his bidding speed,
And post o’er land and ocean without rest;
They also serve who only stand and wait.”

15. SONNET 18
(William Shakespeare)
Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?
Thou art more lovely and more temperate:
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date;
Sometimes too hot the eye of heaven shines,
And often is his gold complexion dimmed;
And every fair sometime declines,
By chance, or nature’s changing course, untrimmed.
But thy eternal summer shall not fade
Nor lose possession of that fair thou owest;
Nor shall death brag thou wanderest in his shade,
When in eternal line to time thou growest ---
So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,
So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.

16. ELEGY
• A lyric poem which expresses mourning,
usually over the death of an individual
• May also be a lament over the passing of life
and beauty, or meditation on the nature of
death
• Usually formal in language and structure, and
solemn or even melancholy in tone
• Mostly long
• Another word for this is epitaph.

17. Excerpt from “ELEGY”
(Gene Derwood)
Gone, gone is Gordon, tall and brilliant lad
Whose mind was science. Now hollow his skull,
A noble sculpture, is but sunken bone,
His cells from water come, by water laid
Grave – deep, to water gone.
Lost, lost the hope he had,
Washed to a cipher his splendour and his skill.

18. ODE
• A complex and often lengthy
lyric poem written in a
dignified formal style on some
serious subjects
• Has no definite pattern

19. SONG ---A short lyric poem
intended to be sung; Can be
secular or non-religious
SIMPLE LYRIC --- A short
descriptive pictorial or meditative
poem

20. NARRATIVE
•A poem that
narrates a story
•Can be long or short

21. EPIC BALLAD
DRAMATIC DRAMATIC
POETRY MONOLOGUE
FORMS OF NARRATIVE
POEMS

22. EPIC
• A narrative poem that
usually centers on a single
important character who
embodies the values of a
particular society

23. BALLAD
• A narrative poem that depends
on a regular verse patterns and
strong rhymes for its effect
• Most have lost of action and
adventure
• Mostly tragic

24. • Originated as
FOLK anonymous songs and
are passed orally before
being written down
•Composed by known
LITERARY writers and it may or
may not be sung
Kinds of ballad

25. DRAMATIC POETRY
• Poetry in which one or more characters
speak
• Allows the writer to reveal characters
directly through dialogue, just as a
playwright does
• Has many of the characteristics of a play; a
definite setting; a dramatic situation,
emotional conflict, with vigorous and natural
long rhythms

26. DRAMATIC MONOLOGUE
• A special kind of dramatic poem
• In dramatic monologue, one character
speaks to one or more characters,
whose replies are not given in the
poem.
• The speaker in a moment of great
personal crisis, reveals his or her
deepest thoughts and feelings.

27. FICTION
• Any work of literature that
includes material that is
invented or imagined, that
is not a record of things as
they actually happened

28. parable
Short romance
story
novel satire

29. 1. Short Stories --- a fictional narrative written
in prose which is shorter than a novel
2. Novel --- a long fictional narrative written in
prose usually having many characters and
story plots
3. Satire --- a literary work which mocks or
ridicules the stupidity or vices of
individuals, groups or society in general
4. Parable --- a short tale for which a moral or
religious lesson is drawn
5. Romance--- deals with love and adventures

30. historical
gothic psychological
Types
of
Novels

31. 1. Gothic novel --- creates an atmosphere of
mystery and danger in a picturesque setting,
usually involving a threat combined with
love, intrigue for a romantic young heroine
2. Historical novel --- creates the
atmosphere, customs, and events of an
actual historical period, and may even
include actual historical figures
3. Psychological novel --- explores the
complex emotional lives of the characters

32. DRAMA
• A Story written to be acted out on stage
• The playwright usually emphasizes
characters, conflicts and actions which
are developed by the use of a dialogue.
• Stage direction is provided to help actors
and directors.
• Additional elements such as
set, props, and lighting effects are used .

33. COMEDY
TRAGEDY

34. FORMS OF DRAMA
1. Comedy --- a literary work generally
amusing which usually ends happily
because the hero or heroine is able to
overcome obstacles and get what he or
she wants
2. Tragedy --- a literary work dealing with
very serious and important themes, in
which a dignified tragic figure meets
destruction

35. NON-FICTION
• A prose that deals with real
events and people
• Characters, setting and action
must conform to what is true.
• Cannot be manipulated by the
imagination of the writers

36. Forms of non-fiction
AUTOBIOGRAPHY ESSAY
•Someone’s account •A brief examination of a
of his or her own life subject in prose, usually
expressing personal or
•A narrative account,
limited view of the topic
often chronological, of •Another form to
the important events entertain, and to explain
of the person’s life and to persuade

37. SCIENTIFIC
NARRATIVE
INFORMATIVE
REFLECTIVE
DESCRIPTIVE
EDITORIAL
SOCIO-
SPECULATIVE POLITICAL
NATURE
CHARACTER
DIDACTIC OR SKETCH
APHORISTIC
FORMS OF ESSAY

38. ELEMENTS OF
FICTION AND
DRAMA

39. 1. PLOT
•The causality of
events that makes up
the action of a work of
fiction

40. 2. CHARACTERS
•The personages in a
literary work

41. 3. SETTING
•The time and place
where the action of a
play or narrative occurs

42. 4. POINT OF VIEW
•The outlook or position
from which a story or
novel is presented

43. 5. THEME
• The idea, general truths or
commentary on life or
people brought by the
literary work

44. 6. SYMBOL
•The object that stands
for or represents the
idea or belief
presented in the story

45. 7. TONE
•The writer’s attitude
towards his subject that
affects his style of
writing and choice of
words

46. 8. MOOD
•The state of feelings
created by the literary
work

47. FRYTAG’S PYRAMID